Making the public patriotic: Militarism and anti-militarism in Russia

Russian Nationalism and the National Reassertion of Russia

Volumn , Issue , 2009, Pages 218-271

  Sperling, Valerie ^a  

^a Department of Government and International Relations ^*  (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 84911090526     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.4324/9780203879726     Document Type: Chapter

References (148)

1. "It is sweet and proper to die for one's country." Horace, Odes, Book III, 2, line 13, in Horace, The Complete Odes and Epodes, trans. W. G. Shepherd, London: Penguin Books, 1983, p. 131.
2. Wilfred Owen powerfully critiques this notion in his best-known poem about the horrors of war. See Wilfred Owen, "Dulce et Decorum Est," www.warpoetry.co.uk/owen1.html (accessed 21 May 2008).
3. "Russia: Pride and Shame," Report/Population Poll, FOM, 14 February 2002;
4. see also http://bd.fom.ru/report/cat/man/patriotizm/d020608 (accessed 2 April 2007).
5. Note: All public opinion polls by the Fond Obshchestvennogo Mneniia (FOM) cited in this chapter are accessible from the website http://english.fom.ru.
6. The decree changing the term of service was signed by Putin on 12 March 2007, to take effect on 1 January 2008 (see "Putin Cuts Draft to One Year," RFE/RL Newsline, 13 March 2007).
7. See "Defense Ministry Closing 'Military Faculties' to Crack Down on Draft Dodgers," RFE/RL Newsline, 26 July 2005 D. R. Herspring, "Putin and Military Reform," in D. R. Herspring (ed.), Putin's Russia: Past Imperfect, Future Uncertain, 3rd edn., Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2007, p. 188.
8. For a survey of the problems plaguing Russia's military forces in the 1990s, see Herspring, "Putin and Military Reform," pp. 174-177.
9. "Celebrating Victory Day, Russians Honor the Veterans and the Armed Forces," WPS [What the Papers Say - a Russian independent media monitoring agency], 10, 11 May 1998, www.wps.ru/en/pp/military/1998/05/11.html (accessed 21 May 2008).
10. "Slavery Said 'Flourishing' in Russian Army," RFE/RL Newsline, 26 February 2001.
11. See "Soldier to Seek Justice for Having Been 'Sold' as a Laborer," RFE/RL Newsline, 24 October 2006.
12. On Surkov, see G. L. White and A. Cullison, "Putin's Pitchman," Wall Street Journal, 19 December 2006, A1.
13. "Electoral Trust/Distrust Ratings," FOM, 19 December 2006, http://english.fom.ru/ratings_eng/764.html (accessed 17 January 2007);
14. "Electoral Ratings," FOM, 12 December 2006, http://english.fom.ru/ratings_eng/765.html (accessed 17 January 2007).
15. On the ways in which Stalin and his successors used World War II as a focal point for patriotism and as a means of legitimizing the Soviet regime, see N. Tumarkin, The Living and the Dead: The Rise and Fall of the Cult of World War II in Russia, New York: Basic Books, 1994
16. A. Weiner, Making Sense of War: The Second World War and the Fate of the Bolshevik Revolution, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2001.
17. V. Sperling, "The Last Refuge of a Scoundrel: Patriotism, Militarism, and the Russian National Idea," Nations and Nationalism, 9, 2, 2003, 235-253.
18. "Upper Chamber Backs Soviet Anthem," 20 December 2000, http://archives.cnn.com/2000/WORLD/europe/12/20/russia.anthem/index.html (accessed 1 February 2007).
19. "... And Backs Defense Ministry's Request to Restore the Red Star," RFE/RL Newsline, 27 November 2002. The flag can be found at: www.mil.ru/849/12215/12346/12338/index.shtml.
20. Two thousand service members perished in non-combat "crimes and incidents" over the course of 2002. See T. P. Gerber and S. E. Mendelson, "Strong Public Support for Military Reform in Russia," PONARS Policy Memo, 228, May 2003, p. 1.
21. Van Bladel, "Is the All-Volunteer Force a Solution for Draft Problems?" p. 287.
22. F. Daucé and E. Sieca-Kozlowski, "Introduction," in Daucé and Sieca-Kozlowski (eds.), Dedovshchina in the Post-Soviet Military, pp. 18, 21.
23. See A. Colin Lebedev, "The Test of Reality: Understanding Families' Tolerance regarding Mistreatment of Conscripts in the Russian Army," in Daucé and Sieca-Kozlowski, Dedovshchina in the Post-Soviet Military, pp. 47-74.
24. Daucé and Sieca-Kozlowski, "Introduction," p. 23.
25. T. P. Gerber and S. E. Mendelson, "How Russians Think about Chechnya," PONARS Policy Memo, 243, January 2002.
26. G. Lapidus, "Ethnicity and State Building," in M. R. Beissinger and C. Young (eds.), Beyond State Crisis? Postcolonial Africa and Post-Soviet Eurasia in Comparative Perspective, Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 2002, p. 352.
27. T. P. Gerber and S. E. Mendelson, "Russian Public Opinion on Human Rights and the War in Chechnya," Post-Soviet Affairs, 18, 4, 2002, 298-299.
28. Cited in K. Bannikov, "Regimented Communities in a Civil Society," in Daucé and Sieca-Kozlowski (eds.), Dedovshchina in the Post-Soviet Military, p. 44.
29. A. Petrova, "Approval for Russian Military Actions in Chechnya Is Steadily Declining," Report, FOM, 5 September 2002.
30. Levada Center, "Chechnya - Trends," www.russiavotes.org/Mood_int_tre.htm#170 (accessed 4 January 2007).
31. J. M. K. Lyall, "Pocket Protests: Rhetorical Coercion and the Micropolitics of Collective Action in Semiauthoritarian Regimes," World Politics, 58, April 2006, 379, 390-391.
32. A. Petrova, "Is the Army Improving?" Report, FOM, February 19, 2004. Living conditions in the army and the social status of military personnel did not disappear as troublesome issues; in February 2005, 40,000 people, including members of veterans' organizations, protested in Moscow against a range of problems, from the unpopular reforms to the social benefits system to the "decay of the armed forces and the war in Chechnya."
33. See "Veterans and Military Protests Continue," RFE/RL Newsline, 24 February 2005.
34. Levada Center, "Armiia," www.levada.ru/army.html (accessed 4 January 2007).
35. "No More Conscripts to Be Sent to Chechnya, Minister Says," RFE/RL Newsline, 4 January 2005.
36. Vladimir Putin, "Annual Address to the Federal Assembly" (transcript and video), 10 May 2006, http://kremlin.ru (accessed 11 May 2006).
37. A. Petrova, "Attitudes on the Army Are Still Negative," Report, FOM, 19 February 2004.
38. A. Petrova, "Attitudes on the Army Are Still Negative."
39. E. Shamseeva, "Military Officers: Sitting in Headquarters or Serving in Garrison," Report, FOM, 29 August 2002.
40. M. Moshkin, "Bez vraga i oruzhiia," Gazeta, 30, 22 February 2006, http://gzt.ru/society/2006/02/21/214646.html (accessed 21 May 2008).
41. Shamseeva, "Military Officers: Sitting in Headquarters or Serving in Garrison."
42. After three years of stagnation, officers' salaries were raised in 2006 by 15 percent, and were planned to rise by 67 percent by the end of 2008; whether such rises will be sufficient to reverse the perception of poverty is unclear. See D. R. Herspring, "Putin and Military Reform," p. 186.
43. Lebedev, "The Test of Reality," p. 53.
44. Gerber and Mendelson, "Strong Public Support for Military Reform," 3.
45. "Defining Patriotism," Table/Population Poll, FOM, 7 December 2006. By contrast, 92 percent of Americans surveyed in September 2002 agreed with the statement "I am very patriotic" either completely (54 percent) or mostly (38 percent). See J. Scott, "The Changing Face of Patriotism," New York Times, 6 July 2003, Section 4, 1.
46. It is worth noting that Putin himself (in 2001) was volunteered by 19 percent of Russian respondents in answer to a request to name a contemporary public figure who could be called a patriot, but that 56 percent of the respondents could not provide a response. See "Patriotism and Patriots," Report/Population Poll, FOM, 29 November 2001.
47. I. Klimov and S. Klimova, "Testing of a Notion: 'Patriotism'," Report, FOM, 2 August 2000.
48. I. Klimov, "Patriotism and Patriots," Report, FOM, 29 November 2001.
49. E. Vovk, "A Patriotic Upbringing: Words or Deeds?" Report, FOM, 5 February 2004.
50. A. Krylova, "Stalinist Identity from the Viewpoint of Gender," Gender and History, 16, 3, 2004, 631.
51. Z. Abdullaeva, "The Great Patriotic War Today and Yesterday," Moscow Times, 25 June 2003, www.cdi.org/russia/263-11.cfm (accessed 21 May 2008).
52. See Van Bladel, "Is the All-Volunteer Force a Solution for Draft Problems?" p. 285. Although widespread, NVP was not taken as seriously as was ideological education, either by students or by teachers (Mariia Zolotukhina, personal communication, 7 February 2007).
53. Cited in Abdullaeva, "The Great Patriotic War Today and Yesterday."
54. Abdullaeva, "The Great Patriotic War Today and Yesterday."
55. "Gosudarstvennaia programma 'Patrioticheskoe vospitanie grazhdan Rossiiskoi Federatsii na 2001-2005 gody', " 16 February 2001, www.ed.gov.ru/junior/new_version/gragd_patr_vospit_molod/1641/ (accessed 26 April 2006).
56. Henceforth, "Patriotic Education Program, 2001-2005."
57. A. Makarin, "Hello, 'Zarnitsa!' " Segodnya, 22 February 2001, www.cdi.org/russia/johnson/5112.html (accessed 21 May 2008).
58. A. Medetsky, "The Drive to Churn Out Patriots," Moscow Times, 14 May 2005; see also Patriotic Education Program, 2001-2005.
59. "Gosudarstvennoe uchrezhdenie 'Rossiiskii tsentr grazhdanskogo i patrioticheskogo vospitaniia detei i molodezhi' (ROSPATRIOTTSENTR)," www.ed.gov.ru/junior/new_version/gragd_patr_vospit_molod/ (accessed 26 April 2006). Hereafter, "Rospatriottsentr."
60. "Polozhenie o Vserossiiskom konkurse patrioticheskoi pesni 'Ia liubliu tebia, Rossiia!' " www.edu.gov.ru/junior/new_version/gragd_patr_vospit_molod/ (accessed 26 April 2006).
61. "Plan meropriiatii patrioticheskoi napravlennosti," www.edu.gov.ru/junior/new_version/gragd_patr_vospit_molod/ (accessed 26 April 2006).
62. A. Medetsky, "The Drive to Churn Out Patriots."
63. "Pis'mo N. 13-11-221 ot 30.09.2005: Forma otcheta o vypolnenii regional'nykh programm po patrioticheskomu vospitaniiu," www.edu.gov/ru/junior/newversion/gragd_patr_vospit_molod/ (accessed 4 January 2007).
64. I. Torbakov, "Rebirth of Agitprop: Russia's Spending on Patriotic Propaganda Will Triple," Eurasia Daily Monitor, 2, 142, 22 July 2005.
65. V. Putin, "Annual Address to the Federal Assembly," 10 May 2006, www.kremlin.ru/eng/speeches/2006/05/10/1823_type70029type82912_105566.shtml (accessed 4 January 2007).
66. V. Putin, "Annual Address to the Federal Assembly" (transcript and video), 10 May 2006, http://kremlin.ru (accessed 11 May 2006);
67. C. J. Chivers, "Putin Urges Plan to Reverse Slide in the Birthrate," New York Times, 11 May 2006, A1, A6.
68. Quoted in "Putin's Address Heralds Return to Soviet Times - Illarionov," Mosnews.com, 12 May 2006.
69. "Gosudarstvennaia programma: 'Patrioticheskoe vospitanie grazhdan Rossiiskoi Federatsii na 2006-2010 gody', " 11 July 2005 (on file with author). Hereafter, Patriotic Education Program, 2006-2010.
70. C. Bigg, "Russia: Here Comes the Sun for Putin's Patriotic Youth," RFE/RL Newsline, 20 July 2005;
71. O. Sobolevskaya, "Russian Society, Mass Media and Business to Train Patriots," RusNet, www.rusnet.nl/info/2005_07/06.shtml (accessed 21 May 2008).
72. "Spending on Patriotism Will Triple," The Moscow Times.com, 19 July 2005, 3, www.themoscowtimes.com/stories/2005/07/19/012.html (accessed 19 July 2005). The largest sponsor financially is the Federal Education Agency, contributing 85 million rubles. Patriotic Education Program, 2006-2010, appendix 2.
73. Quoted in D. W. Blum, "Official Patriotism in Russia: Its Essence and Implications," PONARS Policy Memo, 420, December 2006.
74. I. Klimov, "Victory Day," Report, FOM, 5 May 2003.
75. I. Klimov, "Victory Day," Report, FOM, 5 May 2003;
76. see also Abdullaeva, "The Great Patriotic War Today and Yesterday."
77. I. Klimov, "Victory Day."
78. S. E. Mendelson and T. P. Gerber, "Failing the Stalin Test," Foreign Affairs, 85, 1, 2006, 2.
79. See www.Ctc-tv.ru/series/Kadetstvo/ (accessed 16 January 2007). As of 1998, Russia boasted 150 various "cadet educational institutions," including "corps, schools, boarding schools, and cadet classes."
80. See "Celebrating Victory Day, Russians Honor the Veterans and the Armed Forces," WPS, no. 10, May 11, 1998.
81. N. Holdsworth, "U.S. Series Go to Russia, Are Loved," Hollywood Reporter, 4 January 2007, http://login.vnuemedia.com/hr/content_display/news/e3i359161611ed1086e8de658749c5da3f9 (accessed 13 January 2007).
82. "9 rota," http://imdb.com/title/tt0417397/trivia (accessed 13 January 2007).
83. Medetsky, "The Drive to Churn Out Patriots."
84. Quoted in S. Lee Myers, "Red Star over Russian Airwaves: Military TV Network," New York Times, 11 February 2005, A4;
85. J. Bransten, "Russia: Patriotic TV Channel Nearing Launch, but Will Anyone Watch?" RFE/RL, 16 February 2005, www.rferl.org/reports/mm/2005/02/5-240205.asp (accessed 25 January 2007).
86. Bransten, "Russia: Patriotic TV Channel Nearing Launch."
87. Medetsky, "The Drive to Churn Out Patriots."
88. "ZVEZDA TV, the new Russian Patriotic TV place [sic] a large order for HYBRID MC virtual set solutions," 5 January 2006, www.hybrid-mc.com/v6/Hybrid%20MC_ZvezdaTV.pdf (accessed 28 December 2006). The order itself was for five "Easy Set virtual set solutions" made by Hybrid MC.
89. One Russian website explains the defeat of the Poles as an instance "of heroism and the unity of the entire people, independent of their ancestry, their creed, or their social status." See www.prazdniki.ru/event/# (accessed 21 May 2008).
90. "Gosduma mozhet vvesti novyi prazdnik - Den' geroev Otechestva," 25 January 2007, www.nashi.su/nashi.php?n=11564 (accessed 27 January 2007).
91. L. McIntosh Sundstrom, "Soldiers' Rights Groups in Russia: Civil Society through Russian and Western Eyes," in A. B. Evans, Jr., L. A. Henry, and L. McIntosh Sundstrom (eds.), Russian Civil Society: A Critical Assessment, Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 2006, p. 180.
92. Julie Elkner provides a history of the Soldiers' Mothers' organizing efforts regarding dedovshchina, in "Dedovshchina and the Committee of Soldiers' Mothers under Gorbachev," in Daucé and Sieca-Kozlowski (eds.), Dedovshchina in the Post-Soviet Military, pp. 121-143. For a discussion of the Committee of Soldiers' Mothers' activities in the 1990s, and some of their activists' views on militarized patriotism, see Sperling, "The Last Refuge of a Scoundrel," 235-253.
93. Elkner, "Dedovshchina and the Committee of Soldiers' Mothers under Gorbachev," p. 145.
94. These were estimated at 3,000-5,000 per year in the 1990s, according to the Committee of Soldiers' Mothers. See L. McIntosh Sundstrom, Funding Civil Society: Foreign Assistance and NGO Development in Russia, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2006, p. 62. In January 2003, Defense Minister Ivanov provided much lower numbers, claiming that "two Russian soldiers are killed in Chechnya each week, and two are wounded. This is comparable to the losses suffered in other military districts where there is no combat activity." See "Minister Nixes Idea of Chechnya Withdrawal," RFE/RL Newsline, 6 January 2003.
95. Elkner, "Dedovshchina and the Committee of Soldiers' Mothers under Gorbachev," p. 173.
96. Gerber and Mendelson, "Strong Public Support for Military Reform in Russia," 5.
97. Sundstrom, Funding Civil Society, pp. 65-66.
98. See www.radikaly.ru/ (accessed 15 January 2007).
99. www.otmenaprizyva.ru/ (accessed 3 November 2006).
100. Nikolai Khramov, email message on radikaly-news listserv, "19 Fevralia v Moskve sostoitsia pervoe zasedanie general'nogo soveta ligi za otmenu prizyva, v povestke dnia - priniatie plana deistvii ligi na 2006 god. Khramov nameren predlozhit' proekt po organizatsii osen'iu v Moskve antiprizyvnogo marsha desiati tysiach," 13 February 2006.
101. Sundstrom, Funding Civil Society, p. 68.
102. "V sredu 9ogo avgusta, v den' pamiati Nagasaki - anti-prizyvnoi 'die-in' radikalov u ministerstvo oborony na arbatskoi ploshchadi," 7 August 2006. www.radikaly.ru/news-3997.html (accessed 4 January 2007).
103. Russian Radicals, on the radikaly-news listserv, "662 pogibshikh v armii s nachala goda, odna smert' cherez kazhdye desiat' chasov," 30 September 2005, www.voinenet.ru/forum/showthread.php?p=32939 (accessed 4 January 2007).
104. "Spravka ob itogakh kampanii po zapisi na 2006 god, podgotovlennaia k zasedaniiu 20 ianvaria 2007," 19 January 2007, http://radikaly.ru/news-4142.html (accessed 23 January 2007).
105. "Koordinatsionnyi komitet Dvizheniia 'Rossiiskie Radikaly': Itogovyi dokument zasedaniia 20 ianvaria 2007," 20 January 2007, http://radikaly.ru/news-4145.html (accessed 23 January 2007).
106. C. J. Chivers, "Russia Effectively Closes a Political Opponent's Rights Group," New York Times, 18 March 2006, A6.
107. I. Iasina, "The New NGO Law and Russian Civil Society," lecture, Harvard University, 27 April 2006. In addition to its original impetus (working to correct the historical record about political repressions and state terror in the Soviet era), Memorial monitors human rights abuses in the Caucasus. See www.memo.ru/hr/hotpoints/caucas1/index.htm (accessed 21 May 2008).
108. Valentina Melnikova, "head of the Union of Committees of Soldiers' Mothers of Russia, interviewed by Ol'ga Bychkova on Ekho Moskvy," 19 April 2006 (transcript), http://echo.msk.ru/interview/43027/index.phtml (accessed 25 April 2006).
109. Human Rights First, "Russian Defender Faces Prison," 26 January 2006, www.humanrightsfirst.org/defenders/hrd_russia/alert012506_dmitrievsky.htm (accessed 4 January 2007).
110. "Russian Government Rejects Registration of Russian Justice Initiative," 23 November 2006, www.srji.org/en/news/2006/11/23/ (accessed 7 December 2006).
111. International Commission of Jurists, "Russian Federation: Tax Order Threatens Leading Human Rights Organization," press release, 31 July 2006, www.icj.org/IMG/PR_Russia_Protection_Centre.pdf (accessed 21 May 2008).
112. M. Steven Fish, Democracy Derailed in Russia: The Failure of Open Politics, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005, pp. 74-75.
113. Reporters without Borders, "Worldwide Press Freedom Index 2006," www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=19384 (accessed 4 January 2007).
114. Committee to Protect Journalists, "Russia: Thirteen Murders, No Justice," www.cpj.org/Briefings/2005/russia_murders/russia_murders.html (accessed 9 November 2006).
115. J. Bush, "Patriotism and Putin Rock!" Business Week Online, 8 August 2005.
116. "NASHI postaraiutsia ne dopustit' v Rossii 'tsvetnoi revoliutsii', " 21 December 2006, http://nashi.su/nashi.php?n-10525&PHPSESSID=4e3e2a69f85a8a1e7387fed57cfc7db3 (accessed 28 December 2006).
117. G. L. White and A. Cullison, "Putin's Pitchman," Wall Street Journal, 19 December 2006, A1.
118. Also see "Spiegel Interview with Kremlin Boss Vladislav Surkov: The West Doesn't Have to Love Us," Spiegel, 20 June 2005, www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/0,1518,361236,00.html (accessed 13 January 2007).
119. The first, less successful group was Moving Together (Idushchie vmeste), founded in 2000 by Iakemenko. See D. Robert Buchacek, "NASHA Pravda, NASHE Delo: The Mobilization of the NASHI Generation in Contemporary Russia," Carolina Papers in Democracy and Human Rights, 7, 2006, 4.
120. A. Cullison and J. Bandler, "How U.S. Citizens Mysteriously March for Kremlin Causes: Russian Émigrés Pay Them to Flail Chechen Rebels as TV Moscow Films It All," Wall Street Journal, 24 June 2006, A1.
121. Bush, "Patriotism and Putin Rock!"
122. Cheerfully presented instances of this campaign are described under the rubric NASHA armiia (Our army) at http://nashi.su/akcent.php?a=11 (accessed 19 January 2007).
123. "Kostroma: 'Uroki Pobedy' prodolzhaiutsia," 20 December 2006, http://nashi.su/nashi.php?n=10497 (accessed 28 December 2006).
124. "Saransk: Bolee tysiachi chelovek uznali znachimost' pobedy v bitve pod Moskvoi," 12 December 2006, http://nashi.su/nashi.php?n=10226 (accessed 28 December 2006).
125. "Voronezh: Nash komissar rasskazal studentam o podvige 65-letnei davnosti," 13 December 2006, www.nashi.su/nashi.php?n=10283 (accessed 28 December 2006).
126. The Battle of Moscow encompasses the German forces' attempt to capture the city, and the successful counterattack by Soviet forces. The struggle lasted from October 1941 to January 1942; the Soviet army's victory came at a cost of between 650,000 and 1,280,000 lives (see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_moscow).
127. " 'Vozvrashchennyi prazdnik' - novyi patrioticheskii format," 21 December 2006, http://nashi.su/nashi.php?n=10536&PHPSESSID=4e3e2a69f85a8a1e7e87fed57cfc7db3 (accessed 28 December 2006).
128. "Smolensk: Storonniki vkliuchilis' v antifashistskuiu kampaniiu," 25 December 2006, www.nashi.su/nashi.php?n=10686 (accessed 28 December 2006);
129. "Riazan': Gorod ochishchen ot svastik," 26 December 2006, www.nashi.su/nashi.php?n=10698 (accessed 28 December 2006).
130. "Kursk: NASHI sovety prizyvniku," 26 December 2006, www.nashi.su/nashi.php?n=10720 (accessed 28 December 2006).
131. "Riazan': NASHI armeitsy prinimaiut prisiagu," 6 December 2006, www.nashi.su/nashi.php?n=10713 (accessed 27 December 2006).
132. For a brief llustrative essay on the interplay between militarization and masculinity, see C. Enloe, "Macho, Macho Military," The Nation.com, 7 March 2006, www.thenation.com/doc/20060320/enloe (accessed 21 May 2008).
133. "Briansk: Pis'mo mame, komissara Sergeia Zueva," 27 December 2006, www.nashi.su/nashi.php?n=10737 (accessed 28 December 2006).
134. Sobolevskaya, "Russian Society, Mass Media and Business to Train Patriots."
135. Cited in War Resisters International, "Conscientious Objection in Russia Highlighting the Right to Refuse to Kill," Peacework, December 2006/January 2007, 14-15.
136. Capt. 1st Rank Ye. A. Kiselyov and Col. M. V. Shimanovsky, "Spiritual and moral support for RF Armed Forces development: problems and solutions," Military Thought: A Russian Journal of Military Theory and Strategy, January-March 2005, www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0JAP/is_1_14/ai_n15400332 (accessed 21 May 2008).
137. Vovk, "A Patriotic Upbringing: Words or Deeds?"
138. Levada Center, "Armiia," www.levada.ru/army.html (accessed 4 January 2007).
139. Vovk, "A Patriotic Upbringing: Words or Deeds?"
140. Blum, "Official Patriotism in Russia," p. 4.
141. Quoted in D. Babich, "The Roads Not Taken," Russia Profile, 10 April 2006, www.russiaprofile.org/page.php?pageid=Themes&cont=Youth+(Issue+3%2C+April+2006) (accessed 21 May 2008).
142. Sobolevskaya, "Russian Society, Mass Media and Business to Train Patriots."
143. A. Roy, War Talk, Cambridge: South End Press, 2003, p. 47.
144. Blum, "Official Patriotism in Russia," p. 4.
145. S. E. Hanson, "Russian Nationalism in a Post-ideological Era," unpublished manuscript, University of Washington, 2006, p. 25.
146. Such an education program would not necessarily be well received by Russia's populace. Popular support for Soviet dissidents in the 1970s was highly circumscribed, and thirty years later support for civil liberties (such as freedom of speech and association) in Russia remains weak. On the gap between the views of typical Soviet citizens and dissident intellectuals, see V. Chalidze, To Defend These Rights: Human Rights and the Soviet Union, trans. Guy Daniels, New York: Random House, 1974.
147. For a detailed discussion of support for civil liberties in contemporary Russia, see Gerber and Mendelson, "Russian Public Opinion on Human Rights and the War in Chechnya."
148. E. Zamiatin, We, trans. Mirra Ginsburg, New York: Avon Books, 1972, p. 115.