Global dry deposition of nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide inferred from space-based measurements

Global Biogeochemical Cycles

Volumn 28, Issue 10, 2014, Pages 1025-1043

  Nowlan, C R ^a,b   Martin, R V ^a,b   Philip, S ^a   Lamsal, L N ^c   Krotkov, N A ^c   Marais, E A ^d   Wang, S ^e   Zhang, Q ^e  

^a DALHOUSIE UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^b HARVARD SMITHSONIAN CENTER FOR ASTROPHYSICS   (United States)

^c NASA GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CENTER   (United States)

^d HARVARD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^e TSINGHUA UNIVERSITY   (China)

Author keywords

dry deposition; nitrogen dioxide; OMI; sulfur dioxide

Indexed keywords

AURA (SATELLITE); DRY DEPOSITION; EOS; MAP; NITROGEN DIOXIDE; SULFUR DIOXIDE; URBAN AREA;

CHINA; GUANGDONG; JINAN [SHANDONG]; SHANDONG; ZHUJIANG DELTA;

EID: 84910130016     PISSN: 08866236     EISSN: 19449224     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/2014GB004805     Document Type: Article

References (102)

1. Alexander, B., R. J. Park, D. J. Jacob, and, S. Gong, (2009), Transition metal-catalyzed oxidation of atmospheric sulfur: Global implications for the sulfur budget, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D02309, doi: 10.1029/2008JD010486.
2. Ammann, C., V. Wolff, O. Marx, C. Brümmer, and, A. Neftel, (2012), Measuring the biosphere-atmosphere exchange of total reactive nitrogen by eddy covariance, Biogeosciences, 9, 4247-4261, doi: 10.5194/bg-9-4247-2012.
3. Baumgardner, R. E., T. F. Lavery, C. M. Rogers, and, S. S. Isil, (2002), Estimates of the atmospheric deposition of sulfur and nitrogen species: Clean Air Status and Trends Network 1990-2000, Environ. Sci. Technol., 36 (12), 2614-2629.
4. Bey, I., D. J. Jacob, R. M. Yantosca, J. A. Logan, B. D. Field, A. M. Fiore, Q. Li, H. Y. Liu, L. J. Mickley, and, M. G. Schultz, (2001), Global modeling of tropospheric chemistry with assimilated meteorology: Model description and evaluation, J. Geophys. Res., 106 (D19), 23,073-23,095, doi: 10.1029/2001JD000807.
5. Bobbink, R., et al. (2010), Global assessment of nitrogen deposition effects on terrestrial plant diversity: A synthesis, Ecol. Appl., 20 (1), 635-643.
6. 2 retrieval from space, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D04311, doi: 10.1029/2003JD003962.
7. 3) between plants and the atmosphere in the laboratory and in the field, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 5, 955-989, doi: 10.5194/amt-5-955-2012.
8. 2) exchange between plants and the atmosphere, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 773-790, doi: 10.5194/acp-13-773-2013.
9. 2 retrieval algorithm for nadir-viewing satellite instruments: Applications to OMI, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 6, 2607-2626, doi: 10.5194/amt-6-2607-2013.
10. 2) uptake by vegetation controlled by atmospheric concentrations and plant stomatal aperture, Atmos. Environ., 45 (32), 5742-5750.
11. Chen, Y., J. T. Randerson, G. R. van der Werf, D. C. Morton, M. Mu, and, P. S. Kasibhatla, (2010), Nitrogen deposition in tropical forests from savanna and deforestation fires, Global Change Biol., 16, 2024-2038, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.02156.x.
12. 2 dry deposition using satellite data in eastern China, Int. J. Remote Sens., 34 (7), 2548-2565.
13. Chin, M., R. B. Rood, S. -J. Lin, J. -F. Müller, and, A. M. Thompson, (2000), Atmospheric sulfur cycle simulated in the global model GOCART: Model description and global properties, J. Geophys. Res., 105 (D20), 24,671-24,687, doi: 10.1029/2000JD900384.
14. Clarke, J. F., E. S. Edgerton, and, B. E. Martin, (1997), Dry deposition calculations for the clean air status and trends network, Atmos. Environ., 31 (21), 3667-3678.
15. Delon, C., C. Galy-Lacaux, M. Adon, C. Liousse, D. Serca, B. Diop, and, A. Akpo, (2012), Nitrogen compounds emission and deposition in West African ecosystems: Comparison between wet and dry savanna, Biogeosciences, 9, 385-402, doi: 10.5194/bg-9-385-2012.
16. Dennis, R. L., D. B. Schwede, J. O. Bash, J. E. Pleim, J. T. Walker, and, K. M. Foley, (2013), Sensitivity of continental United States atmospheric budgets of oxidized and reduced nitrogen to dry deposition parametrizations, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B, 368, 20130124, doi: 10.1098/rstb.2013.0124.
17. Dentener, F., et al. (2006), Nitrogen and sulfur deposition on regional and global scales: A multimodel evaluation, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 20, GB4003, doi: 10.1029/2005GB002672.
18. Duyzer, J. H., J. R. Dorsey, M. W. Gallagher, K. Pilegaard, and, S. Walton, (2004), Oxidized nitrogen and ozone interaction with forests. II: Multi-layer process-oriented modelling results and a sensitivity study for Douglas fir, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 130, 1957-1971, doi: 10.1256/qj.03.125.
19. Ellis, R. A., D. J. Jacob, M. P. Sulprizio, L. Zhang, C. D. Holmes, B. A. Schichtel, T. Blett, E. Porter, L. H. Pardo, and, J. A. Lynch, (2013), Present and future nitrogen deposition to national parks in the United States: Critical load exceedances, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 9083-9095, doi: 10.5194/acp-13-9083-2013.
20. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (2010), Our Nation's Air: Status and trends through 2008, Rep. EPA-454/R-09-002, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, N. C.
21. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (2012), Our Nation's Air: Status and trends through 2010, Rep. EPA-454/R-12-001, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, N. C.
22. Erisman, J. W., M. G. Mennen, D. Fowler, C. R. Flechard, G. Spindler, A. Gruner, J. H. Duyzer, W. Ruigrok, and, G. P. Wyers, (1996), Towards development of a deposition monitoring network for air pollution of Europe, Rep. 722108015, RIVM, Netherlands.[Available at http://hdl.handle.net/10029/10432.]
23. European Environment Agency (EEA) (2013), European Union emission inventory report 1990-2011 under the UNECE convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution (LRTAP), Tech. Rep. 10/2013, European Environment Agency, Luxembourg.
24. Faloona, I., (2009), Sulfur processing in the marine atmospheric boundary layer: A review and critical assessment of modeling uncertainties, Atmos. Environ., 43, 2841-2854, doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.02.043.
25. Finkelstein, P. L., T. G. Ellestad, J. F. Clarke, T. P. Meyers, D. B. Schwede, E. O. Hebert, and, J. A. Neal, (2000), Ozone and sulfur dioxide dry deposition to forests: Observations and evaluation, J. Geophys. Res., 105 (D12), 15,365-15,377.
26. 2 in laboratory systems and in outdoor and indoor atmospheres: An integrated mechanism, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 5, 223-242.
27. 2 emissions using OMI retrievals, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L21811, doi: 10.1029/2011GL049402.
28. 2 retrievals for detection of large emission sources, J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 118, 11,399-11,418, doi: 10.1002/jgrd.50826.
29. Fisher, J. A., et al. (2011), Sources, distribution, and acidity of sulfate-ammonium aerosol in the Arctic in winter-spring, Atmos. Environ., 45, 7301-7318, doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.08.030.
30. Flechard, C. R., et al. (2011), Dry deposition of reactive nitrogen to European ecosystems: A comparison of inferential models across the NitroEurope network, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 2703-2728, doi: 10.5194/acp-11-2703-2011.
31. 3 and its effects on regional deposition, Water Air Soil Pollut. Focus, 1, 39-48.
32. Fowler, D., R. Smith, J. Muller, J. N. Cape, M. Sutton, J. W. Erisman, and, H. Fagerli, (2007), Long term trends in sulphur and nitrogen deposition in Europe and the cause of non-linearities, Water Air Soil Pollut. Focus, 7, 41-47.
33. Fowler, D., et al. (2009), Atmospheric composition change: Ecosystems-atmosphere interactions, Atmos. Environ., 43, 5193-5267, doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.07.068.
34. Fowler, D., et al. (2013), The global nitrogen cycle in the twenty-first century, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B, 368, 20130164, doi: 10.1098/rstb.2013.0164.
35. Ganzeveld, L., and, J. Lelieveld, (1995), Dry deposition parameterization in a chemistry general circulation model and its influence on the distribution of reactive trace gases, J. Geophys. Res., 100 (D10), 20,999-21,012.
36. Ganzeveld, L., J. Lelieveld, and, G. -J. Roelofs, (1998), A dry deposition parameterization for sulfur oxides in a chemistry and general circulation model, J. Geophys. Res., 103 (D5), 5679-5694.
37. x emissions and the role of canopy processes, J. Geophys. Res., 107 (D16), 4298, doi: 10.1029/2001JD001289.
38. Ganzeveld, L., L. Bouwman, E. Stehfest, D. P. van Vuuren, B. Eickhout, and, J. Lelieveld, (2010), Impact of future land use and land cover changes on atmospheric chemistry-climate interactions, J. Geophys. Res., 115, D23301, doi: 10.1029/2010JD014041.
39. 3(a) on hydrated silica particles, J. Chem. Phys. A, 103, 7217-7223.
40. 2 over central China: Measurements, numerical simulations and the tropospheric sulfur budget, J. Geophys. Res., 117, D00K37, doi: 10.1029/2011JD016473.
41. 3 surface exchange, Atmos. Environ., 35 (9), 1687-1696, doi: 10.1016/S1352-2310(00)00573-2.
42. Heald, C. L., et al. (2012), Atmospheric ammonia and particulate inorganic nitrogen over the United States, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 10,295-10,312, doi: 10.5194/acp-12-10295-2012.
43. Henze, D. K., A. Hakami, and, J. H. Seinfeld, (2007), Development of the adjoint of GEOS-Chem, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 2413-2433.
44. Holland, E. A., B. H. Braswell, J. Sulzman, and, J. -F. Lamarque, (2005), Nitrogen deposition onto the United States and western Europe: Synthesis of observations and models, Ecol. Appl., 15 (1), 38-57.
45. Horii, C. V., J. W. Munger, and, S. C. Wofsy, (2004), Fluxes of nitrogen oxides over a temperate deciduous forest, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D08305, doi: 10.1029/2003JD004326.
46. Hudman, R. C., et al. (2007), Surface and lightning sources of nitrogen oxides over the United States: Magnitudes, chemical evolution, and outflow, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D12S05, doi: 10.1029/2006JD007912.
47. x in tropical forest canopies, in Microbial Production and Consumption of Greenhouse Gases, edited by, J. E. Rogers, and, W. B. Whitman, pp. 237-252, Am. Soc. for Microbiol., Washington, D. C.
48. Karner, A. A., D. S. Eisinger, and, D. A. Niemeier, (2010), Near-roadway air quality: Synthesizing the findings from real-world data, Environ. Sci. Technol., 44, 5334-5344, doi: 10.1021/es100008x.
49. Kleffmann, J., (2007), Daytime sources of nitrous acid (HONO) in the atmospheric boundary layer, ChemPhysChem, 8, 1137-1144, doi: 10.1002/cphc.200700016.
50. Koracin, D., and, R. Berkowicz, (1988), Nocturnal boundary-layer height: Observations by acoustic sounders and predictions in terms of surface-layer parameters, Boundary Layer Meteorol., 43 (1-2), 65-83.
51. Kramm, G., R. Dlugi, G. J. Dollard, T. Foken, N. Mölders, H. Müller, W. Seiler, and, H. Sievering, (1995), On the dry deposition of ozone and reactive nitrogen species, Atmos. Environ., 29 (21), 3209-3231.
52. 2 from the Aura Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI), IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 44 (5), 1259-1266.
53. Kuhns, H., E. M. Knipping, and, J. M. Vukovich, (2005), Development of a United States-Mexico emissions inventory for the big bend regional aerosol and visibility observational (BRAVO) study, J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc., 55 (5), 677-692, doi: 10.1080/10473289.2005.10464648.
54. Lamsal, L. N., R. V. Martin, A. van Donkelaar, M. Steinbacher, E. A. Celarier, E. Bucsela, E. J. Dunlea, and, J. P. Pinto, (2008), Ground-level nitrogen dioxide concentrations inferred from the satellite-borne ozone monitoring instrument, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D16308, doi: 10.1029/2007JD009235.
55. Lamsal, L. N., R. V. Martin, A. van Donkelaar, E. A. Celarier, E. J. Bucsela, K. F. Boersma, R. Dirksen, C. Luo, and, Y. Wang, (2010), Indirect validation of tropospheric nitrogen dioxide retrieved from the OMI satellite instrument: Insight into the seasonal variation of nitrogen oxides at northern midlatitudes, J. Geophys. Res., 115, D05302, doi: 10.1029/2009JD013351.
56. x emission inventories, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L05810, doi: 10.1029/2010GL046476.
57. 2 pollution and urban population size: A satellite perspective, Environ. Sci. Technol., 47, 7855-7861, doi: 10.1021/es400744g.
58. 2 Retrieval from SCIAMACHY using the weighting function DOAS (WFDOAS) technique: Comparison with standard DOAS retrieval, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 6137-6145.
59. Lee, C., R. V. Martin, A. van Donkelaar, G. O'Byrne, N. Krotkov, A. Richter, L. G. Huey, and, J. S. Holloway, (2009), Retrieval of vertical columns of sulfur dioxide from SCIAMACHY and OMI: Air mass factor algorithm development, validation, and error analysis, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D22303, doi: 10.1029/2009JD012123.
60. 2 emissions and lifetimes: Estimates from inverse modeling using in situ and global, space-based (SCIAMACHY and OMI) observations, J. Geophys. Res., 116, D06304, doi: 10.1029/2010JD014758.
61. 2 flux conundrum, Science, 289, 2291-2293, doi: 10.1126/science.289.5488.2291.
62. Levelt, P. F., G. H. J. van den Oord, M. R. Dobber, A. Mälkki, H. Visser, J. de Vries, P. Stammes, J. O. V. Lundell, and, H. Saari, (2006), The ozone monitoring instrument, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 44 (5), 1093-1101.
63. 2 retrieval algorithm based on principal component analysis: Application to the Ozone Monitoring Instrument, Geophys. Res. Lett., 40, doi: 10.1002/2013GL058134.
64. Lin, J. -T., and, M. B. McElroy, (2010), Impacts of boundary layer mixing on pollutant vertical profiles in the lower troposphere: Implications to satellite remote sensing, Atmos. Environ., 44 (14), 1726-1739, doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.02.009.
65. Lü, C., and, H. Tian, (2007), Spatial and temporal patterns of nitrogen deposition in China: Synthesis of observational data, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D22S05, doi: 10.1029/2006JD007990.
66. Lu, Z., Q. Zhang, and, D. G. Streets, (2011), Sulfur dioxide and primary carbonaceous aerosol emissions in China and India, 1996-2010, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 9839-9864, doi: 10.5194/acp-11-9839-2011.
67. Martin, R., et al. (2002), An improved retrieval of tropospheric nitrogen dioxide from GOME, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 4437, doi: 10.1029/2001JD001027.
68. Martin, R. V., (2008), Satellite remote sensing of surface air quality, Atmos. Environ., 42, 7823-7843, doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.07.018.
69. Martin, R. V., C. E. Sioris, K. Chance, T. B. Ryerson, T. H. Bertram, P. J. Wooldridge, R. C. Cohen, J. A. Neuman, A. Swanson, and, F. M. Flocke, (2006), Evaluation of space-based constraints on global nitrogen oxide emissions with regional aircraft measurements over and downwind of eastern North America, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D15308, doi: 10.1029/2005JD006680.
70. 2 in the dry and wet season above a tropical forest in northern Thailand, Atmos. Environ., 40, 7557-7564, doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.07.003.
71. Meyers, T. P., P. Finkelstein, J. Clarke, T. G. Ellestad, and, P. F. Sims, (1998), A multilayer model for inferring dry deposition using standard meteorological measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 103 (D17), 22,645-22,661.
72. 2 dry deposition over a grassy clearing in Duke Forest, Atmos. Environ., 49, 212-218, doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.11.059.
73. Neirynck, J., A. S. Kowalski, A. Carrara, G. Genouw, P. Berghmans, and, R. Ceulemans, (2007), Fluxes of oxidised and reduced nitrogen above a mixed coniferous forest exposed to various nitrogen emission sources, Environ. Pollut., 149, 31-43, doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2006.12.029.
74. Nowlan, C. R., X. Liu, K. Chance, Z. Cai, T. P. Kurosu, C. Lee, and, R. V. Martin, (2011), Retrievals of sulfur dioxide from the global ozone monitoring experiment 2 (GOME-2) using an optimal estimation approach: Algorithm and initial validation, J. Geophys. Res., 116, D18301, doi: 10.1029/2011JD015808.
75. Olivier, J. G. J., J. A. Van Aardenne, F. J. Dentener, V. Pagliari, L. N. Ganzeveld, and, J. A. H. W. Peters, (2005), Recent trends in global greenhouse gas emissions: Regional trends 1970-2000 and spatial distribution of key sources in 2000, Environm. Sci., 2 (2-3), 81-99.
76. Olson, J. S., (1994), Global ecosystems framework: Definitions, USGS EROS Data Cent. Internal Rep., U. S. Geol. Surv., Sioux Falls, S. D.
77. Park, R. J., D. J. Jacob, B. D. Field, and, R. M. Yantosca, (2004), Natural and transboundary pollution influences on sulfate-nitrate-ammonium aerosols in the United States: Implications for policy, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D15204, doi: 10.1029/2003JD004473.
78. Paulot, F., D. J. Jacob, and, D. K. Henze, (2013), Sources and processes contributing to nitrogen deposition: An adjoint model analysis applied to biodiversity hotspots worldwide, Environ. Sci. Technol., 47 (7), 3226-3233, doi: 10.1021/es3027727.
79. Reay, D. S., F. Dentener, P. Smith, J. Grace, and, R. A. Feely, (2008), Global nitrogen deposition and carbon sinks, Nat. Geosci., 1, 430-437, doi: 10.1038/ngeo230.
80. Richter, A., J. P. Burrows, H. Nüß, C. Granier, and, U. Niemeier, (2005), Increase in tropospheric nitrogen dioxide over China observed from space, Nature, 437, 129-132, doi: 10.1038/nature04092.
81. Schwede, D., L. Zhang, R. Vet, and, G. Lear, (2011), An intercomparison of the deposition models used in the CASTNET and CAPMoN networks, Atmos. Environ., 45, 1337-1346, doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.11.050.
82. Singh, H. B., et al. (2007), Reactive nitrogen distribution and partitioning in the North American troposphere and lowermost stratosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D12S04, doi: 10.1029/2006JD007664.
83. 2, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 10,433-10,447, doi: 10.5194/acp-11-10433-2011.
84. Spurr, R. J. D., T. P. Kurosu, and, K. V. Chance, (2001), A linearized discrete ordinate radiative transfer model for atmospheric remote-sensing retrieval, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer, 68, 689-735, doi: 10.1016/S0022-4073(00)00055-8.
85. 2 fluxes and chemical interactions over a bare soil, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 5, 1241-1257, doi: 10.5194/amt-5-1241-2012.
86. Streets, D. G., et al. (2013), Emissions estimation from satellite retrievals: A review of current capability, Atmos. Environ., 77, 1011-1042, doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.05.051.
87. 2 dry deposition over Gansu Province, China, Atmos. Environ., 39, 7095-7105.
88. Tørseth, K., W. Aas, K. Breivik, A. M. Fjæraa, M. Fiebig, A. G. Hjellbrekke, C. Lund Myhre, S. Solberg, and, K. E. Yttri, (2012), Introduction to the European monitoring and evaluation programme (EMEP) and observed atmospheric composition change during 1972-2009, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 5447-5481, doi: 10.5194/acp-12-5447-2012.
89. van Donkelaar, A., et al. (2008), Analysis of aircraft and satellite measurements from the intercontinental chemical transport experiment (INTEX-B) to quantify long-range transport of East Asian sulfur to Canada, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 2999-3014.
90. van Donkelaar, A., R. V. Martin, M. Brauer, R. Kahn, R. Levy, C. Verduzco, and, P. J. Villeneuve, (2010), Global estimates of ambient fine particulate matter concentrations from satellite-based aerosol optical depth: Development and application, Environ. Health Perspect., 118 (6), 847-855, doi: 10.1289/ehp.0901623.
91. Vile, M. A., S. D. Bridgham, R. K. Wieder, and, M. Novak, (2003), Atmospheric sulfur deposition alters pathways of gaseous carbon production in peatlands, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 17 (2), 1058, doi: 10.1029/2002GB001966.
92. Walker, J. M., S. Philip, R. V. Martin, and, J. H. Seinfeld, (2012), Simulation of nitrate, sulfate, and ammonium aerosols over the United States, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 11,213-11,227, doi: 10.5194/acp-12-11213-2012.
93. Wang, C., J. J. Corbett, and, J. Firestone, (2008), Improving spatial representation of global ship emissions inventories, Environ. Sci. Technol., 42, 193-199.
94. x-hydrocarbon chemistry 1. Model formulation, J. Geophys. Res., 103 (D9), 10,713-10,725, doi: 10.1029/98JD00158.
95. Wesely, M., (1989), Parameterization of surface resistances to gaseous dry deposition in regional-scale numerical-models, Atmos. Environ., 23 (6), 1293-1304.
96. Wesely, M. L., and, B. B. Hicks, (2000), A review of the current status of knowledge on dry deposition, Atmos. Environ., 34, 2261-2282.
97. Yang, K., X. Liu, P. K. Bhartia, N. A. Krotkov, S. A. Carn, E. J. Hughes, A. J. Krueger, R. J. D. Spurr, and, S. G. Trahan, (2010), Direct retrieval of sulfur dioxide amount and altitude from spaceborne hyperspectral UV measurements: Theory and application, J. Geophys. Res., 115, D00L09, doi: 10.1029/2010JD013982.
98. x emissions, J. Geophys. Res., 100 (D6), 11,447-11,464.
99. Zhang, L., J. R. Brook, and, R. Vet, (2003), A revised parameterization for gaseous dry deposition in air-quality models, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 3 (6), 2067-2082.
100. 2 and PAN to total atmospheric deposition of oxidized nitrogen across Eastern Canada, Atmos. Environ., 39 (37), 7030-7043, doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.08.023.
101. Zhang, L., D. J. Jacob, E. M. Knipping, N. Kumar, J. W. Munger, C. C. Carouge, A. van Donkelaar, Y. X. Wang, and, D. Chen, (2012), Nitrogen deposition to the United States: Distribution, sources, and processes, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 4539-4554, doi: 10.5194/acp-12-4539-2012.
102. Zhang, Q., et al. (2009), Asian emissions in 2006 for the NASA INTEX-B mission, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 5131-5153.