Complex spatiotemporal responses of global terrestrial primary production to climate change and increasing atmospheric CO2 in the 21st century

PLoS ONE

Volumn 9, Issue 11, 2014, Pages

  Pan, Shufen ^a,b   Tian, Hanqin ^a   Dangal, Shree R S ^a   Zhang, Chi ^c   Yang, Jia ^a   Tao, Bo ^a   Ouyang, Zhiyun ^b   Wang, Xiaoke ^b   Lu, Chaoqun ^a   Ren, Wei ^a   Banger, Kamaljit ^a   Yang, Qichun ^a   Zhang, Bowen ^a   Li, Xia ^a  

^a AUBURN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b RESEARCH CENTER FOR ECO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES   (China)

^c INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGY AND GEOPHYSICS   (China)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CARBON DIOXIDE;

AIR TEMPERATURE; ARTICLE; CLIMATE CHANGE; CONCENTRATION (PARAMETERS); ENVIRONMENTAL PARAMETERS; ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION; FOOD SECURITY; GLOBAL TERRESTRIAL NET PRIMARY PRODUCTION; MATHEMATICAL MODEL; SEASONAL VARIATION; SPATIOTEMPORAL ANALYSIS; TAIGA; TEMPERATURE SENSITIVITY; TUNDRA; UNCERTAINTY; WATER SUPPLY; ATMOSPHERE; CLIMATE; ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING; HISTORY; THEORETICAL MODEL;

ATMOSPHERE; CARBON DIOXIDE; CLIMATE; CLIMATE CHANGE; ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING; HISTORY, 21ST CENTURY; MODELS, THEORETICAL; SPATIO-TEMPORAL ANALYSIS;

EID: 84913573600     PISSN: None     EISSN: 19326203     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112810     Document Type: Article

References (93)

1. Vitousek PM, Ehrlich PR, Ehrlich AH, Matson PA (1986) Human appropriation of the products of photosynthesis. Bioscience: 368-373.
2. Costanza R, d'Arge R, De Groot R, Farber S, Grasso M, et al. (1997) The value of the world's ecosystem services and natural capital. Ecological economics 25: 3-15.
3. Running S, Nemani RR, Heinsch FA, Zhao M, Reeves M, et al. (2004) A continuous satellite-derived measure of global terrestrial primary production. Bioscience 54: 547-560. doi:10.1641/0006-3568%282004%29054% 5B0547:acsmog%5D2.0.co;2.
4. Melillo J, McGuire AD, Kicklighter DW, Moore B, Vorosmarty CJ, et al. (1993) Global climate change and terrestrial net primary production. Nature 363: 234-240. doi:10.1038/363234a0.
5. Chapin III F, Woodwell G, Randerson JT, Rastetter EB, Lovett G, et al. (2006) Reconciling carbon-cycle concepts, terminology, and methods. Ecosystems 9: 1041-1050. doi:10.1007/s10021-005-0105-7.
6. IPCC (2007) The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
7. IPCC (2014) The Physical Science Basis: Working Group I Contribution to the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
8. Snover A, Mauger GS, Whitely Binder LC, Krosby M a, I T (2013) Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation in Washington State: Technical Summaries for Decision Makers. State of Knowledge Report prepared for the Washingston State Department of Ecology Climate Impacts Group, University of Washington, Seattle: 130.
9. Pan S, Tian H, Dangal SR, Ouyang Z, Tao B, et al. (2014) Modeling and Monitoring Terrestrial Primary Production in a Changing Global Environment: Toward a Multiscale Synthesis of Observation and Simulation. Advances in Meteorology 2014: 17. doi:10.1155/2014/965936.
10. Nemani RR, Keeling CD, Hashimoto H, Jolly WM, Piper SC, et al. (2003) Climate-driven increases in global terrestrial net primary production from 1982 to 1999. Science 300: 1560-1563. doi:10.1126/science.1082750.
11. Chapin S, McFarland J, David McGuire A, Euskirchen ES, Ruess RW, et al. (2009) The changing global carbon cycle: linking plant-soil carbon dynamics to global consequences. Journal of Ecology 97: 840-850. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2745. 2009.01529.x.
12. Friedlingstein P, Bopp L, Ciais P, Dufresne JL, Fairhead L, et al. (2001) Positive feedback between future climate change and the carbon cycle. Geophysical Research Letters 28: 1543-1546. doi:10.1029/2000GL012015.
13. Myneni RB, Keeling C, Tucker C, Asrar G, Nemani R (1997) Increased plant growth in the northern high latitudes from 1981 to 1991. Nature 386: 698-702. doi:10.1038/386698a0.
14. Leakey AD, Ainsworth EA, Bernacchi CJ, Rogers A, Long SP, et al. (2009) Elevated CO2 effects on plant carbon, nitrogen, and water relations: six important lessons from FACE. Journal of Experimental Botany 60: 2859-2876. doi:10.1093/jxb/erp096.
15. Norby RJ, DeLucia EH, Gielen B, Calfapietra C, Giardina CP, et al. (2005) Forest response to elevated CO2 is conserved across a broad range of productivity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102: 18052-18056. doi:10.1073/pnas.0509478102.
16. Zhao M, Running SW (2010) Drought-induced reduction in global terrestrial net primary production from 2000 through 2009. Science 329: 940-943. doi:10.1126/science.1192666.
17. Potter CS, Klooster S, Genovese V (2012) Net primary production of terrestrial ecosystems from 2000 to 2009. Climatic Change 115: 365-378. doi:10.1007/s10584-012-0460-2.
18. Cao M, Woodward FI (1998) Dynamic responses of terrestrial ecosystem carbon cycling to global climate change. Nature 393: 249-252. doi:10.1038/30460.
19. Black T, Chen W, Barr A, Arain M, Chen Z, et al. (2000) Increased carbon sequestration by a boreal deciduous forest in years with a warm spring. Geophysical Research Letters 27: 1271-1274. doi:10.1029/1999GL011234.
20. Hyvönen R, Ågren GI, Linder S, Persson T, Cotrufo MF, et al. (2007) The likely impact of elevated [CO2], nitrogen deposition, increased temperature and management on carbon sequestration in temperate and boreal forest ecosystems: a literature review. New Phytologist 173: 463-480. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137. 2007.01967.x.
21. Feng X (1999) Trends in intrinsic water-use efficiency of natural trees for the past 100-200 years: a response to atmospheric CO2 concentration. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 63: 1891-1903. doi:10.1016/S0016-7037(99)00088-5.
22. Tian, Chen G, Liu M, Zhang C, Sun G, et al. (2010) Model estimates of net primary productivity, evapotranspiration, and water use efficiency in the terrestrial ecosystems of the southern United States during 1895-2007. Forest ecology and management 259: 1311-1327. doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2009.10.009.
23. Bonan GB (2008) Forests and climate change: forcings, feedbacks, and the climate benefits of forests. Science 320: 1444-1449. doi:10.1126/science. 1155121.
24. Ge Z-M, Kellomäki S, Peltola H, Zhou X, Vä isänen H, et al. (2013) Impacts of climate change on primary production and carbon sequestration of boreal Norway spruce forests: Finland as a model. Climatic Change: 1-15. doi:10.1007/s10584-012-0607-1.
25. Felzer BS, Cronin TW, Melillo JM, Kicklighter DW, Schlosser CA, et al. (2011) Nitrogen effect on carbon-water coupling in forests, grasslands, and shrublands in the arid western United States. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences (2005-2012) 116. doi:10.1029/2010JG001621.
26. Tian H, Melillo J, Kicklighter D, McGuire A, Helfrich Iii J, et al. (2000) Climatic and biotic controls on annual carbon storage in Amazonian ecosystems. Global Ecology and Biogeography 9: 315-335.
27. Sitch S, Huntingford C, Gedney N, Levy P, Lomas M, et al. (2008) Evaluation of the terrestrial carbon cycle, future plant geography and climate-carbon cycle feedbacks using five Dynamic Global Vegetation Models (DGVMs). Global Change Biology 14: 2015-2039. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01626.x.
28. Sitch S, Smith B, Prentice IC, Arneth A, Bondeau A, et al. (2003) Evaluation of ecosystem dynamics, plant geography and terrestrial carbon cycling in the LPJ dynamic global vegetation model. Global Change Biology 9: 161-185. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00569.x.
29. Cramer, Kicklighter D, Bondeau A, Churkina G, et al. (1999) Comparing global models of terrestrial net primary productivity (NPP): overview and key results. Global change biology 5: 1-15. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2486. 1999.00009.x.
30. Friedlingstein P, Cox P, Betts R, Bopp L, Von Bloh W, et al. (2006) Climatecarbon cycle feedback analysis: Results from the (CMIP)-M-4 model intercomparison. Journal of Climate 19: 3337-3353. doi:10.1175/Jcli3800.1.
31. Tian H, Xu X, Lu C, Liu M, Ren W, et al. (2011) Net exchanges of CO2, CH4, and N2O between China's terrestrial ecosystems and the atmosphere and their contributions to global climate warming. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences (2005-2012) 116. doi:10.1029/2010JG001393.
32. Lu C, Tian H (2013) Net greenhouse gas balance in response to nitrogen enrichment: perspectives from a coupled biogeochemical model. Global Change Biology 19: 571-588. doi:10.1111/gcb.12049.
33. Ren W, Tian H, Tao B, Huang Y, Pan S (2012) China's crop productivity and soil carbon storage as influenced by multifactor global change. Global Change Biology 18: 2945-2957. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2012.02741.x.
34. Tian H, Chen GS, Zhang C, Liu ML, Sun G, et al. (2012) Century-Scale Responses of Ecosystem Carbon Storage and Flux to Multiple Environmental Changes in the Southern United States. Ecosystems 15: 674-694. doi:10.1007/s10021-012-9539-x.
35. Liu M, Tian H, Yang Q, Yang J, Song X, et al. (2013) Long-term trends in evapotranspiration and runoff over the drainage basins of the Gulf of Mexico during 1901-2008. Water Resources Research 49. doi:10.1002/wrcr.20180.
36. Farquhar GD, Caemmerer SV, Berry JA (1980) A Biochemical-Model of Photosynthetic Co2 Assimilation in Leaves of C-3 Species. Planta 149: 78-90. doi:10.1007/Bf00386231.
37. Collatz GJ, Ball JT, Grivet C, Berry JA (1991) Physiological and environmental regulation of stomatal conductance, photosynthesis and transpiration: a model that includes a laminar boundary layer. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 54: 107-136. doi:10.1016/0168-1923(91)90002-8.
38. Bonan GB (1996) Land surface model (LSM version 1.0) for ecological, hydrological, and atmospheric studies: Technical description and users guide. Technical note. National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO (United States). Climate and Global Dynamics Div.
39. Sellers P, Randall D, Collatz G, Berry J, Field C, et al. (1996) A revised land surface parameterization (SiB2) for atmospheric GCMs. Part I: Model formulation. Journal of Climate 9: 676-705. doi:10.1175/1520-0442 (1996)009, 0676:ARLSPF.2.0.CO;2.
40. Saxton K, Rawls W (2006) Soil water characteristic estimates by texture and organic matter for hydrologic solutions. Soil Science Society of America Journal 70: 1569-1578. doi:10.2136/sssaj2005.0117.
41. Ryan MG (1991) Effects of climate change on plant respiration. Ecological Applications 1: 157-167.
42. Klein Goldewijk K, Beusen A, Van Drecht G, De Vos M (2011) The HYDE 3.1 spatially explicit database of human-induced global land-use change over the past 12, 000 years. Global Ecology and Biogeography 20: 73-86. doi:10.1111/j.1466-8238.2010.00587.x.
43. DeFries R (2008) Terrestrial Vegetation in the Coupled Human-Earth System: Contributions of Remote Sensing. Annual Review of Environment and Resources 33: 369-390. doi:10.1146/annurev.environ.33.020107.113339.
44. Lehner B, Döll P (2004) Development and validation of a global database of lakes, reservoirs and wetlands. Journal of Hydrology 296: 1-22. doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2004.03.028.
45. Wei Y, Liu S, Huntzinger D, Michalak A, Viovy N, et al. (2013) The North American Carbon Program Multi-scale Synthesis and Terrestrial Model Intercomparison Project-Part 2: Environmental driver data. Geoscientific Model Development Discussions 6: 5375-5422. doi:10.5194/gmdd-6-5375-2013.
46. Dentener F (2006) Global maps of atmospheric nitrogen deposition, 1860, 1993, and 2050. Data set Available on-line (http:/wwwdaacornlgov) from Oak Ridge National Laboratory Distributed Active Archive Center, Oak Ridge, TN, USA.
47. Felzer B, Kicklighter D, Melillo J, Wang C, Zhuang Q, et al. (2004) Effects of ozone on net primary production and carbon sequestration in the conterminous United States using a biogeochemistry model. Tellus B 56: 230-248. doi:10.1007/s10584-005-6776-4.
48. Tian H, Lu C, Chen G, Xu X, Liu M, et al. (2011) Climate and land use controls over terrestrial water use efficiency in monsoon Asia. Ecohydrology 4: 322-340. doi:10.1002/eco.216.
49. Leff B, Ramankutty N, Foley JA (2004) Geographic distribution of major crops across the world. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 18. doi:10.1029/2003 GB002108.
50. Siebert S, Döll P, Feick S, Hoogeveen J, Frenken K (2007) Global map of irrigation areas version 4.0. 1. Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany/Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.
51. Meehl GA, Covey C, Taylor KE, Delworth T, Stouffer RJ, et al. (2007) The WCRP CMIP3 multimodel dataset: A new era in climate change research. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 88: 1383-1394. doi:10.1175/BAMS-88-9-1383.
52. Maurer E, Adam J, Wood A (2008) Climate model based consensus on the hydrologic impacts of climate change to the Rio Lempa basin of Central America. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 5: 3099-3128. doi:10.5194/hessd-5-3099-2008.
53. Wood AW, Leung LR, Sridhar V, Lettenmaier D (2004) Hydrologic implications of dynamical and statistical approaches to downscaling climate model outputs. Climatic Change 62: 189-216. doi:10.1023/b:clim. 0000013685.99609.9e.
54. Adam JC, Lettenmaier DP (2003) Adjustment of global gridded precipitation for systematic bias. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres (1984-2012) 108. doi:10.1029/2002jd002499.
55. Dore MH (2005) Climate change and changes in global precipitation patterns: What do we know? Environment international 31: 1167-1181. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2005.03.004.
56. Ren W, Tian H, Liu M, Zhang C, Chen G, et al. (2007) Effects of tropospheric ozone pollution on net primary productivity and carbon storage in terrestrial ecosystems of China. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres (1984-2012) 112. doi:10.1029/2007jd008521.
57. Ren W, Tian H, Tao B, Chappelka A, Sun G, et al. (2011) Impacts of tropospheric ozone and climate change on net primary productivity and net carbon exchange of China's forest ecosystems. Global Ecology and Biogeography 20: 391-406. doi:10.1111/j.1466-8238.2010.00606.x.
58. Tian H, Melillo JM, Lu C, Kicklighter D, Liu M, et al. (2011) China's terrestrial carbon balance: Contributions from multiple global change factors. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 25. doi:10.1029/2010GB003838.
59. Tian H, Xu X, Zhang C, Ren W, Chen G, et al. (2009) Forecasting and assessing the large-scale and long-term impacts of global environmental change on terrestrial ecosystems in the United States and China. Real World Ecology: Springer. 235-266. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-77942-3-9.
60. Lu C, Tian H, Liu M, Ren W, Xu X, et al. (2012) Effect of nitrogen deposition on China's terrestrial carbon uptake in the context of multifactor environmental changes. Ecological Applications 22: 53-75. doi:10.1890/10-1685.1.
61. Song X, Tian H, Xu X, Hui D, Chen G, et al. (2013) Projecting terrestrial carbon sequestration of the southeastern United States in the 21st century. Ecosphere 4: art88. doi:10.1890/es12-00398.1.
62. Tian, Xu X, Liu M, Ren W, Zhang C, et al. (2010) Spatial and temporal patterns of CH4 and N2O fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems of North America during 1979-2008: application of a global biogeochemistry model. Biogeosciences 7: 2673-2694. doi:10.5194/bg-7-2673-2010.
63. Xu X, Tian H, Zhang C, Liu M, Ren W, et al. (2010) Attribution of spatial and temporal variations in terrestrial methane flux over North America. Biogeosciences Discussions 7: 5383-5428. doi:10.5194/bgd-7-5383-2010.
64. Kaufman DS, Schneider DP, McKay NP, Ammann CM, Bradley RS, et al. (2009) Recent warming reverses long-term Arctic cooling. Science 325: 1236-1239. doi:10.1126/science.1173983.
65. Irvine J, Law B, Kurpius M, Anthoni P, Moore D, et al. (2004) Age-related changes in ecosystem structure and function and effects on water and carbon exchange in ponderosa pine. Tree Physiology 24: 753-763. doi:10.1093/treephys/24.7.753.
66. Zhang X, Friedl MA, Schaaf CB (2006) Global vegetation phenology from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS): Evaluation of global patterns and comparison with in situ measurements. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences (2005-2012) 111. doi:10.1029/2006 jg000217.
67. Hill GB, Henry GH (2011) Responses of High Arctic wet sedge tundra to climate warming since 1980. Global Change Biology 17: 276-287. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02244.x.
68. Clark DA, Piper S, Keeling C, Clark D (2003) Tropical rain forest tree growth and atmospheric carbon dynamics linked to interannual temperature variation during 1984-2000. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 100: 5852-5857. doi:10.1073/pnas.0935903100.
69. Accord C (2009) U.N. Framework Convention on Climate Change. United Nations.
70. Luo Y, Gerten D, Le Maire G, Parton WJ, Weng E, et al. (2008) Modeled interactive effects of precipitation, temperature, and [CO2] on ecosystem carbon and water dynamics in different climatic zones. Global Change Biology 14: 1986-1999. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01629.x.
71. Piao S, Friedlingstein P, Ciais P, Viovy N, Demarty J (2007) Growing season extension and its impact on terrestrial carbon cycle in the Northern Hemisphere over the past 2 decades. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 21. doi:10.1029/2006gb002888.
72. Tian H, Melillo JM, Kicklighter D, McGuire A, Helfrich J (1999) The sensitivity of terrestrial carbon storage to historical climate variability and atmospheric CO2 in the United States. Tellus Series B-Chemical and Physical Meteorology 51: 414-452. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0889.1999.00021.x.
73. Knapp AK, Beier C, Briske DD, Classen AT, Luo Y, et al. (2008) Consequences of more extreme precipitation regimes for terrestrial ecosystems. Bioscience 58: 811-821. doi:10.1641/b580908.
74. Jentsch A, Kreyling J, Beierkuhnlein C (2007) A new generation of climatechange experiments: events, not trends. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 5: 365-374. doi:10.1890/060097.
75. Hanson PJ, Weltzin JF (2000) Drought disturbance from climate change: response of United States forests. Science of the Total Environment 262: 205-220. doi:10.1016/S0048-9697(00)00523-4.
76. Ciais P, Reichstein M, Viovy N, Granier A, Ogée J, et al. (2005) Europe-wide reduction in primary productivity caused by the heat and drought in 2003. Nature 437: 529-533. doi:10.1038/nature03972.
77. Mohamed M, Babiker IS, Chen Z, Ikeda K, Ohta K, et al. (2004) The role of climate variability in the inter-annual variation of terrestrial net primary production (NPP). Science of the Total Environment 332: 123-137. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2004.03.009.
78. Morison J, Gifford R (1984) Plant growth and water use with limited water supply in high CO2 concentrations. I. Leaf area, water use and transpiration. Functional Plant Biology 11: 361-374. doi:10.1071/pp9840361.
79. Seidel DJ, Fu Q, Randel WJ, Reichler TJ (2007) Widening of the tropical belt in a changing climate. Nature geoscience 1: 21-24. doi:10.1038/ngeo.2007.38.
80. Boisvenue C, Running SW (2006) Impacts of climate change on natural forest productivity-evidence since the middle of the 20th century. Global Change Biology 12: 862-882. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01134.x.
81. Shaw MR, Zavaleta ES, Chiariello NR, Cleland EE, Mooney HA, et al. (2002) Grassland responses to global environmental changes suppressed by elevated CO2. Science 298: 1987-1990. doi:10.1126/science.1075312.
82. Ollinger SV, Aber JD, Reich PB (1997) Simulating ozone effects on forest productivity: interactions among leaf-, canopy-, and stand-level processes. Ecological Applications 7: 1237-1251. doi:10.1890/1051-0761(1997) 007[1237:SOEOFP]2.0.CO;2.
83. Morales P, Hickler T, Rowell DP, Smith B, Sykes MT (2007) Changes in European ecosystem productivity and carbon balance driven by regional climate model output. Global Change Biology 13: 108-122. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01289.x.
84. Long S (1991) Modification of the response of photosynthetic productivity to rising temperature by atmospheric CO2 concentrations: has its importance been underestimated? Plant, Cell & Environment 14: 729-739. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3040.1991.tb01439.x.
85. Hickler T, Smith B, Prentice IC, Mjöfors K, Miller P, et al. (2008) CO2 fertilization in temperate FACE experiments not representative of boreal and tropical forests. Global Change Biology 14: 1531-1542. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01598.x.
86. Kirschbaum M (1994) The sensitivity of C3 photosynthesis to increasing CO2 concentration: a theoretical analysis of its dependence on temperature and background CO2 concentration. Plant, Cell & Environment 17: 747-754. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3040.1994.tb00167.x.
87. Joshi M, Shine K, Ponater M, Stuber N, Sausen R, et al. (2003) A comparison of climate response to different radiative forcings in three general circulation models: towards an improved metric of climate change. Climate Dynamics 20: 843-854. doi:10.1007/s00382-003-0305-9.
88. Ainsworth EA, Long SP (2005) What have we learned from 15 years of free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE)? A meta-analytic review of the responses of photosynthesis, canopy properties and plant production to rising CO2. New Phytologist 165: 351-372. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2004.01224.x.
89. Long SP, Ainsworth EA, Leakey AD, Nösberger J, Ort DR (2006) Food for thought: lower-than-expected crop yield stimulation with rising CO2 concentrations. Science 312: 1918-1921. doi:10.1126/science.1114722.
90. Evans J, Poorter H (2001) Photosynthetic acclimation of plants to growth irradiance: the relative importance of specific leaf area and nitrogen partitioning in maximizing carbon gain. Plant, Cell & Environment 24: 755-767. doi:10.1046/j.1365-3040.2001.00724.x.
91. Walther G-R, Post E, Convey P, Menzel A, Parmesan C, et al. (2002) Ecological responses to recent climate change. Nature 416: 389-395. doi:10.1038/416389a.
92. Hui D, Luo Y, Katul G (2003) Partitioning interannual variability in net ecosystem exchange between climatic variability and functional change. Tree physiology 23: 433-442. doi:10.1093/treephys/23.7.433.
93. Dangal SR, Felzer BS, Hurteau MD (2014) Effects of agriculture and timber harvest on carbon sequestration in the eastern US forests. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences 119: 35-54. doi:10.1002/2013JG002409.