Data protection as a fundamental right next to privacy? 'Reconstructing' a not so new right

International Data Privacy Law

Volumn 3, Issue 2, 2013, Pages 88-99

  Tzanou, Maria ^a  

^a EDGE HILL UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84911868419     PISSN: 20443994     EISSN: 20444001     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/idpl/ipt004     Document Type: Article

References (56)

1. William Beaney, 'The Right to Privacy and American Law' (1966) 31 Law & Contemporary Problems 253, 255;
2. C Kuner and others, 'Privacy-an elusive concept' (2011) 1 International Data Privacy Law 141.
3. Lee Bygrave, Data Protection Law: Approaching Its Rationale, Logic, and Limits (Kluwer Law International: The Hague/London/New York 2002) 2.
4. Article 2 (a) of Directive 95/46/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 October 1995 on the protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data, OJ L281 of 23.11.1995, p. 31.
5. Adam Moore, Privacy Rights: Moral and Legal Foundations (Pennsylvania State University Press: University Park, PA, 2010) 11;
6. Hilary Delany and Eoin Carolan, The Right to Privacy: A Doctrinal and Comparative Analysis (Thomson Round Hall: Dublin, 2008) 4.
7. Olmstead v United States, 277 U.S. 438, 478 (1928) (Brandeis. J. dissenting).
8. See also Daniel Solove, Understanding Privacy (Harvard University Press: Cambridge, MA, 2008) 3.
9. Lucas Bergkamp, 'EU Data Protection Policy-The Privacy Fallacy: Adverse Effects of Europe's Data Protection Policy in an Information-Driven Economy' (2002) 18 Computer Law & Security Report 31.
10. Stefano Rodotà, 'Data Protection as a Fundamental Right' in Serge Gutwirth and others (eds), Reinventing Data Protection? (Springer: Dordrecht, 2009) 77.
11. Article 8 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union [2010] OJ C83/389.
12. David Lyon, Surveillance after September 11 (Polity Press in association with Blackwell Pub. Inc.: Cambridge/Malden, MA, 2003);
13. David H. Flaherty, 'On the Utility of Constitutional Rights to Privacy and Data Protection' [1990] Case Western Reserve Law Review 831, 835-6;
14. Michael Froomkin, 'The Death of Privacy?' (2000) 52 Stanford Law Review 1461.
15. Paul De Hert and Serge Gutwirth, 'Data Protection in the Case Law of Strasbourg and Luxembourg: Constitutionalisation in Action' in Serge Gutwirth and others (eds), Reinventing Data Protection? (Springer: Dordrecht, 2009) 3.
16. Frits Hondius, Emerging Data Protection in Europe (North-Holland Pub. Co.; American Elsevier Pub. Co.: Amsterdam; New York 1975) 1.
17. Nicolas Scandamis, Frantzis Sigalas, and Sofoklis Stratakis, 'Rival Freedoms in terms of Security: The Case of Data Protection and the Criterion of Connexity' (CEPS, CHALLENGE December 2007) Research Paper No. 7 15.
18. Gloria González Fuster, Paul de Hert and Serge Gutwirth, 'The Law-Security Nexus in Europe: State-of the-art report' Deliverable submitted November 2008 (M8) in fulfillment of requirements of the FP7 Project, Converging and Conflicting Ethical Values in the International Security Continuum in Europe (INEX) WP2 D2.1, 11.
19. Antoinette Rouvroy and Yves Poullet, 'The Right to Informational Self-Determination and the Value of Self-Development: Reassessing the Importance of Privacy for Democracy' in Serge Gutwirth and others (eds), Reinventing Data Protection? (Springer: Dordrecht, 2009) 45.
20. Datenschutzgesetz, 7 Oct. 1970, § 6, 1 Gesetz- und Verordnungsblatt für das Land Hessen 625 (1970).
21. Spiros Simitis, 'Reviewing Privacy in an Information Society' (1987) 135 University of Pennsylvania Law Review 707, 709.
22. On privacy as control over personal information see Alan Westin, Privacy and Freedom (Bodley Head: London, 1970) 31.
23. Christopher Kuner, 'An international legal framework for data protection: Issues and prospects' (2009) 25 Computer Law & Security Review 307, 309.
24. Case T-194/04 Bavarian Lager, judgment of the Court of First Instance of 8 November 2007, paras 118-119.
25. See Colin Bennett and Charles Raab, The Governance of Privacy: Policy Instruments in Global Perspective (MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 2006) 8.
26. Serge Gutwirth and Mireille Hilderbrandt, 'Some Caveats on Profiling' in Serge Gutwirth and others (eds), Data Protection in a Profiled World (Springer: Dordrecht, 2010) 36.
27. UK Information Commissioner, 'The Legal Framework: An analysis of the “constitutional” European approach to issues of data protection law', February 2004, Study Project 4.
28. See Frits W. Hondius, 'Data Law in Europe' (1980) 16 Stan J Int'l L 87, 94-5.
29. Lee Bygrave, 'The Place of Privacy in Data Protection Law' (2001) 24 University of New South Wales Law Journal 277, 278.
30. Helen Nissenbaum, 'Protecting Privacy in an Information Age: The Problem of Privacy in Public' (1998) 17 Law and Philosophy 559, 576.
31. See Herbert Burkert, 'Towards a New Generation of Data Protection Legislation' in Gutwirth and others (eds), Reinventing Data Protection? (Springer: Dordrecht, 2009) 339.
32. See C Kuner and others 'The challenge of “big data” for data protection' (2012) 2 International Data Privacy Law 47-49.
33. Lee Bygrave and Dag Wiese Schartum, 'Consent, Proportionality and Collective Power' in Serge Gutwirth and others (eds), Reinventing Data Protection? (Springer: Dordrecht, 2009);
34. CB Tranberg, 'Proportionality and data protection in the case law of the European Court of Justice' (2011) 1 International Data Privacy Law 239-48.
35. Paul De Hert and Serge Gutwirth, 'Privacy, Data Protection and Law Enforcement. Opacity of the Individual and Transparency of Power' in Erik Claes and others (eds), Privacy and the Criminal Law (Intersentia 2006).
36. Maria Tzanou, 'Balancing Fundamental Rights: United in Diversity? Some Reflections on the Recent Case Law of the European Court of Justice on Data Protection' (2010) 6 Croatian Yearbook of European Law & Policy 53, 59.
37. Joined Cases C-465/00, C-138/01, and C-139/01, Österreichischer Rundfunk, Judgment of 20 May 2003, Full Court, [2003] ECR I-4989.
38. Case C-275/06 Productores de Música de España (Promusicae) v Telefónica de España SAU, judgment of 29 January 2008.
39. Joined Cases C-92/09 and C-93/09 Volker und Markus Schecke GbR (C-92/09), Hartmut Eifert (C-93/09) v Land Hessen, Judgment of the Court (Grand Chamber) of 9 November 2010.
40. Joined Cases C-465/00, C-138/01, and C-139/01, Österreichischer Rundfunk, para. 68.
41. Directive 2000/31/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 8 June 2000 on certain legal aspects of information society services, in particular electronic commerce, in the Internal Market (Directive on electronic commerce), OJ L 178/1.
42. Directive 2001/29 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 May 2001 on the harmonization of certain aspects of copyright and related rights in the information society, OJ L 167/10.
43. Directive 2004/48 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004 on the enforcement of intellectual property rights, OJ L 157/ 32.
44. Michael Dougan, 'The Treaty of Lisbon 2007: Winning Minds, not Hearts' (2008) 45 Common Market Law Review 617, 662.
45. Maria Tzanou, 'Data Protection in EU Law: An Analysis of the EU Legal Framework and the ECJ Jurisprudence' in Christina Akrivopoulou and Athanasios Psygkas (eds), Personal Data Privacy and Protection in a Surveillance Era: Technologies and practices (Information Science Reference: Hershey, PA, 2011) 275.
46. Sara Iglesias Sánchez, 'The Court and the Charter: The impact of the entry into force of the Lisbon Treaty on the ECJ's approach to fundamental rights' (2012) 49 Common Market Law Review 1565, 1581.
47. Council Regulation (EC) No 1290/2005 of 21 June 2005 on the financing of the common agricultural policy, OJ L 209, p. 1.
48. Along the same lines, Hijmans and Scirocco argue that 'the right to data protection itself cannot be exercised without rules specifying the right. The right does not prohibit processing of personal data but basically formulates the conditions under which processing is legitimate'. Hielke Hijmans and Alfonso Scirocco, 'Shortcomings in EU Data Protection in the Third and the Second Pillars. Can the Lisbon Treaty be Expected to Help?' (2009) 46 Common Market Law Review 1485, 1518.
49. The same Article clarifies, however, that 'this provision shall not prevent Union law providing more extensive protection'. See Koen Lenaerts, 'Exploring the Limits of the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights' (2012) 8 European Constitutional Law Review 375, 394.
50. The Explanations relating to the Charter confirm that 'Article 7 corresponds to Article 8 ECHR'. See the explanations relating to the Charter of Fundamental Rights, OJ [2007] C 303/17.
51. Julie E Cohen, 'Examined Lives: Informational Privacy and the Subject as Object' (2000) 52 Stan L Rev 1373, 1400;
52. David Currie, 'Positive and Negative Constitutional Rights' (1986) 53 U Chicago L Rev. 864, 887.
53. Martin Scheinin and Mathias Vermeulen, 'DETECTER, Detection Technologies, Terrorism, Ethics and Human Rights', 2011European Commission, Seventh Framework Programme 7.
54. C Kuner and others, 'Let's not kill all the privacy laws (and lawyers)' (2011) 1 International Data Privacy Law 209.
55. 425 U.S. 435, 437 (1976).
56. As Hijmans and Scirocco point out, 'presently the test of proportionality of limitations of the right to data protection is already carried out, based on Article 8 ECHR'. Hijmans and Scirocco (n 85), at 1518. However, recent case-law shows that the ECJ performs proportionality analysis. See for instance, Schecke, para. 72 where the Court notes that 'it is . . . necessary to ascertain whether the limitation imposed on the rights conferred by Articles 7 and 8 of the Charter is proportionate to the legitimate aim pursued'.