Advances in the study of coevolution between avian brood parasites and their hosts

Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics

Volumn 45, Issue , 2014, Pages 227-246

  Feeney, William E ^a,b   Welbergen, Justin A ^c   Langmore, Naomi E ^a  

^a AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE   (United Kingdom)

^c WESTERN SYDNEY UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

Author keywords

arms race; brood parasitism; evolution; parasitism; species interactions

Indexed keywords

ADAPTATION; AVIFAUNA; BROOD PARASITISM; COEVOLUTION; PHYLOGENETICS;

AVES;

EID: 84913586699     PISSN: 1543592X     EISSN: 15452069     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-120213-091603     Document Type: Article

References (158)

1. Alvarez F. 1999. Attractive non-mimetic stimuli in cuckoo Cuculus canorus eggs. Ibis 141:142-44
2. Anderson MG,Moskát C, Bán M, Grim T, Cassey P, HauberME. 2009a. Egg eviction imposes a recoverable cost of virulence in chicks of a brood parasite. PLOS ONE 4:e7725
3. Anderson MG, RossHA, BruntonDH, HauberME. 2009b. Begging call matching between a specialist brood parasite and its host: a comparative approach to detect coevolution. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 98:208-16
4. Antonov A, Avilés JM, Stokke BG, Spasova V, Vikan JR, et al. 2011. Egg discrimination in an open nesting passerine under dim light conditions. Ethology 117:1128-37
5. Antonov A, Stokke BG, Fossøy F, Ranke PS, LiangW, et al. 2012. Are cuckoos maximizing egg mimicry by selecting host individuals with better matching egg phenotypes PLOS ONE 7:e31704
6. Arcese P, Smith JN, Hatch MI. 1996. Nest predation by cowbirds and its consequences for passerine demography. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93:4608-11
7. Avilés JM, Vikan JR, Fossøy F,Antonov A, MoksnesA, et al. 2010. Avian colour perception predicts behavioural responses to experimental brood parasitism in chaffinches. J. Evol. Biol. 23:293-301
8. Bán M, Moskát C, Barta Z,HauberME. 2013. Simultaneous viewing of own and parasitic eggs is not required for egg rejection by a cuckoo host. Behav. Ecol. 24:1014-21
9. Birkhead TR, Hemmings N, Spottiswoode CN, Mikulica O, Moskát C, et al. 2011. Internal incubation and early hatching in brood parasitic birds. Proc. R. Soc. B-Biol. Sci. 278:1019-24
10. Briskie JV, Naugler CT, Leech SM. 1994. Begging intensity of nestling birds varies with sibling relatedness. Proc. R. Soc. B-Biol. Sci. 258:73-78
11. Briskie JV, Sealy SG. 1990. Evolution of short incubation periods in the parasitic cowbirds, Molothrus spp. Auk 107:789-94
12. BrittonN, Planqué R, FranksN. 2007. Evolution of defence portfolios in exploiter-victim systems. Bull. Math. Biol. 69:957-88
13. Brockhurst MA, Koskella B. 2013. Experimental coevolution of species interactions. Trends Ecol. Evol. 28:367-75
14. Brooke M de L, Davies NB. 1988. Egg mimicry by cuckoos Cuculus canorus in relation to discrimination by hosts. Nature 335:630-32
15. Brooker MG, Brooker LC. 1989. Cuckoo hosts in Australia. Aust. Zool. Rev. 2:1-67
16. Brooker MG, Brooker LC. 1991. Eggshell strength in cuckoos and cowbirds. Ibis 133:406-13
17. Brown M, Lawes MJ. 2007. Colony size and nest density predict the likelihood of parasitism in the colonial southern red bishop Euplectes orix-Diderick cuckoo Chrysococcyx caprius system. Ibis 149:321-27
18. Campobello D, Sealy SG. 2011. Use of social over personal information enhances nest defense against avian brood parasitism. Behav. Ecol. 22:422-28
19. Canestrari D, Bolopo D, TurligsTCJ, R oderG,Marcos JM, Baglione V. 2014. From parasitism to mutualism: unexpected interactions between a cuckoo and its host. Science 343:1350-52
20. Canestrari D, Marcos JM, Baglione V. 2009. Cooperative breeding in carrion crows reduces the rate of brood parasitism by great spotted cuckoos. Anim. Behav. 77:1337-44
21. Cassey P,Honza M, Grim T, HauberME. 2008. Themodelling of avian visual perception predicts behavioural rejection responses to foreign egg colours. Biol. Lett. 4:515-17
22. Cherry MI, Bennett ATD. 2001. Egg colour matching in an African cuckoo, as revealed by ultraviolet-visible reflectance spectrophotometry. Proc. R. Soc. B-Biol. Sci. 268:565-71
23. Cherry MI, Bennett ATD, Moskát C. 2007. Do cuckoos choose nests of great reed warblers on the basis of host egg appearance J. Evol. Biol. 20:1218-22
24. ClarkKL, RobertsonRJ. 1979. Spatial and temporal multi-species nesting aggregations in birds as anti-parasite and anti-predator defenses. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 5:359-71
25. Darwin C. 1859. On the Origin of Species. London: Murray
26. Davies NB. 2000. Cuckoos, Cowbirds and Other Cheats. London: T. & A.D. Poyser
27. Davies NB. 2011. Cuckoo adaptations: trickery and tuning. J. Zool. 284:1-14
28. Davies NB, Brooke M de L. 1988. Cuckoos versus reed warblers: adaptations and counteradaptations. Anim. Behav. 36:262-84
29. Davies NB, BrookeMde L. 1989a. An experimental study of co-evolution between the cuckoo, Cuculus canorus, and its hosts. I. Host egg discrimination. J. Anim. Ecol. 58:207-24
30. Davies NB, Brooke M de L. 1989b. An experimental study of co-evolution between the cuckoo, Cuculus canorus, and its hosts. II. Host egg markings, chick discrimination and general discussion. J. Anim. Ecol. 58:225-36
31. Davies NB, Butchart SHM, Burke TA, Chaline N, Stewart IRK. 2003. Reed warblers guard against cuckoos and cuckoldry. Anim. Behav. 65:285-95
32. Davies NB, Welbergen JA. 2008. Cuckoo-hawk mimicry An experimental test. Proc. R. Soc. B-Biol. Sci. 275:1817-22
33. Davies NB, Welbergen JA. 2009. Social transmission of a host defense against cuckoo parasitism. Science 324:1318-20
34. De Mársico MC, Gantchoff MG, Reboreda JC. 2012. Host-parasite coevolution beyond the nestling stage Mimicry of host fledglings by the specialist screaming cowbird. Proc. R. Soc. B-Biol. Sci. 279:3401-8
35. De Mársico MC, Gloag R, Ursino CA, Reboreda JC. 2013. A novel method of rejection of brood parasitic eggs reduces parasitism intensity in a cowbird host. Biol. Lett. 9:20130076
36. Edvardsen E, Moksnes A, Røskaft E, Øien IJ, Honza M. 2001. Egg mimicry in cuckoos parasitizing four sympatric species of Acrocephalus warblers. Condor 103:829-37
37. Feeney WE, Langmore NE. 2013. Social learning of a brood parasite by its host. Biol. Lett. 9:20130443
38. Feeney WE, Medina I, Somveille M, Heinsohn R, Hall ML, et al. 2013. Brood parasitism and the evolution of cooperative breeding in birds. Science 342:1506-8
39. Feeney WE, Stoddard MC, Kilner RM, Langmore NE. 2014. "Jack-of-all-trades" egg mimicry in the brood parasitic Horsfield's bronze-cuckoo Behav. Ecol. In press. doi: 10.1093/beheco/aru133
40. Feeney WE, Welbergen JA, Langmore NE. 2012. The frontline of avian brood parasite-host coevolution. Anim. Behav. 84:3-12
41. Forsman JT, Martin TE. 2009. Habitat selection for parasite-free space by hosts of parasitic cowbirds. Oikos 118:464-70
42. Fossøy F, Antonov A, Moksnes A, Røskaft E, Vikan JR, et al. 2011. Genetic differentiation among sympatric cuckoo host races: Males matter. Proc. R. Soc. B-Biol. Sci. 278:1639-45
43. GeltschN,HauberME, Anderson MG, Bán M, Moskát C. 2012. Competition with a host nestling for parental provisioning imposes recoverable costs on parasitic cuckoo chick's growth. Behav. Process. 90:378-83
44. Gibbs HL, Sorenson MD, Marchetti K, Brooke M de L, Davies NB, Nakamura H. 2000. Genetic evidence for female host-specific races in the common cuckoo. Nature 407:183-86
45. Gill SA, Sealy SG. 2004. Functional reference in an alarm signal given during nest defence: seet calls of yellow warblers denote brood-parasitic brown-headed cowbirds. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 56:71-80
46. Gloag R, Fiorini VD, Reboreda JC, Kacelnik A. 2012. Brood parasite eggs enhance egg survivorship in a multiply parasitized host. Proc. R. Soc. B-Biol. Sci. 279:1831-39
47. Gloag R, Fiorini VD, Reboreda JC, Kacelnik A. 2013. The wages of violence: mobbing by mockingbirds as a frontline defence against brood-parasitic cowbirds. Anim. Behav. 86:1023-29
48. Gloag R, Keller L-A, Langmore NE. 2014. Cryptic cuckoo eggs hide from competing cuckoos. Proc. R. Soc. B-Biol. Sci. 281(1792):20141014
49. Gloag R, Tuero DT, Fiorini VD, Reboreda JC, Kacelnik A. 2011. The economics of nestmate killing in avian brood parasites: a provisions trade-off. Behav. Ecol. 23:132-40
50. Gluckman T-L, Mundy NI. 2013. Cuckoos in raptors' clothing: barred plumage illuminates a fundamental principle of Batesian mimicry. Anim. Behav. 86:1165-81
51. Grim T. 2007. Experimental evidence for chick discrimination without recognition in a brood parasite host. Proc. R. Soc. B-Biol. Sci. 274:373-81
52. Grim T. 2011. Ejecting chick cheats: a changing paradigm Front. Zool. 8:14
53. Grim T, Samas P, Moskát C, Kleven O, Honza M, et al. 2011. Constraints on host choice:Why do parasitic birds rarely exploit some common potential hosts J. Anim. Ecol. 80:508-18
54. Hamilton WJ III, Orians GH. 1965. Evolution of brood parasitism in altricial birds. Condor 67:361-82
55. HauberME. 2003a.Hatching asynchrony, nestling competition, and the cost of interspecific brood parasitism. Behav. Ecol. 14:227-35
56. Hauber ME. 2003b. Interspecific brood parasitism and the evolution of host clutch sizes. Evol. Ecol. Res. 5:559-70
57. Hauber ME, Kilner RM. 2007. Coevolution, communication, and host-chick mimicry in parasitic finches: Who mimics whom Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 61:497-503
58. Hett WS. 1936. Aristotle: Minor Works. On Marvellous Things Heard. London: Heinemann
59. Honza M, Procházka P, Stokke BG, Moksnes A, Røskaft E, et al. 2004. Are blackcaps current winners in the evolutionary struggle against the common cuckoo J. Ethol. 22:175-80
60. Honza M, Sicha V, Procházka P, Lezalová R. 2006. Host nest defense against a color-dimorphic brood parasite: great reed warblers (Acrocephalus arundinaceus) versus common cuckoos (Cuculus canorus). J. Ornithol. 147:629-37
61. Honza M, Taborsky B, Taborsky M, Teuschl Y, Vogl W, et al. 2002. Behaviour of female common cuckoos, Cuculus canorus, in the vicinity of host nests before and during egg laying: a radiotelemetry study. Anim. Behav. 64:861-68
62. Hoover JP, Robinson SK. 2007. Retaliatory mafia behavior by a parasitic cowbird favors host acceptance of parasitic eggs. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 104:4479-83
63. Hoskin ES. 1989. A black-eared cuckoo and white-breasted woodswallows. Aust. Birds 2:35-36
64. Hosoi SA, Rothstein SI. 2000. Nest desertion and cowbird parasitism: evidence for evolved responses and evolutionary lag. Anim. Behav. 59:823-40
65. Kilner RM, Langmore NE. 2011. Cuckoos versus hosts in insects and birds: adaptations, counter-adaptations and outcomes. Biol. Rev. Camb. Philos. Soc. 86:836-52
66. Kilner RM, Madden JR, Hauber ME. 2004. Brood parasitic cowbird nestlings use host young to procure resources. Science 305:877-79
67. Kilner RM, Noble DG, Davies NB. 1999. Signals of need in parent-offspring communication and their exploitation by the common cuckoo. Nature 397:667-72
68. Kleindorfer S, Evans C, Colombelli-Négrel D, Robertson J, Griggio M, Hoi H. 2013. Host response to cuckoo song is predicted by the future risk of brood parasitism. Front. Zool. 10:30
69. Kr ugerO. 2011. Brood parasitism selects for no defence in a cuckoo host. Proc. R. Soc. B-Biol. Sci. 278:2777-83
70. Kr uger O, Davies NB. 2002. The evolution of cuckoo parasitism: a comparative analysis. Proc. R. Soc. B-Biol. Sci. 269:375-81
71. Kruger O, Davies NB, Sorenson MD. 2007. The evolution of sexual dimorphism in parasitic cuckoos: sexual selection or coevolution Proc. R. Soc. B-Biol. Sci. 274:1553-60
72. Kruger O, Kolss M. 2013. Modelling the evolution of common cuckoo host-races: speciation or genetic swamping J. Evol. Biol. 26:2447-57
73. Kruger O, SorensonMD, Davies NB. 2009. Does coevolution promote species richness in parasitic cuckoos Proc. R. Soc. B-Biol. Sci. 276:3871-79
74. Lahti DC. 2005. Evolution of bird eggs in the absence of cuckoo parasitism. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 102:18057-62
75. Lahti DC, Lahti AR. 2002. How precise is egg discrimination in weaverbirds Anim. Behav. 63:1135-42
76. Langmore NE,Cockburn A,Russell AF,Kilner RM. 2009a. Flexible cuckoo chick-rejection rules in the superb fairy-wren. Behav. Ecol. 20:978-84
77. Langmore NE, Feeney WE, Crowe-Riddell J, Luan H, Louwrens KM, Cockburn A. 2012. Learned recognition of brood parasitic cuckoos in the superb fairy-wren Malurus cyaneus. Behav. Ecol. 23:798-805
78. Langmore NE, Hunt S, Kilner RM. 2003. Escalation of a coevolutionary arms race through host rejection of brood parasitic young. Nature 422:157-60
79. Langmore NE, Kilner RM, Butchart SHM,Maurer G, DaviesNB, et al. 2005. The evolution of egg rejection by cuckoo hosts in Australia and Europe. Behav. Ecol. 16:868-92
80. Langmore NE, Maurer G, Adcock GJ, Kilner RM. 2008. Socially acquired host-specific mimicry and the evolution of host races in Horsfield's bronze-cuckoo Chalcites basalis. Evolution 62:1689-99
81. Langmore NE, Spottiswoode CN. 2012. Visual trickery in avian brood parasites. In Host Manipulation by Parasites, ed. DP Hughes, J Brodeur, F Thomas, pp. 95-118. Oxford, UK: Oxford Univ. Press
82. Langmore NE, StevensM,Maurer G, Heinsohn R, Hall ML, et al. 2011. Visual mimicry of host nestlings by cuckoos. Proc. R. Soc. B-Biol. Sci. 278:2455-63
83. Langmore NE, Stevens M, Maurer G, Kilner RM. 2009b. Are dark cuckoo eggs cryptic in host nests Anim. Behav. 78:461-68
84. Lotem A. 1993. Learning to recognize nestlings is maladaptive for cuckoo Cuculus canorus hosts. Nature 362:743-45
85. Lotem A, Nakamura H, Zahavi A. 1995. Constraints on egg discrimination and cuckoo-host co-evolution. Anim. Behav. 49:1185-209
86. Lyon BE,Eadie JM. 1991. Mode of development and interspecific avian brood parasitism. Behav. Ecol. 2:309-18
87. Lyon BE, Eadie JM. 2008. Conspecific brood parasitism in birds: a life-history perspective. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 39:343-63
88. Madden JR, Davies NB. 2006. A host-race difference in begging calls of nestling cuckoos Cuculus canorus develops through experience and increases host provisioning. Proc. R. Soc. B-Biol. Sci. 273:2343-51
89. Marchetti K. 2000. Egg rejection in a passerine bird: Size does matter. Anim. Behav. 59:877-83
90. Mason P, Rothstein SI. 1986. Coevolution and avian brood parasitism: Cowbird eggs show evolutionary response to host discrimination. Evolution 40:1207-14
91. Massoni V, Reboreda JC. 1999. Egg puncture allows shiny cowbirds to assess host egg development and suitability for parasitism. Proc. R. Soc. B-Biol. Sci. 266:1871-74
92. Mermoz ME, Ornelas JF. 2004. Phylogenetic analysis of life-history adaptations in parasitic cowbirds. Behav. Ecol. 15:109-19
93. Moksnes A, Røskaft E, Braa AT. 1991. Rejection behavior by common cuckoo hosts towards artificial brood parasite eggs. Auk 108:348-54
94. Møller AP, SainoN, Adamk P, Ambrosini R, Antonov A, et al. 2011. Rapid change in host use of the common cuckoo Cuculus canorus linked to climate change. Proc. R. Soc. B-Biol. Sci. 278:733-38
95. Moskát C, Bán M, Szekely T, Komdeur J, Lucassen RWG, et al. 2010. Discordancy or template-based recognition Dissecting the cognitive basis of the rejection of foreign eggs in hosts of avian brood parasites. J. Exp. Biol. 213:1976-83
96. Nakamura H, Kubota S, Suzuki R. 1998. Coevolution between the common cuckoo and its major hosts in Japan: stable versus dynamic specialization on hosts. In Parasitic Birds and Their Hosts: Studies in Coevolution, ed. SI Rothstein, SK Robinson, pp. 94-112. New York: Oxford Univ. Press
97. Neudorf DL, Sealy SG. 1992. Reactions of four passerine species to threats of predation and cowbird parasitism: enemy recognition or generalized responses Behaviour 123:84-105
98. Pagnucco K, Zanette L, ClinchyM, Leonard ML. 2008. Sheep in wolf 's clothing: Host nestling vocalizations resemble their cowbird competitor's. Proc. R. Soc. B-Biol. Sci. 275:1061-65
99. PattenM, ReinkingD,Wolfe D. 2011. Hierarchical cues in brood parasite nest selection. J. Ornithol. 152:521-32
100. Payne RB. 2005a. Nestling mouth markings and colors of old world finches Estrildidae: mimicry and coevolution of nesting finches and their Vidua brood parasites. Misc. Publ. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich. 194:1-45
101. Payne RB. 2005b. The Cuckoos. Oxford, UK: Oxford Univ. Press
102. Polaciková L, Takasu F, Stokke B, Moksnes A, Røskaft E, et al. 2013. Egg arrangement in avian clutches covaries with the rejection of foreign eggs. Anim. Cogn. 16:819-28
103. Raj PJS. 1964. Communal breeding in the White-headed Babbler, Turdoides affinis (Jerdon) in Tambaram, Madras State. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 61:181-83
104. Remês V. 2006. Growth strategies of passerine birds are related to brood parasitism by the brown-headed cowbird (Molothrus ater). Evolution 60:1692-700
105. Robert M, Sorci G. 2001. The evolution of obligate interspecific brood parasitism in birds. Behav. Ecol. 12:128-33
106. Rohwer S, Spaw C. 1988. Evolutionary lag versus bill-size constraints: a comparative study of the acceptance of cowbird eggs by old hosts. Evol. Ecol. 2:27-36
107. Rothstein SI. 1975. Mechanisms of avian egg-recognition: Do birds know their own eggs Anim. Behav. 23:269-78
108. Rothstein SI. 1982. Mechanisms of avian egg recognition: Which egg parameters elicit responses by rejecter species Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 11:229-39
109. Rothstein SI. 1990. A model system for coevolution: avian brood parasitism. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 21:481-508
110. Sato NJ, Mikamf OK, Ueda K. 2010a. The egg dilution effect hypothesis: a condition under which parasitic nestling ejection behaviour will evolve. Ornithol. Sci. 9:115-21
111. Sato NJ, Tokue K, Noske RA, Mikami OK, Ueda K. 2010b. Evicting cuckoo nestlings from the nest: a new anti-parasitism behaviour. Biol. Lett. 6:67-69
112. Shaw RC, Feeney WE, Hauber ME. 2014. Nest destruction elicits indiscriminate con-versus heterospecific brood parasitism in a captive bird. Ecol. Evol. In press
113. Shaw RC, Hauber ME. 2009. Experimental support for the role of nest predation in the evolution of brood parasitism. J. Evol. Biol. 22:1354-58
114. Smith JNM, Arcese P, McLean IG. 1984. Age, experience, and enemy recognition by wild song sparrows. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 14:101-6
115. Soler JJ, Martn-Gálvez D, Martnez JG, SolerM, CanestrariD, et al. 2011. Evolution of tolerance by magpies to brood parasitism by great spotted cuckoos. Proc. R. Soc. B-Biol. Sci. 278:2047-52
116. Soler JJ, Martnez JG, Soler M, Møller AP. 1999. Host sexual selection and cuckoo parasitism: an analysis of nest size in sympatric and allopatric magpie Pica pica populations parasitized by the great spotted cuckoo Clamator glandarius. Proc. R. Soc. B-Biol. Sci. 266:1765-71
117. Soler JJ, Pérez-Contreras T, De Neve L, Macás-Sánchez E, Møller AP, Soler M. 2014. Recognizing odd smells and ejection of brood parasitic eggs. An experimental test in magpies of a novel defensive trait against brood parasitism. J. Evol. Biol. 27:1265-70
118. Soler JJ, Soler M. 2000. Brood-parasite interactions between great spotted cuckoos and magpies: a model system for studying coevolutionary relationships. Oecologia 125:309-20
119. Soler M. 2011. Could egg rejection behaviour be transmitted by social learning Anim. Behav. 81:e1-6
120. Soler M. 2014. Long-term coevolution between avian brood parasites and their hosts. Biol. Rev. Camb. Philos. Soc. 89:688-704
121. Soler M, Soler JJ. 1991. Growth and development of great spotted cuckoos and their magpie host. Condor 93:49-54
122. SolerM, Soler JJ, Martnez JG, Møller AP. 1995. Magpie hostmanipulation by great spotted cuckoos: evidence for an avian mafia Evolution 49:770-75
123. SorensonMD,BalakrishnanCN, PayneRB. 2004. Clade-limited colonization in brood parasitic finches (Vidua spp.). Syst. Biol. 53:140-53
124. Sorenson MD, Payne RB. 2002. Molecular genetic perspectives on avian brood parasitism. Integr. Comp. Biol. 42:388-400
125. Sorenson MD, Sefc KM, Payne RB. 2003. Speciation by host switch in brood parasitic indigobirds. Nature 424:928-31
126. Spottiswoode CN. 2013. A brood parasite selects for its own egg traits. Biol. Lett. 9:20130573
127. Spottiswoode CN,Colebrook-Robjent JFR. 2007. Egg puncturing by the brood parasiticGreater Honeyguide and potential host counteradaptations. Behav. Ecol. 18:792-99
128. Spottiswoode CN, Koorevaar J. 2011. A stab in the dark: chick killing by brood parasitic honeyguides. Biol. Lett. 8:241-44
129. Spottiswoode CN, Stevens M. 2010. Visual modeling shows that avian host parents use multiple visual cues in rejecting parasitic eggs. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 107:8672-76
130. Spottiswoode CN, StevensM. 2011. How to evade a coevolving brood parasite: egg discrimination versus egg variability as host defences. Proc. R. Soc. B-Biol. Sci. 278:3566-73
131. Spottiswoode CN, Stevens M. 2012. Host-parasite arms races and rapid changes in bird egg appearance. Am. Nat. 179:633-48
132. Spottiswoode CN, Stryjewski KF, Quader S, Colebrook-Robjent JFR, Sorenson MD. 2011. Ancient host specificity within a single species of brood parasitic bird. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 108:17738-42
133. StarlingM,Heinsohn R, Cockburn A, LangmoreNE. 2006. Cryptic gentes revealed in pallid cuckoos Cuculus pallidus using reflectance spectrophotometry. Proc. R. Soc. B-Biol. Sci. 273:1929-34
134. Stevens M, Troscianko J, Spottiswoode CN. 2013. Repeated targeting of the same hosts by a brood parasite compromises host egg rejection. Nat. Commun. 4:2475
135. Stoddard MC, Kilner RM, Town C. 2014. Pattern recognition algorithm reveals how birds evolve individual egg pattern signatures. Nat. Commun. 5:4117
136. Stoddard MC, StevensM. 2010. Pattern mimicry of host eggs by the common cuckoo, as seen through a bird's eye. Proc. R. Soc. B-Biol. Sci. 277:1387-93
137. Stoddard MC, Stevens M. 2011. Avian vision and the evolution of egg color mimicry in the common cuckoo. Evolution 65:2004-13
138. Stokke BG, Moksnes A, Røskaft E. 2002. Obligate brood parasites as selective agents for evolution of egg appearance in passerine birds. Evolution 56:199-205
139. Stokke BG,Moksnes A, Røskaft E,Rudolfsen S, HonzaM. 1999. Rejection of artificial cuckoo (Cuculus canorus) eggs in relation to variation in egg appearance among reed warblers (Acrocephalus scirpaceus). Proc. R. Soc. B-Biol. Sci. 266:1483-88
140. Tanaka KD,MorimotoG, StevensM,Ueda K. 2011. Rethinking visual supernormal stimuli in cuckoos: visual modeling of host and parasite signals. Behav. Ecol. 22:1012-19
141. Tanaka KD, Ueda K. 2005. Horsfield's hawk-cuckoo nestlings simulate multiple gapes for begging. Science 308:653
142. Thompson JN. 1994. The Coevolutionary Process. Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press
143. Thorogood R, Davies NB. 2012. Cuckoos combat socially transmitted defenses of reed warbler hosts with a plumage polymorphism. Science 337:578-80
144. Thorogood R, Davies NB. 2013a. Hawk mimicry and the evolution of polymorphic cuckoos. Chin. Birds 4:39-50
145. Thorogood R, Davies NB. 2013b. Reed warbler hosts fine-tune their defenses to track three decades of cuckoo decline. Evolution 67:3545-55
146. TokueK,UedaK. 2010. Mangrove gerygones Gerygone laevigaster eject little bronze-cuckoo Chalcitesminutillus hatchlings from parasitized nests. Ibis 152:835-39
147. Trnka A, Grim T. 2013. Color plumage polymorphism and predator mimicry in brood parasites. Front. Zool. 10:25
148. Trnka A, Prokop P. 2012. The effectiveness of hawk mimicry in protecting cuckoos from aggressive hosts. Anim. Behav. 83:263-68
149. Trnka A, Prokop P, Grim T. 2012. Uncovering dangerous cheats: How do avian hosts recognize adult brood parasites PLOS ONE 7:e37445
150. Underwood TJ, Sealy SG. 2006. Grasp-ejection in two small ejecters of cowbird eggs: a test of bill-size constraints and the evolutionary equilibrium hypothesis. Anim. Behav. 71:409-16
151. Welbergen J,Komdeur J, Kats R, Berg M. 2001. Egg discrimination in theAustralian reed warbler (Acrocephalus australis): rejection response toward model and conspecific eggs depending on timing and mode of artificial parasitism. Behav. Ecol. 12:8-15
152. Welbergen JA, Davies NB. 2008. Reed warblers discriminate cuckoos from sparrowhawks with graded alarm signals that attract mates and neighbours. Anim. Behav. 76:811-22
153. Welbergen JA, Davies NB. 2009. Strategic variation in mobbing as a front line of defense against brood parasitism. Curr. Biol. 19:235-40
154. Welbergen JA, Davies NB. 2011. A parasite in wolf 's clothing: Hawk mimicry reduces mobbing of cuckoos by hosts. Behav. Ecol. 22:574-79
155. Welbergen JA, Davies NB. 2012. Direct and indirect assessment of parasitism risk by a cuckoo host. Behav. Ecol. 23:783-89
156. Yom-Tov Y. 2001. An updated list and some comments on the occurrence of intraspecific nest parasitism in birds. Ibis 143:133-43
157. Yom-Tov Y, Geffen E. 2006. On the origin of brood parasitism in altricial birds. Behav. Ecol. 17:196-205
158. Zahavi A. 1979. Parasitism and nest predation in parasitic cuckoos. Am. Nat. 113:157-59