Scaling of adult body weight to height across sex and race/ethnic groups: Relevance to BMI

American Journal of Clinical Nutrition

Volumn 100, Issue 6, 2014, Pages 1455-1461

  Heymsfield, Steven B ^a   Peterson, Courtney M ^a   Thomas, Diana M ^b   Heo, Moonseong ^c   Schuna, John M ^a   Hong, Sangmo ^d   Choi, Woong ^d  

^a PENNINGTON BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH CENTER   (United States)

^b MONTCLAIR STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c ALBERT EINSTEIN COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^d Hanyang University   (South Korea)

Author keywords

Adiposity; Allometric analysis; Body composition; Body shape; Nutritional assessment

Indexed keywords

ADULT; AGE; ALLOMETRY; ARTICLE; BLACK PERSON; BODY BUILD; BODY COMPOSITION; BODY HEIGHT; BODY MASS; BODY WEIGHT; CAUCASIAN; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY; ETHNIC DIFFERENCE; ETHNIC GROUP; EXPLORATORY RESEARCH; FEMALE; HUMAN; KOREAN (PEOPLE); MALE; MEXICAN AMERICAN; NUTRITIONAL ASSESSMENT; OBESITY; RACE DIFFERENCE; SEX DIFFERENCE; WAIST CIRCUMFERENCE; ANCESTRY GROUP; NUTRITION; PHOTON ABSORPTIOMETRY;

ABSORPTIOMETRY, PHOTON; ADIPOSITY; ADULT; BODY COMPOSITION; BODY HEIGHT; BODY MASS INDEX; BODY WEIGHT; CONTINENTAL POPULATION GROUPS; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES; ETHNIC GROUPS; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; NUTRITION SURVEYS; SEX FACTORS; WAIST CIRCUMFERENCE;

EID: 84911396461     PISSN: 00029165     EISSN: 19383207     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.114.088831     Document Type: Article

References (45)

1. WHO. Obesity: preventing and managing the global epidemic. Report of a WHO Consultation. Geneva (Switzerland): World Health Organization; 2000. WHO Technical Report Series 894.
2. National Institutes of Health. Clinical guidelines on the identification, evaluation, and treatment of overweight and obesity in adults: the evidence report. Obes Res 1998;6(Suppl 2):51S-209S.
3. Erratum in: Obes Res 1998;6(6):464.
4. Jensen MD, Ryan DH, Apovian CM, Loria CM, Ard JD, Millen BE, Comuzzie AG, Nonas CA, Donato KA, Pi-Sunyer FX, et al. 2013 AHA/ACC/TOS guideline for the management of overweight and obesity in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and The Obesity Society. J Am Coll Cardiol 2014;63(25 Pt B):2985-3023.
5. Erratum in: J Am Coll Cardiol 2014;63(25 Pt B):3029-30.
6. Berrington de Gonzalez A, Hartge P, Cerhan JR, Flint AJ, Hannan L, MacInnis RJ, Moore SC, Tobias GS, Anton-Culver H, Freeman LB, et al. Body-mass index and mortality among 1.46 million white adults. N Engl J Med 2010;363:2211-9.
7. Romero-Corral A, Somers VK, Sierra-Johnson J, Thomas RJ, Collazo-Clavell ML, Korinek J, Allison TG, Batsis JA, Sert-Kuniyoshi FH, Lopez-Jimenez F. Accuracy of body mass index in diagnosing obesity in the adult general population. Int J Obes (Lond) 2008;32:959-66.
8. Okorodudu DO, Jumean MF, Montori VM, Romero-Corral A, Somers VK, Erwin PJ, Lopez-Jimenez F. Diagnostic performance of body mass index to identify obesity as defined by body adiposity: a systematic review and meta-Analysis. Int J Obes (Lond) 2010;34:791-9.
9. Green DJ. Is body mass index really the best measure of obesity in individuals? J Am Coll Cardiol 2009;53:526; author reply 7-8.
10. Gallagher D, Visser M, Sepulveda D, Pierson RN, Harris T, Heymsfield SB. How useful is body mass index for comparison of body fatness across age, sex, and ethnic groups? Am J Epidemiol 1996;143:228-39.
11. Burton RF. Why is the body mass index calculated as mass/height2, not as mass/height3? Ann Hum Biol 2007;34:656-63.
12. Garn SM, Leonard WR, Hawthorne VM. Three limitations of the body mass index. Am J Clin Nutr 1986;44:996-7.
13. Samaras T, editor. Human body size and the laws of scaling: physiological, performance, growth, longevity and ecological ramifications. New York: Nova Science Publishers; 2007.
14. Heo M, Kabat GC, Gallagher D, Heymsfield SB, Rohan TE. Optimal scaling of weight and waist circumference to height for maximal association with DXA-measured total body fat mass by sex, age and race/ethnicity. Int J Obes (Lond) 2013;37:1154-60.
15. Keys A, Fidanza F, Karvonen MJ, Kimura N, Taylor HL. Indices of relative weight and obesity. J Chronic Dis 1972;25:329-43.
16. He W, Zhang S, Song A, Yang M, Jiao J, Allison DB, Heymsfield SB, Zhu S. Greater abdominal fat accumulation is associated with higher metabolic risk in Chinese than in white people: an ethnicity study. PLoS ONE 2013;8:e58688.
17. National Center for Health Statistics. Documentation, codebook, and frequencies: dual-energy X-ray absortiometry. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003-2004 [cited 2014 Jun 15]. Available from: http://www.cdcgov/nchs/data/nhanes/dxa/dxx.pdf.
18. Kelly TL, Wilson KE, Heymsfield SB. Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry body composition reference values from NHANES. PLoS ONE 2009;4:e7038.
19. Kim HJ, Kim Y, Cho Y, Jun B, Oh KW. Trends in the prevalence of major cardiovascular disease risk factors among Korean adults: results from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1998-2012. Int J Cardiol 2014;174(1):64-72.
20. Hong S, Oh HJ, Choi H, Kim JG, Lim SK, Kim EK, Pyo EY, Oh K, Kim YT, Wilson K, et al. Characteristics of body fat, body fat percentage and other body composition for Koreans from KNHANES IV. J Korean Med Sci 2011;26:1599-605.
21. Heymsfield SB, Gallagher D, Mayer L, Beetsch J, Pietrobelli A. Scaling of human body composition to stature: new insights into body mass index. Am J Clin Nutr 2007;86:82-91.
22. Cole T. Weight-stature indices to measure underweight, overweight, and obesity. In: Himes JE, editor. Anthropometric assessment of nutritional status. Hoboken (NJ): Wiley-Liss; 1991. p. 83-111.
23. Heymsfield SB, Heo M, Thomas D, Pietrobelli A. Scaling of body composition to height: relevance to height-normalized indexes. Am J Clin Nutr 2011;93:736-40.
24. Heymsfield SB, Martin-Nguyen A, Fong TM, Gallagher D, Pietrobelli A. Body circumferences: clinical implications emerging from a new geometric model. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2008;5:24.
25. Heymsfield SB, Gonzalez MC, Shen W, Redman L, Thomas D. Weight loss composition is one-fourth fat-free mass: a critical review and critique of this widely cited rule. Obes Rev 2014;15(4):310-21.
26. Quetelet A, Downes OG. Letters addressed to H. R. H. The Grand Duke of Saxe Coburg and Gotha, on the theory of probabilities, as applied to the moral and political sciences. London: Charles & Edwin Layton; 1849.
27. Quetelet LAJ, Knox R, Smibert T. A treatise on man and the development of his faculties, tr. (under the superintendence of R. Knox). In: Smibert T, editor. People's ed; 1842. p.63-7.
28. Trefethen LN [Internet]. Available from: http://people.maths.ox.ac.uk/trefethen/bmi.html.
29. Larsson I, Henning B, Lindroos AK, Naslund I, Sjostrom CD, Sjostrom L. Optimized predictions of absolute and relative amounts of body fat from weight, height, other anthropometric predictors, and age 1. Am J Clin Nutr 2006;83:252-9.
30. Ogden CF, Carrol C, Flegal KM. Mean body weight, height, and body mass index, United States 1960-2002 [cited 2013 Mar 5]. Available from: http://wwwcdcgov/nchs/data/ad/ad347pdf.
31. Grande F. Nutrition and energy balance in body composition studies. In: Brozek J HA, editors. Techniques for measuring body composition. Washington: National Academy of Sciences, National Research Council; 1961.
32. Bosy-Westphal A, Plachta-Danielzik S, Dorhofer RP, Muller MJ. Short stature and obesity: positive association in adults but inverse association in children and adolescents. Br J Nutr 2009;102:453-61.
33. Smalley KJ, Knerr AN, Kendrick ZV, Colliver JA, Owen OE. Reassessment of body mass indices. Am J Clin Nutr 1990;52:405-8.
34. Bogin B, Varela-Silva MI. Fatness biases the use of estimated leg length as an epidemiological marker for adults in the NHANES III sample. Int J Epidemiol 2008;37:201-9.
35. Schenker N, Borrud LG, Burt VL, Curtin LR, Flegal KM, Hughes J, Johnson CL, Looker AC, Mirel L. Multiple imputation of missing dualenergy X-ray absorptiometry data in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Stat Med 2011;30:260-76.
36. National Center for Health Statistics. Technical documentation for the 1999-2004 dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) multiple imputation data files. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey [cited 2011 Nov 30]. Available from: http://wwwcdcgov/nchs/data/nhanes/dxa/dxa-techdocpdf.
37. Schoeller DA, Tylavsky FA, Baer DJ, Chumlea WC, Earthman CP, Fuerst T, Harris TB, Heymsfield SB, Horlick M, Lohman TG, et al. QDR 4500A dual-energy X-ray absorptiometer underestimates fat mass in comparison with criterion methods in adults. Am J Clin Nutr 2005;81:1018-25.
38. Barnard J, Rubin D. Miscellanea: small-sample degrees of freedom with multiple imputation. Biometrika 1999;86:948-55.
39. Diverse Populations Collaborative Group. Weight-height relationships and body mass index: some observations from the Diverse Populations Collaboration. Am J Phys Anthropol 2005;128:220-9.
40. Micozzi MS, Albanes D, Jones DY, Chumlea WC. Correlations of body mass indices with weight, stature, and body composition in men and women in NHANES I and II. Am J Clin Nutr 1986;44:725-31.
41. Rogol AD. Growth, body composition and hormonal axes in children and adolescents. J Endocrinol Invest 2003;26:855-60.
42. Lee CM, Huxley RR, Wildman RP, Woodward M. Indices of abdominal obesity are better discriminators of cardiovascular risk factors than BMI: a meta-Analysis. J Clin Epidemiol 2008;61:646-53.
43. Mørkedal B, Romundstad PR, Vatten LJ. Informativeness of indices of blood pressure, obesity and serum lipids in relation to ischaemic heart disease mortality: the HUNT-II study. Eur J Epidemiol 2011;26:457-61.
44. Schneider HJ, Friedrich N, Klotsche J, Pieper L, Nauck M, John U, Dorr M, Felix S, Lehnert H, Pittrow D, et al. The predictive value of different measures of obesity for incident cardiovascular events and mortality. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010;95:1777-85.
45. Benn RT. Some properties of weight-for-height indices when used as a measure of adiposity. Br J Prev Soc Med 1971;25:42-50.