메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 7, Issue 10, 2014, Pages 1238-1251

Antipathogen genes and the replacement of disease-vectoring mosquito populations: A model-based evaluation

Author keywords

Aedes aegypti; Antipathogen genes; Dengue fever; Female killing; Ordinary differential equation model; Reduce and replace

Indexed keywords


EID: 84914819037     PISSN: 17524563     EISSN: 17524571     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/eva.12219     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (10)

References (64)
  • 1
    • 84897449024 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Five things to know about genetically modified (GM) insects for vector control
    • Alphey, L., and N. Alphey 2014. Five things to know about genetically modified (GM) insects for vector control. PLoS Pathogens 10:e1003909.
    • (2014) PLoS Pathogens , vol.10 , pp. e1003909
    • Alphey, L.1    Alphey, N.2
  • 2
    • 84885181792 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetically modified insects as a tool for biorational control
    • In: I. Ishaaya, and A. R. Horowitz, eds. Springer, Netherlands, Dordrecht.
    • Alphey, L., K. Bourtzis, and T. Miller 2009. Genetically modified insects as a tool for biorational control. In: I. Ishaaya, and A. R. Horowitz, eds. Biorational Control of Arthropod Pests, pp. 189-206. Springer, Netherlands, Dordrecht.
    • (2009) Biorational Control of Arthropod Pests , pp. 189-206
    • Alphey, L.1    Bourtzis, K.2    Miller, T.3
  • 4
    • 84939890782 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Factors influencing stakeholders attitudes toward genetically modified Aedes mosquito
    • Amin, L., and H. Hashim 2014. Factors influencing stakeholders attitudes toward genetically modified Aedes mosquito. Science and Engineering Ethics 2014:1-27.
    • (2014) Science and Engineering Ethics , vol.2014 , pp. 1-27
    • Amin, L.1    Hashim, H.2
  • 6
    • 84920036710 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mathematical models for the use of sterile insects
    • In V. A. Dyck, J. Hendrichs, and A. S. Robinson, eds. Springer, Dordrecht.
    • Barclay, H. J. 2005. "Mathematical models for the use of sterile insects." In V. A. Dyck, J. Hendrichs, and A. S. Robinson, eds. Sterile Insect Technique. Principles and Practice in Area-Wide Integrated Pest Management, pp. 147-174. Springer, Dordrecht.
    • (2005) Sterile Insect Technique. Principles and Practice in Area-Wide Integrated Pest Management , pp. 147-174
    • Barclay, H.J.1
  • 7
    • 74349107202 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Deployment of innovative genetic vector control strategies : progress on regulatory and biosafety aspects, capacity building and development of best-practice guidance
    • Beech, C. J., S. S. Vasan, M. M. Quinlan, M. L. Capurro, L. Alphey, V. Bayard, M. Bouaré et al. 2009. Deployment of innovative genetic vector control strategies : progress on regulatory and biosafety aspects, capacity building and development of best-practice guidance. Asia-Pacific Journal of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology 17:75-85.
    • (2009) Asia-Pacific Journal of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology , vol.17 , pp. 75-85
    • Beech, C.J.1    Vasan, S.S.2    Quinlan, M.M.3    Capurro, M.L.4    Alphey, L.5    Bayard, V.6    Bouaré, M.7
  • 8
    • 0000609754 scopus 로고
    • The descriptive properties of some models for density dependence
    • Bellows, T. S. 1981. The descriptive properties of some models for density dependence. Journal of Animal Ecology 50:139-156.
    • (1981) Journal of Animal Ecology , vol.50 , pp. 139-156
    • Bellows, T.S.1
  • 9
    • 43049114222 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Guidance for contained field trials of vector mosquitoes engineered to contain a gene drive system: recommendations of a scientific working group
    • Benedict, M., P. D'Abbs, S. Dobson, M. Gottlieb, L. Harrington, S. Higgs, A. A. James et al. 2008. Guidance for contained field trials of vector mosquitoes engineered to contain a gene drive system: recommendations of a scientific working group. Vector Borne and Zoonotic Diseases 8:127-166.
    • (2008) Vector Borne and Zoonotic Diseases , vol.8 , pp. 127-166
    • Benedict, M.1    D'Abbs, P.2    Dobson, S.3    Gottlieb, M.4    Harrington, L.5    Higgs, S.6    James, A.A.7
  • 11
    • 0038027293 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Site-specific selfish genes as tools for the control and genetic engineering of natural populations
    • Burt, A. 2003. Site-specific selfish genes as tools for the control and genetic engineering of natural populations. Proceedings Biological Sciences 270:921-928.
    • (2003) Proceedings Biological Sciences , vol.270 , pp. 921-928
    • Burt, A.1
  • 12
    • 84896542794 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Two step male release strategy using transgenic mosquito lines to control transmission of vector-borne diseases
    • Carvalho, D. O., A. L. Costa-da-Silva, R. S. Lees, and M. L. Capurro 2013. Two step male release strategy using transgenic mosquito lines to control transmission of vector-borne diseases. Acta Tropica 132:S170-S177.
    • (2013) Acta Tropica , vol.132 , pp. S170-S177
    • Carvalho, D.O.1    Costa-da-Silva, A.L.2    Lees, R.S.3    Capurro, M.L.4
  • 13
    • 27944478670 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An Anopheles transgenic sexing strain for vector control
    • Catteruccia, F., J. P. Benton, and A. Crisanti 2005. An Anopheles transgenic sexing strain for vector control. Nature Biotechnology 23:1414-1417.
    • (2005) Nature Biotechnology , vol.23 , pp. 1414-1417
    • Catteruccia, F.1    Benton, J.P.2    Crisanti, A.3
  • 14
    • 34247610283 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A synthetic maternal-effect selfish genetic element drives population replacement in Drosophila
    • Chen, C., H. Huang, C. M. Ward, and J. T. Su 2007. A synthetic maternal-effect selfish genetic element drives population replacement in Drosophila. Science 316:597-600.
    • (2007) Science , vol.316 , pp. 597-600
    • Chen, C.1    Huang, H.2    Ward, C.M.3    Su, J.T.4
  • 15
    • 0035823290 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Engineered underdominance allows efficient and economical introgression of traits into pest populations
    • Davis, S., N. Bax, and P. Grewe 2001. Engineered underdominance allows efficient and economical introgression of traits into pest populations. Journal of Theoretical Biology 212:83-98.
    • (2001) Journal of Theoretical Biology , vol.212 , pp. 83-98
    • Davis, S.1    Bax, N.2    Grewe, P.3
  • 16
    • 55749111397 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The population genetics of using homing endonuclease genes in vector and pest management
    • Deredec, A., A. Burt, and H. C. J. Godfray 2008. The population genetics of using homing endonuclease genes in vector and pest management. Genetics 179:2013-2026.
    • (2008) Genetics , vol.179 , pp. 2013-2026
    • Deredec, A.1    Burt, A.2    Godfray, H.C.J.3
  • 19
    • 0040297675 scopus 로고
    • Computer simulation of genetic control. Comparison of sterile males and field-female Killing Systems
    • Foster, G. G., W. G. Vogt, T. L. Woodburn, and P. H. Smith 1988. Computer simulation of genetic control. Comparison of sterile males and field-female Killing Systems. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 76:870-879.
    • (1988) Theoretical and Applied Genetics , vol.76 , pp. 870-879
    • Foster, G.G.1    Vogt, W.G.2    Woodburn, T.L.3    Smith, P.H.4
  • 23
    • 1042279437 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Population genetics of autocidal control and strain replacement"
    • Gould, F., and P. Schliekelman 2004. Population genetics of autocidal control and strain replacement". Annual Review of Entomology 49:193-217.
    • (2004) Annual Review of Entomology , vol.49 , pp. 193-217
    • Gould, F.1    Schliekelman, P.2
  • 24
    • 57349097202 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A killer-rescue system for self-limiting gene drive of anti-pathogen constructs. Proceedings
    • Gould, F., Y. Huang, M. Legros, and A. L. Lloyd 2008. A killer-rescue system for self-limiting gene drive of anti-pathogen constructs. Proceedings. Biological Sciences/The Royal Society 275:2823-2829.
    • (2008) Biological Sciences/The Royal Society , vol.275 , pp. 2823-2829
    • Gould, F.1    Huang, Y.2    Legros, M.3    Lloyd, A.L.4
  • 25
    • 59649113611 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Development of a framework for evaluating the sustainability of community-based dengue control projects
    • Hanh, T. T. T., P. S. Hill, B. H. Kay, and T. M. Quy 2009. Development of a framework for evaluating the sustainability of community-based dengue control projects. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 80:312-318.
    • (2009) The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene , vol.80 , pp. 312-318
    • Hanh, T.T.T.1    Hill, P.S.2    Kay, B.H.3    Quy, T.M.4
  • 26
    • 0035345396 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Why do Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) feed preferentially and frequently on human blood?
    • Harrington, L. C., J. D. Edman, and T. W. Scott 2001. Why do Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) feed preferentially and frequently on human blood? Journal of Medical Entomology 38:411-422.
    • (2001) Journal of Medical Entomology , vol.38 , pp. 411-422
    • Harrington, L.C.1    Edman, J.D.2    Scott, T.W.3
  • 27
    • 77955419009 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Engineering the genomes of wild insect populations: challenges, and opportunities provided by synthetic Medea selfish genetic elements
    • Hay, B. A., C. Chen, C. M. Ward, H. Huang, J. T. Su, and M. Guo 2010. Engineering the genomes of wild insect populations: challenges, and opportunities provided by synthetic Medea selfish genetic elements. Journal of Insect Physiology 56:1402-1413.
    • (2010) Journal of Insect Physiology , vol.56 , pp. 1402-1413
    • Hay, B.A.1    Chen, C.2    Ward, C.M.3    Huang, H.4    Su, J.T.5    Guo, M.6
  • 28
    • 0034682482 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A repressible female-specific lethal genetic system for making transgenic insect strains suitable for a sterile-release program
    • Heinrich, J. C., and M. J. Scott 2000. A repressible female-specific lethal genetic system for making transgenic insect strains suitable for a sterile-release program. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 97:8229-8232.
    • (2000) Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America , vol.97 , pp. 8229-8232
    • Heinrich, J.C.1    Scott, M.J.2
  • 29
    • 33745411632 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The innovative vector control consortium: improved control of mosquito-borne diseases
    • Hemingway, J., B. J. Beaty, M. Rowland, T. W. Scott, and B. L. Sharp 2006. The innovative vector control consortium: improved control of mosquito-borne diseases. Trends in Parasitology 22:308-312.
    • (2006) Trends in Parasitology , vol.22 , pp. 308-312
    • Hemingway, J.1    Beaty, B.J.2    Rowland, M.3    Scott, T.W.4    Sharp, B.L.5
  • 32
    • 34548221335 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Introducing transgenes into insect populations using combined gene-drive strategies: modeling and analysis
    • Huang, Y., K. Magori, A. L. Lloyd, and F. Gould 2007. Introducing transgenes into insect populations using combined gene-drive strategies: modeling and analysis. Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 37:1054-1063.
    • (2007) Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , vol.37 , pp. 1054-1063
    • Huang, Y.1    Magori, K.2    Lloyd, A.L.3    Gould, F.4
  • 35
    • 67650169496 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Density-dependent intraspecific competition in the larval stage of Aedes Aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae): revisiting the current paradigm
    • Legros, M., A. L. Lloyd, Y. Huang, and F. Gould 2009. Density-dependent intraspecific competition in the larval stage of Aedes Aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae): revisiting the current paradigm. Journal of Medical Entomology 46:409-419.
    • (2009) Journal of Medical Entomology , vol.46 , pp. 409-419
    • Legros, M.1    Lloyd, A.L.2    Huang, Y.3    Gould, F.4
  • 36
    • 84871351863 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessing the feasibility of controlling Aedes aegypti with transgenic methods: a model-based evaluation
    • Legros, M., C. Xu, K. Okamoto, T. W. Scott, A. C. Morrison, A. L. Lloyd, and F. Gould 2012. Assessing the feasibility of controlling Aedes aegypti with transgenic methods: a model-based evaluation. PLoS ONE 7:e52235.
    • (2012) PLoS ONE , vol.7 , pp. e52235
    • Legros, M.1    Xu, C.2    Okamoto, K.3    Scott, T.W.4    Morrison, A.C.5    Lloyd, A.L.6    Gould, F.7
  • 37
    • 33646190056 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetically engineered underdominance for manipulation of pest populations: a deterministic model
    • Magori, K., and F. Gould 2006. Genetically engineered underdominance for manipulation of pest populations: a deterministic model. Genetics 172:2613-2620.
    • (2006) Genetics , vol.172 , pp. 2613-2620
    • Magori, K.1    Gould, F.2
  • 38
    • 79954545721 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inverse Medea as a novel gene drive system for local population replacement: a theoretical analysis
    • Marshall, J. M., and B. A. Hay 2011. Inverse Medea as a novel gene drive system for local population replacement: a theoretical analysis. The Journal of Heredity 102:336-341.
    • (2011) The Journal of Heredity , vol.102 , pp. 336-341
    • Marshall, J.M.1    Hay, B.A.2
  • 39
    • 79951547958 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Semele: a killer-male, rescue-female system for suppression and replacement of insect disease vector populations
    • Marshall, J. M., G. W. Pittman, A. B. Buchman, and B. A. Hay 2011. Semele: a killer-male, rescue-female system for suppression and replacement of insect disease vector populations. Genetics 187:535-551.
    • (2011) Genetics , vol.187 , pp. 535-551
    • Marshall, J.M.1    Pittman, G.W.2    Buchman, A.B.3    Hay, B.A.4
  • 40
    • 78449305291 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Transgene-mediated suppression of dengue viruses in the salivary glands of the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti
    • Mathur, G., I. Sanchez-Vargas, D. Alvarez, K. E. Olson, O. Marinotti, and A. A. James 2010. Transgene-mediated suppression of dengue viruses in the salivary glands of the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti. Insect Molecular Biology 19:753-763.
    • (2010) Insect Molecular Biology , vol.19 , pp. 753-763
    • Mathur, G.1    Sanchez-Vargas, I.2    Alvarez, D.3    Olson, K.E.4    Marinotti, O.5    James, A.A.6
  • 41
    • 84865972754 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The importance of long-term social research in enabling participation and developing engagement strategies for new dengue control technologies
    • McNaughton, D. 2012. The importance of long-term social research in enabling participation and developing engagement strategies for new dengue control technologies. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases 6:e1785.
    • (2012) PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases , vol.6 , pp. e1785
    • McNaughton, D.1
  • 42
    • 84901744640 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Designing a community engagement framework for a new dengue control method: a case study from central Vietnam
    • McNaughton, D., and T. T. H. Duong 2014. Designing a community engagement framework for a new dengue control method: a case study from central Vietnam. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases 8:e2794.
    • (2014) PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases , vol.8 , pp. e2794
    • McNaughton, D.1    Duong, T.T.H.2
  • 43
    • 0031899440 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aedes aegypti survival and dispersal estimated by mark-release-recapture in Northern Australia
    • Muir, L. E., and B. H. Kay 1998. Aedes aegypti survival and dispersal estimated by mark-release-recapture in Northern Australia. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 58:277-282.
    • (1998) American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene , vol.58 , pp. 277-282
    • Muir, L.E.1    Kay, B.H.2
  • 44
    • 84893421713 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A reduce and replace strategy for suppressing vector-borne diseases: insights from a stochastic, spatial model
    • Okamoto, K. W., M. A. Robert, A. L. Lloyd, and F. Gould 2013. A reduce and replace strategy for suppressing vector-borne diseases: insights from a stochastic, spatial model. PLoS ONE 8:e81860.
    • (2013) PLoS ONE , vol.8 , pp. e81860
    • Okamoto, K.W.1    Robert, M.A.2    Lloyd, A.L.3    Gould, F.4
  • 45
    • 84905503948 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Feasibly introgression of an anti-pathogen transgene into an urban mosquito population without using gene-drive
    • Okamoto, K. W., M. A. Robert, F. Gould, and A. L. Lloyd 2014. Feasibly introgression of an anti-pathogen transgene into an urban mosquito population without using gene-drive. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases 8:e2827.
    • (2014) PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases , vol.8 , pp. e2827
    • Okamoto, K.W.1    Robert, M.A.2    Gould, F.3    Lloyd, A.L.4
  • 49
    • 67149116502 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multi-locus assortment (MLA) for transgene dispersal and elimination in mosquito populations
    • Rasgon, J. L. 2009. Multi-locus assortment (MLA) for transgene dispersal and elimination in mosquito populations. PLoS ONE 4:e5833.
    • (2009) PLoS ONE , vol.4 , pp. e5833
    • Rasgon, J.L.1
  • 50
    • 84893421713 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A reduce and replace strategy for suppressing vector-borne diseases: insights from a deterministic model
    • Robert, M. A., K. Okamoto, A. L. Lloyd, and F. Gould 2013. A reduce and replace strategy for suppressing vector-borne diseases: insights from a deterministic model. PLoS ONE 8:e73233.
    • (2013) PLoS ONE , vol.8 , pp. e73233
    • Robert, M.A.1    Okamoto, K.2    Lloyd, A.L.3    Gould, F.4
  • 51
    • 0025482409 scopus 로고
    • Temperature-dependent development and survival rates of Culex quinquefasciatus and Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae)
    • Rueda, L. M., K. J. Patel, R. C. Axtell, and R. E. Stinner 1990. Temperature-dependent development and survival rates of Culex quinquefasciatus and Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae). Journal of Medical Entomology 27:892-898.
    • (1990) Journal of Medical Entomology , vol.27 , pp. 892-898
    • Rueda, L.M.1    Patel, K.J.2    Axtell, R.C.3    Stinner, R.E.4
  • 52
    • 0034565839 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pest control by the release of insects carrying a female-killing allele on multiple loci
    • Schliekelman, P., and F. Gould 2000. Pest control by the release of insects carrying a female-killing allele on multiple loci. Journal of Economic Entomology 93:1566-1579.
    • (2000) Journal of Economic Entomology , vol.93 , pp. 1566-1579
    • Schliekelman, P.1    Gould, F.2
  • 53
    • 0037020017 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The ecology of genetically modified mosquitoes
    • Scott, T. W., W. Takken, B. G. J. Knols, and C. Boëte 2002. The ecology of genetically modified mosquitoes. Science 298:117-119.
    • (2002) Science , vol.298 , pp. 117-119
    • Scott, T.W.1    Takken, W.2    Knols, B.G.J.3    Boëte, C.4
  • 54
    • 33646882131 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gene drive systems for insect disease vectors
    • Sinkins, S. P., and F. Gould 2006. Gene drive systems for insect disease vectors. Nature Reviews Genetics 7:427-435.
    • (2006) Nature Reviews Genetics , vol.7 , pp. 427-435
    • Sinkins, S.P.1    Gould, F.2
  • 55
    • 34247238800 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mortality and reproductive dynamics of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) fed human blood
    • Styer, L. M., S. L. Minnick, A. K. Sun, and T. W. Scott 2007. Mortality and reproductive dynamics of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) fed human blood. Vector-borne and zoonotic diseases 7:86-98.
    • (2007) Vector-borne and zoonotic diseases , vol.7 , pp. 86-98
    • Styer, L.M.1    Minnick, S.L.2    Sun, A.K.3    Scott, T.W.4
  • 56
    • 0034737752 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Insect population control using a dominant, repressible, lethal genetic system
    • Thomas, D. D., C. A. Donnelly, R. J. Wood, and L. S. Alphey 2000. Insect population control using a dominant, repressible, lethal genetic system. Science 287:2474-2476.
    • (2000) Science , vol.287 , pp. 2474-2476
    • Thomas, D.D.1    Donnelly, C.A.2    Wood, R.J.3    Alphey, L.S.4
  • 57
    • 0033136410 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Microbe-induced cytoplasmic incompatibility as a mechanism for introducing transgenes into arthropod populations
    • Turelli, M., and A. A. Hoffmann 1999. Microbe-induced cytoplasmic incompatibility as a mechanism for introducing transgenes into arthropod populations. Insect Molecular Biology 8:243-255.
    • (1999) Insect Molecular Biology , vol.8 , pp. 243-255
    • Turelli, M.1    Hoffmann, A.A.2
  • 59
    • 79953311871 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Medea selfish genetic elements as tools for altering traits of wild populations: a theoretical analysis
    • Ward, C. M., J. T. Su, Y. Huang, A. L. Lloyd, F. Gould, and B. A. Hay 2011. Medea selfish genetic elements as tools for altering traits of wild populations: a theoretical analysis. Evolution 65:1149-1162.
    • (2011) Evolution , vol.65 , pp. 1149-1162
    • Ward, C.M.1    Su, J.T.2    Huang, Y.3    Lloyd, A.L.4    Gould, F.5    Hay, B.A.6
  • 60
    • 78149317323 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modelling pulsed releases for sterile insect techniques: fitness costs of sterile and transgenic males and the effects on mosquito dynamics
    • White, S. M., P. Rohani, and S. M. Sait 2010. Modelling pulsed releases for sterile insect techniques: fitness costs of sterile and transgenic males and the effects on mosquito dynamics. Journal of Applied Ecology 47:1329-1339.
    • (2010) Journal of Applied Ecology , vol.47 , pp. 1329-1339
    • White, S.M.1    Rohani, P.2    Sait, S.M.3
  • 61
    • 0001283924 scopus 로고
    • Automated sexing of pupae and its usefulness in control by sterile insects
    • Whitten, M. J. 1969. Automated sexing of pupae and its usefulness in control by sterile insects. Journal of Economic Entomology 62:272-273.
    • (1969) Journal of Economic Entomology , vol.62 , pp. 272-273
    • Whitten, M.J.1
  • 64
    • 46749133097 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aedes aegypti control: the concomitant role of competition, space and transgenic technologies
    • Yakob, L., L. Alphey, and M. B. Bonsall 2008. Aedes aegypti control: the concomitant role of competition, space and transgenic technologies. Journal of Applied Ecology 45:1258-1265.
    • (2008) Journal of Applied Ecology , vol.45 , pp. 1258-1265
    • Yakob, L.1    Alphey, L.2    Bonsall, M.B.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.