Review of green electricity products in the United Kingdom, Germany and Finland

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

Volumn 42, Issue , 2015, Pages 1370-1384

  Hast, A ^a   Syri, S ^a   Jokiniemi, J ^a   Huuskonen, M ^a   Cross, S ^a  

^a AALTO UNIVERSITY   (Finland)

Author keywords

Customer choice; Renewable energy policy; Voluntary green energy market

Indexed keywords

BINARY ALLOYS; COMPETITION; COSTS; ELECTRIC INDUSTRY; ENERGY POLICY; HYDROELECTRIC POWER; POWER MARKETS; SALES;

CUSTOMER CHOICE; ENERGY MARKETS; FINLAND; GREEN ELECTRICITY; GREEN ENERGY; PRICE PREMIUMS; RENEWABLE ENERGIES; RENEWABLE ENERGY POLICY; UNITED KINGDOM; VOLUNTARY GREEN ENERGY MARKET;

WIND POWER;

EID: 84911949776     PISSN: 13640321     EISSN: 18790690     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2014.10.104     Document Type: Review

References (124)

1. Wüstenhagen R, Bilharz M. Green energy market development in Germany: effective public policy and emerging customer demand. Energy Policy 2006;34:1681-96.
2. Lipp, J., The UK green electricity market: is it sprouting, lower carbon futures-appendix G; 2000
3. Salmela S, Varho V. Consumers in the green electricity market in Finland. Energy Policy 2006;34:3669-83.
4. Directive 2009/28/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009 of the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources and amending and subsequently repealing Directives 2001/77/EC and 2003/30/EC, Official Journal of the European Union 140/16, 5.6.2009; 2009.
5. Directive 2009/29/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009 amending Directive 2003/87/EC so as to improve and extend the greenhouse gas emission allowance trading scheme of the Community, Official Journal of the European Union 140/63, 5.6.2009; 2009.
6. Diaz-Rainey, I., Ashton, J., Green energy tariffs in the UK's liberalized household electricity market: model or Muddle? In: The second biennial conference of the ECPR standing group on regulatory governance. Utrecht; 5-7 June 2008
7. Ofgem, Going green with your electricity use; 2009. 〈http://www.ofgem.gov.uk/Media/FactSheets/Documents1/greentariffsfs.pdf〉 (accessed 4 April 2013).
8. Wiser RH. Green power marketing: increasing customer demand for renewable energy. Utilit Policy 1998;7:107-19.
9. Kaenzig J, Heinzle SL, Wüstenhagen R. Whatever the customer wants, the customer gets? Exploring the gap between consumer preferences and default electricity products in Germany Energy Policy 2013;53:311-22.
10. Winther T, Ericson T. Matching policy and people? Household responses to the promotion of renewable electricity Energy Effic 2013;6:369-85.
11. Batley SL, Colbourne D, Fleming PD, Urwin P. Citizen versus consumer: challenges in the UK green power market. Energy Policy 2001;29:479-87.
12. Markard J, Truffer B. The promotional impacts of green power products on renewable energy sources: direct and indirect eco-effects. Energy Policy 2006;34:306-21.
13. Bird L, Wüstenhagen R, Aabakken J. A review of international green power markets: recent experience, trends, and market drivers. Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev 2002;6:513-36.
14. Mewton RT, Cacho OJ. Green Power voluntary purchases: price elasticity and policy analysis. Energy Policy 2011;39:377-85.
15. Kotchen MJ, Moore MR. Private provision of environmental public goods: household participation in green-electricity programs. J Environ Econ Manage 2007;53:1-16.
16. Menges R. Supporting renewable energy on liberalised markets: green electricity between additionality and consumer sovereignty. Energy Policy 2003;31:583-96.
17. Aasen M, Westskog H, Wilhite H, Lindberg M. The EU electricity disclosure from the business perspective-a study from Norway. Energy Policy 2010;38:7921-8.
18. Eurostat, Eurostat database; 2013. Available: 〈http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/statistics/search-database〉.
19. Statistics Finland. Supply of electricity by energy source, energy statistics 2013; 2013.
20. A.G. Energiebilanzen, Bruttostromerzeugung in Deutschland von 1990 bis 2013 nach Energieträgern, Stand: 11 June 2014; 2014.
21. BMU (Bundesministerium für Umwelt, Naturschutz und Reaktorsicherheit), development of renewable energy sources in Germany in 2011, Version; July 2012.
22. DECC (Department of Energy & Climate Change), digest of United Kingdom energy statistics, 2014; 2014.
23. Directive 2003/54/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 June 2003 concerning common rules for the internal market in electricity and repealing Directive 96/92/EC, Official Journal of the European Union 176/37, 15.7.2003; 2003.
24. E-control, Guarantees of origin; 2013. 〈http://www.e-control.at/de/market-players/renewables/guarantees-of-origin〉 (accessed 26 November 2013).
25. Bröckl M, Pesola A, Vehviläinen I, Tommila P. Guarantees of origin and ecolabeling of electricity in the Nordic countries. Gaia Consulting Oy 2011.
26. RECS International; 2013. 〈http://www.recs.org/〉 (accessed 26 November 2013).
27. DECC (Department of Energy & Climate Change); 2013. 〈http://www.decc.gov.uk/en/content/cms/meeting-energy/renewable-ener/renew-obs/renew-obs.aspx〉 (accessed 3 April 2013).
28. Syri, S., Cross, S., Weak EU emissions trading with strong renewables obligation compromises long-term CO2 mitigation. In: Proceedings of the 10th international conference on the European energy market. Stockholm; May 2013 27-31.
29. Ofgem. Renewables obligation, annual report 2011-12; 2013.
30. DECC (Department of Energy & Climate Change); 2013. 〈http://chpqa.decc.gov.uk/climate-change-levy-exemption-certificates-lecs-for-electricity-produced-by-good-quality-chp/〉 (accessed 3 April 2013).
31. ECC (Department of Energy & Climate Change); 2012. 〈http://www.decc.gov.uk/en/content/cms/meeting-energy/microgen/strategy/green-cert/green-cert.aspx〉 (accessed 9 November 2012).
32. DECC (Department of Energy & Climate Change); 2012. 〈http://www.decc.gov.uk/en/content/cms/meeting-energy/Renewable-ener/feedin-tariff/feedin-tariff.aspx〉 (accessed 9 November 2012).
33. DECC (Department of Energy & Climate Change). Estimated impacts of energy and climate change policies on energy prices and bills; 2013.
34. BMU (Bundesministerium für Umwelt, Naturschutz und Reaktorsicherheit). Act on granting priority to renewable energy sources (Renewable Energy Sources Act-EEG); 2012.
35. BMU (Bundesministerium für Umwelt, Naturschutz und Reaktorsicherheit). Electricity from renewable energy sources-what does it cost?; 2009.
36. Öko-Institut. Development of the German EEG surcharge in 2014; 2013. 〈http://www.oeko.de/new/dok/1553.php〉 (accessed 26 November 2013).
37. Öko-Institut. The German EEG surcharge and the costs of electricity supply for 2014. An analysis of trends, causes and interactions; 2013.
38. IEA (International Energy Agency). IEA says further action is needed if Germany's Energiewende is to maintain a balance between sustainability, affordability and competitiveness; 2013. 〈http://www.iea.org/newsroomandevents/pressreleases/2013/may/name,38340,en.html〉 (accessed 26 November 2013).
39. IEA (International Energy Agency). Energy policies of IEA countries-Germany 2013 review; 2013.
40. Finlex, Laki uusiutuvilla energialähteillä tuotetun sähkön tuotantotuesta, 1396/2010; 2010. Available: 〈http://www.finlex.fi/fi/laki/ajantasa/2010/20101396〉.
41. VTT (Technical Research Centre of Finland). Wind energy statistics in Finland; 2013. 〈http://www.vtt.fi/proj/windenergystatistics/index.jsp?lang=en〉 (accessed 4 April 2013).
42. Finlex, Hallituksen esitys eduskunnalle laiksi sähkön alkuperän varmentamisesta ja ilmoittamisesta annetun lain muuttamisesta, HE 37/2013; 2013. Available: 〈http://www.finlex.fi/fi/esitykset/he/2013/20130037〉.
43. TEM (Ministry of Employment and the Economy). Kiinteä sähkön tuotantotuki loppuu vuoden 2012 alussa; 2011. Press release: 〈http://www.tem.fi/index.phtml?105033-m=104680&s=4760〉 (accessed 26 November 2013).
44. Kivistö, A., Vakkilainen, E., Uusiutuvan sähkön lisäämiseen käytettyjen energiaverojen vaikutus kuluttajan maksamaan sähkön hintaan, research report 14, Lappeenranta University of Technology; 2011.
45. Hast A., McDermott, L., Järvelä, M., Syri, S., Green energy products in the United Kingdom, Germany and Finland. In: Third European energy conference-E2C , October 27-30, 2013, Budapest; 2013.
46. Lipp J. Policy considerations for a sprouting UK green electricity market. Renewable Energy 2001;24:31-44.
47. Ofgem. Domestic retail market report, 2007; June 2007. .
48. Ofgem. Sustainable development indicators-theme 1: Managing the transition to a low carbon economy; 2012.
49. Leprich U., Fokus Ökostrom: Bestandsaufnahme und Perspektiven; 2008.
50. Bundesnetzagentur, Monitoringbericht 2012, 3. Auflage, Stand 5.2.2013; 2013.
51. Ekoenergia, Tilastotietoa Ekoenergiasta; 2013. 〈http://www.ekoenergia.fi/tietoa-energiasta/archives/tilastotietoa-ekoenergiasta〉 (accessed 9 April 2013).
52. Diaz-Rainey I, Ashton J. Stuck between a ROC and a hard place? Barriers to the take up of green energy in the UK Energy Policy 2008;36:3053-61.
53. MacPherson, R., Lange, I., Determinants of the green electricity tariff uptake in the UK. Stirling economics discussion paper 2012-11; 2012.
54. Baker, W., Off-gas consumers, information on households without mains gas heating, Consum Focus, 2011.
55. The Guardian, Five of "big six" energy companies drop green tariffs; 2013. 〈http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2013/jul/23/big-six-energycompanies-green-tariffs〉 (accessed 26 November 2013).
56. Green energy scheme; 2013. 〈http://www.greenenergyscheme.org/join/findcertified-green-tariffs/full-tariff-listing/〉 (accessed 26 November 2013).
57. Ecotricity; 2013. 〈http://www.ecotricity.co.uk/our-green-energy/our-greenelectricity〉 (accessed 26 November 2013).
58. 2 energy; 2013. 〈http://www.loco2energy.com/Renewable-Energy/Hydropower-renewable-energy.asp〉 (accessed 26 November 2013).
59. Ovo energy; 2013. 〈http://www.ovoenergy.com/energy-tariffs/our-energysources/〉 (accessed 26 November 2013).
60. Good energy; 2013. 〈http://www.goodenergy.co.uk/our-wind-and-solarfarms〉 (accessed 26 November 2013).
61. British gas; 2013. 〈http://www.britishgas.co.uk/products-and-services/gas-and-electricity/our-energy-tariffs/Tariffs-A-Z.html#etoi〉 (accessed 26 November 2013).
62. Bryan, J., Lange, I., MacDonald A., Estimating the Price of ROCs. Stirling economics discussion paper 2013-08; 2013
63. Consumer Focus; 2013. 〈http://www.consumerfocus.org.uk/get-advice/energy/energy-pricing-information/tariff-types/guarantees〉 (accessed 9 April 2013).
64. Graham, V., Reality or rhetoric? Green tariffs for domestic consumers, National Consumer Council; 2006.
65. Energie & Management. Ökostrommarkt im Stagnationsmodus; 2014.
66. Wüstenhagen, R., Bilharz, M., Green energy market development in Germany: effective public policy and emerging customer demand, IWOe discussion paper No. 111. ; 2004
67. 2 reduction measures in Finland. Energy 2013;57:308-18.
68. Lichtblick; 2013. 〈http://www.lichtblick.de/privatkunden/strom/〉 (accessed 12 April 2013).
69. EWS ElektrizitätsWerke Schönau; 2013. 〈http://www.ews-schoenau.de/sauberer-strom.html〉 (accessed 12 April 2013).
70. Ökostrom-anbieter.info; 2013. 〈http://www.oekostrom-anbieter.info/oekostrom-vergleich/oekostrom-vergleich/〉 (accessed 12 April 2013).
71. Greenpeace energy; 2013. 〈http://www.greenpeace-energy.de/oekostrom/unser-oekostrom.html〉 (accessed 12 April 2013).
72. NaturWatt; 2013. 〈http://www.naturwatt.de/ueber-unseren-strom/〉 (accessed 12 April 2013).
73. Naturstrom, Gemeinsam für die Energiewende; 2012. 〈https://www.naturstrom.de/fileadmin/5-PDF/nsh-unternhemensfolder-0912.pdf〉 (accessed 12 April 2013).
74. Entega; 2013. 〈http://www.entega.de/de/energie/energie/〉 (accessed 12 April 2013).
75. Polarnstern; 2013. 〈http://www.polarstern-energie.de/wechseln/〉 (accessed 12 April 2013).
76. Tchibo; 2013. 〈http://www.tchibo.de/Oekostrom-aus-Wasserkraft-fuerden-Klimaschutz-c400003887〉 (accessed 12 April 2013).
77. NaturEnergie; 2013. 〈http://www.naturenergie.de/〉 (accessed 12 April 2013).
78. Stiftung Warentest, Nicht jederTarif ist grün, test 2/2012; 2012.
79. Fortum; 2013. 〈http://www.fortum.com/countries/fi/kampanjat/sahko/tarjous/sll/pages/vesisahko.aspx〉 (accessed 26 November 2013).
80. Ekoenergia, Muutoksia Fortumin sähkötuotteiden ympäristömerkinnöissä (Changes in the environmental labels of Fortum's electricity products); 2013. 〈http://www.ekoenergia.fi/uutiset/muutoksia-fortumin-sahkotuotteiden-ymparistomerkinnoissa〉 (accessed 21 October 2013).
81. Ekoenergia, Ekoenergian osuus sähkömarkkinoilla uuteen ennätykseen (The share of Ekoenergy in electricity markets hit a new record); 2013. 〈http://www.ekoenergia.fi/uutiset/ekoenergian-osuus-sahkomarkkinoilla-uuteen-ennatykseen〉 (accessed 21 October 2013).
82. Fortum, Kestävän kehityksen raportti (Sustainable development report); 2012.
83. Fortum, Vesivoima (hydropower); 2013. 〈http://www.fortum.com/fi/energiantuotanto/vesivoima/pages/default.aspx〉 (accessed 26 November 2013).
84. Pakkanen, M., Närvä, T., Functioning of the electricity market in Finland-the customer's point of view, VaasaEMG; 2013.
85. Yle, Ekoenergian alkuperä askarruttaa-valvonta ei ulotu sähköyhtiöihin (The origin of green electricity confuses-no tariff regulations for electricity companies); 2012: 〈http://yle.fi/uutiset/ekoenergian-alkupera-askarruttaa---valvonta-ei-ulotu-sahkoyhtioihin/6387949〉 (accessed 26 November 2013).
86. Lumituuli; 2013. 〈http://www.lumituuli.fi/〉 (accessed 26 November 2013).
87. Närvä, T., Pakkanen, M., Vihreän sähkön tarjonta Suomen sähkömarkkinoilla (The supply of green electricity in Finnish electricity markets); 2010.
88. Hast, A., McDermott, L., Syri, S., Järvelä, M., Impacts of green electricity markets in the United Kingdom, Germany and Finland. In: Proceedings of ICCE 2013: international conference & exhibition on clean energy. Ottawa; September 9-11, 2013 p. 131-143.
89. Wagner, E., Ökostrom-Tarife Was sind diese, was bewirken diese?; 2008.
90. IEA (International Energy Agency). Energy policies of IEA countries-Norway 2011 review; 2011.
91. 2 emissions trading on electricity markets and electricity consumers in Finland. Energy Econ. 2008;30:193-211.
92. Willstedt H, Bürger V. Overview of existing green power labelling schemes, a report prepared as part of the EIE project "Clean Energy Network for Europe (CLEAN-E)". Öko-Institut; 2006.
93. Ofgem. New label launched for certified green electricity; 2010. 〈http://www.ofgem.gov.uk/Media/PressRel/Documents1/GREEN%20SUPPLY%20FEB08CL%20%282%29.pdf〉 (accessed 4 April 2013).
94. EKOenergy; 2013. 〈http://www.ekoenergy.org/〉 (accessed 4 April 2013).
95. Consumer Focus; 2013. 〈http://energyapps.consumerfocus.org.uk/price/〉 (accessed 21 October 2013).
96. Green electricity marketplace; 2013. 〈http://www.greenelectricity.org/index.php〉 (accessed 21 October 2013).
97. Strompreisvergleich; 2013. 〈http://www.strompreisvergleich.net/〉 (accessed 21 October 2013).
98. Verivox; 2013. 〈http://www.verivox.de/〉 (accessed 21 October 2013).
99. Strompreisvergleich24; 2013. 〈www.strompreisvergleich-24.de〉 (accessed 21 October 2013).
100. Energy market authority; 2013. 〈http://www.sahkonhinta.fi/〉 (accessed 21 October 2013).
101. Vaasa E.M.G. PriceWatch 140: Vihreä sähkö edelleen suhteellisen edullista (Green electricity still relatively cheap), press release; 2013.
102. Karcher S., Germany's energy transformation-opportunities and challenges for cooperation, Forum of low emission economy, development of low emission economy in the EU; 2013.
103. The Economist, Germany's energy transformation: Energiewende; 2012. 〈http://www.economist.com/node/21559667〉 (accessed 26 November 2013).
104. B.B.C., Can Germany afford its "energy bender" shift to green power?; 2013. 〈http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-23127175〉 (accessed 26 November 2013.
105. Helsingin Energia 2012. 〈http://www.helen.fi/sahko-eng/ymparistopenni.html〉 (accessed 1 April 2012).
106. Oulun Energia; 2012. 〈http://www.oulunenergia.fi/ymparistovastuu/ymparistotili〉 (accessed 2 April 2012).
107. Pohjois-Karjalan Sähkö O.y.; 2012. 〈https://www.pks.fi/ekopenni〉 (accessed 26 March 2012).
108. Ekosähkö Oy; 2012. 〈http://ekosahko.fi/tuleasiakkaaksi/70〉 (accessed 7 April 2012).
109. Etelä-Savon Energia O.y. ; 2012. 〈http://www.ekoteko.fi/Puhdasta-energiaa〉 (accessed 20 April 2012).
110. E.ON; 2012. 〈http://www.eon.fi/fi/asiakaspalvelu/sahko/Sivut/Sahkon-alkupera-EON-Kainuu.aspx〉 (accessed 21 April 2012).
111. Vantaan Energia; 2012. 〈http://www.vantaanenergia.fi/en/electricity/products/WindPower/Pages/default.aspx〉 (accessed 20 April 2012).
112. Fortum; 2012. 〈http://www.fortum.com/countries/fi/yksityisasiakkaat/sahkosopimus/tuulisahko/pages/default.aspx〉 (accessed 26 March 2012).
113. Vattenfall; 2012. 〈http://www.vattenfall.fi/fi/taystuuli.htm〉 (accessed 20 April 2012).
114. Porin Energia O.y.; 2012. 〈http://www.porienergia.fi/index.php?action=itemview&item-action=view&item-hash=ff947fed6939afacf5d9c9841ee72aa1〉 (accessed 15 April 2012).
115. Lahti Energia O.y. ; 2012. 〈http://www.lahtienergia.fi/sahko/tuotteet/ekologinen-tuulenpesae〉 (accessed 15 April 2012).
116. Kuopion Energia O.y. ; 2012. 〈http://www.kuopionenergia.fi/fi/sahkokauppa/sahko-kotitaloudet/tutustu-tuotteisiin/?id=65〉 (accessed 10 May 2012).
117. Haminan Energia O.y. ; 2012. 〈http://www.haminanenergia.fi/fi/tuotteet/sahko/tuulienergia〉 (accessed 26 May 2012).
118. Lappeenrannan Energia O.y. ; 2012. 〈http://www.lappeenrannanenergia.fi/index.php?valikko=1&sivu=sahkon-myynti&alasivu=myynti-tuotteet〉 (accessed 10 May 2012).
119. Kraft & Kultur ; 2012. http://www.kraftkultur.fi/ (accessed 4 April 2012).
120. Fortum; 2012. 〈http://www.fortum.com/countries/fi/yksityisasiakkaat/sahkosopimus/pages/default.aspx〉 (accessed 20 March 2012).
121. KSS Energia; 2012. 〈http://www.kssenergia.fi/tuotteet/sahkosopimukset〉 (accessed 10 May 2012).
122. Vattenfall; 2012. 〈http://www.vattenfall.fi/fi/taysvesi.htm〉 (accessed 10 April 2012).
123. Market Energia Oy; 2012. 〈http://www.marketenergia.fi/〉 (accessed 15 April 2012).
124. Suomen Energiayhtiö O.y. ; 2012. 〈http://www.energiayhtio.fi/privat/fi/priser-avtal.aspx#priser%20och%20avtal〉 (accessed 10 May 2012).