Surgical and interventional management of complications caused by acute pancreatitis

World Journal of Gastroenterology

Volumn 20, Issue 37, 2014, Pages 13412-13423

  Karakayali, Feza Y ^a  

^a BASKENT UNIVERSITY   (Turkey)

Author keywords

Complications; Endoscopy; Laparoscopy; Necrosectomy; Percutaneous drainage; Severe acute pancreatitis

Indexed keywords

ABDOMINAL SURGERY; ACUTE HEMORRHAGIC PANCREATITIS; ACUTE PANCREATITIS; ARTICLE; CHYLOUS ASCITES; COMORBIDITY; DISEASE CLASSIFICATION; DISEASE SEVERITY; FALSE ANEURYSM; HUMAN; INFECTION COMPLICATION; LAPAROSCOPIC SURGERY; MINIMALLY INVASIVE SURGERY; MORBIDITY; MORTALITY; MULTIPLE ORGAN FAILURE; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PANCREAS DISEASE; PANCREAS DUCT; PANCREAS HEMORRHAGE; PANCREAS NECROSIS; PANCREAS PSEUDOCYST; PANCREATIC DUCT BREAKING; PERCUTANEOUS DRAINAGE; SCORING SYSTEM; SYSTEMIC DISEASE; ADVERSE EFFECTS; COMPLICATION; DIGESTIVE TRACT ENDOSCOPY; DRAINAGE; LAPAROSCOPY; PANCREAS RESECTION; PANCREATITIS, ACUTE NECROTIZING; POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS; PROCEDURES; SEVERITY OF ILLNESS INDEX; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

DRAINAGE; ENDOSCOPY, DIGESTIVE SYSTEM; HUMANS; LAPAROSCOPY; PANCREATECTOMY; PANCREATITIS, ACUTE NECROTIZING; POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS; SEVERITY OF ILLNESS INDEX; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 84910002268     PISSN: 10079327     EISSN: 22192840     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i37.13412     Document Type: Article

References (112)

1. Cruz-Santamaría DM, Taxonera C, Giner M. Update on pathogenesis and clinical management of acute pancreatitis. World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol 2012; 3: 60-70 [PMID: 22737590 DOI: 10.4291/wjgp.v3.i3.60]
2. Yadav D, Lowenfels AB. The epidemiology of pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer. Gastroenterology 2013; 144: 1252-1261 [PMID: 23622135 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2013.01.068]
3. Gooszen HG, Besselink MG, van Santvoort HC, Bollen TL. Surgical treatment of acute pancreatitis. Langenbecks Arch Surg 2013; 398: 799-806 [PMID: 23857077 DOI: 10.1007/s00423-013-1100-7]
4. Peery AF, Dellon ES, Lund J, Crockett SD, McGowan CE, Bulsiewicz WJ, Gangarosa LM, Thiny MT, Stizenberg K, Morgan DR, Ringel Y, Kim HP, Dibonaventura MD, Carroll CF, Allen JK, Cook SF, Sandler RS, Kappelman MD, Shaheen NJ. Burden of gastrointestinal disease in the United States: 2012 update. Gastroenterology 2012; 143: 1179-1187.e1-3 [PMID: 22885331 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2012.08.002]
5. Shen HN, Lu CL, Li CY. Epidemiology of first-attack acute pancreatitis in Taiwan from 2000 through 2009: a nationwide population-based study. Pancreas 2012; 41: 696-702 [PMID: 22699142 DOI: 10.1097/MPA.0b013e31823db941]
6. Yadav D, O'Connell M, Papachristou GI. Natural history following the first attack of acute pancreatitis. Am J Gastroenterol 2012; 107: 1096-1103 [PMID: 22613906 DOI: 10.1038/ajg.2012.126]
7. Wu BU, Johannes RS, Sun X, Tabak Y, Conwell DL, Banks PA. The early prediction of mortality in acute pancreatitis: a large population-based study. Gut 2008; 57: 1698-1703 [PMID: 18519429 DOI: 10.1136/gut.2008.152702]
8. Beger HG, Rau BM. Severe acute pancreatitis: Clinical course and management. World J Gastroenterol 2007; 13: 5043-5051 [PMID: 17876868]
9. Besselink MG, van Santvoort HC, Boermeester MA, Nieuwenhuijs VB, van Goor H, Dejong CH, Schaapherder AF, Gooszen HG. Timing and impact of infections in acute pancreatitis. Br J Surg 2009; 96: 267-273 [PMID: 19125434 DOI: 10.1002/bjs.6447]
10. Banks PA, Freeman ML. Practice guidelines in acute pancreatitis. Am J Gastroenterol 2006; 101: 2379-2400 [PMID: 17032204]
11. Bradley EL. A clinically based classification system for acute pancreatitis. Summary of the International Symposium on Acute Pancreatitis, Atlanta, Ga, September 11 through 13, 1992. Arch Surg 1993; 128: 586-590 [PMID: 8489394]
12. Working Party of the British Society of Gastroenterology; Association of Surgeons of Great Britain and Ireland; Pancreatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland; Association of Upper GI Surgeons of Great Britain and Ireland. UK guidelines for the management of acute pancreatitis. Gut 2005; 54 Suppl 3: iii1-iii9 [PMID: 15831893]
13. Nieuwenhuijs VB, Besselink MG, van Minnen LP, Gooszen HG. Surgical management of acute necrotizing pancreatitis: a 13-year experience and a systematic review. Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl 2003; (239): 111-116 [PMID: 14743893]
14. Rau B, Bothe A, Beger HG. Surgical treatment of necrotizing pancreatitis by necrosectomy and closed lavage: changing patient characteristics and outcome in a 19-year, single-center series. Surgery 2005; 138: 28-39 [PMID: 16003313]
15. Reddy M, Jindal R, Gupta R, Yadav TD, Wig JD. Outcome after pancreatic necrosectomy: trends over 12 years at an Indian centre. ANZ J Surg 2006; 76: 704-709 [PMID: 16916387]
16. Babu RY, Gupta R, Kang M, Bhasin DK, Rana SS, Singh R. Predictors of surgery in patients with severe acute pancreatitis managed by the step-up approach. Ann Surg 2013; 257: 737-750 [PMID: 22968079 DOI: 10.1097/SLA.0b013e318269d25d]
17. Autio V, Juusela E, Lauslahti K, Markkula H, Pessi T. Resection of the pancreas for acute hemorrhagic and necrotizing pancreatitis. World J Surg 1979; 3: 631-639 [PMID: 316236]
18. Beger HG, Büchler M, Bittner R, Oettinger W, Block S, Nevalainen T. Necrosectomy and postoperative local lavage in patients with necrotizing pancreatitis: results of a prospective clinical trial. World J Surg 1988; 12: 255-262 [PMID: 3394351]
19. Amano H, Takada T, Isaji S, Takeyama Y, Hirata K, Yoshida M, Mayumi T, Yamanouchi E, Gabata T, Kadoya M, Hattori T, Hirota M, Kimura Y, Takeda K, Wada K, Sekimoto M, Kiriyama S, Yokoe M, Hirota M, Arata S. Therapeutic intervention and surgery of acute pancreatitis. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci 2010; 17: 53-59 [PMID: 20012651 DOI: 10.1007/s00534-009-0211-6]
20. Mier J, León EL, Castillo A, Robledo F, Blanco R. Early versus late necrosectomy in severe necrotizing pancreatitis. Am J Surg 1997; 173: 71-75 [PMID: 9074366]
21. Sarr MG, Nagorney DM, Mucha P, Farnell MB, Johnson CD. Acute necrotizing pancreatitis: management by planned, staged pancreatic necrosectomy/debridement and delayed primary wound closure over drains. Br J Surg 1991; 78: 576-581 [PMID: 2059810]
22. Tu Y, Jiao H, Tan X, Sun L, Zhang W. Laparotomy versus retroperitoneal laparoscopy in debridement and drainage of retroperitoneal infected necrosis in severe acute pancreatitis. Surg Endosc 2013; 27: 4217-4223 [PMID: 23793802 DOI: 10.1007/s00464-013-3026-0]
23. Bello B, Matthews JB. Minimally invasive treatment of pancreatic necrosis. World J Gastroenterol 2012; 18: 6829-6835 [PMID: 23239921 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i46.6829]
24. Werner J, Feuerbach S, Uhl W, Büchler MW. Management of acute pancreatitis: from surgery to interventional intensive care. Gut 2005; 54: 426-436 [PMID: 15710995]
25. Chen J, Fukami N, Li Z. Endoscopic approach to pancreatic pseudocyst, abscess and necrosis: review on recent progress. Dig Endosc 2012; 24: 299-308 [PMID: 22925280 DOI: 10.1111/j.1443-1661.2012.01298]
26. Banks PA, Bollen TL, Dervenis C, Gooszen HG, Johnson CD, Sarr MG, Tsiotos GG, Vege SS. Classification of acute pancreatitis - 2012: revision of the Atlanta classification and definitions by international consensus. Gut 2013; 62: 102-111 [PMID: 23100216 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2012-302779]
27. Vege SS, Gardner TB, Chari ST, Munukuti P, Pearson RK, Clain JE, Petersen BT, Baron TH, Farnell MB, Sarr MG. Low mortality and high morbidity in severe acute pancreatitis without organ failure: a case for revising the Atlanta classification to include "moderately severe acute pancreatitis". Am J Gastroenterol 2009; 104: 710-715 [PMID: 19262525 DOI: 10.1038/ajg.2008.77]
28. Petrov MS, Windsor JA. Classification of the severity of acute pancreatitis: how many categories make sense? Am J Gastroenterol 2010; 105: 74-76 [PMID: 19844203 DOI: 10.1038/ajg.2009.597]
29. Bollen TL, van Santvoort HC, Besselink MG, van Es WH, Gooszen HG, van Leeuwen MS. Update on acute pancreatitis: ultrasound, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging features. Semin Ultrasound CT MR 2007; 28: 371-383 [PMID: 17970553]
30. Johnson CD, Abu-Hilal M. Persistent organ failure during the first week as a marker of fatal outcome in acute pancreatitis. Gut 2004; 53: 1340-1344 [PMID: 15306596]
31. Mofidi R, Duff MD, Wigmore SJ, Madhavan KK, Garden OJ, Parks RW. Association between early systemic inflammatory response, severity of multiorgan dysfunction and death in acute pancreatitis. Br J Surg 2006; 93: 738-744 [PMID: 16671062]
32. Ranson JH, Rifkind KM, Roses DF, Fink SD, Eng K, Spencer FC. Prognostic signs and the role of operative management in acute pancreatitis. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1974; 139: 69-81 [PMID: 4834279]
33. Blamey SL, Imrie CW, O'Neill J, Gilmour WH, Carter DC. Prognostic factors in acute pancreatitis. Gut 1984; 25: 1340-1346 [PMID: 6510766]
34. Imrie CW, Benjamin IS, Ferguson JC, McKay AJ, Mackenzie I, O'Neill J, Blumgart LH. A single-centre double-blind trial of Trasylol therapy in primary acute pancreatitis. Br J Surg 1978; 65: 337-341 [PMID: 348250]
35. Park J, Fromkes J, Cooperman M. Acute pancreatitis in elderly patients. Pathogenesis and outcome. Am J Surg 1986; 152: 638-642 [PMID: 3789287]
36. Halonen KI, Leppaniemi AK, Puolakkainen PA, Lundin JE, Kemppainen EA, Hietaranta AJ, Haapiainen RK. Severe acute pancreatitis: prognostic factors in 270 consecutive patients. Pancreas 2000; 21: 266-271 [PMID: 11039471]
37. Knaus WA, Draper EA, Wagner DP, Zimmerman JE. APACHE II: a severity of disease classification system. Crit Care Med 1985; 13: 818-829 [PMID: 3928249]
38. Alsfasser G, Rau BM, Klar E. Scoring of human acute pancreatitis: state of the art. Langenbecks Arch Surg 2013; 398: 789-797 [PMID: 23680979 DOI: 10.1007/s00423-013-1087-0]
39. Papachristou GI, Muddana V, Yadav D, O'Connell M, Sanders MK, Slivka A, Whitcomb DC. Comparison of BISAP, Ranson's, APACHE-II, and CTSI scores in predicting organ failure, complications, and mortality in acute pancreatitis. Am J Gastroenterol 2010; 105: 435-441; quiz 442 [PMID: 19861954 DOI: 10.1038/ajg.2009.622]
40. Singh VK, Bollen TL, Wu BU, Repas K, Maurer R, Yu S, Mortele KJ, Conwell DL, Banks PA. An assessment of the severity of interstitial pancreatitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2011; 9: 1098-1103 [PMID: 21893128 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2011.08.026]
41. Buter A, Imrie CW, Carter CR, Evans S, McKay CJ. Dynamic nature of early organ dysfunction determines outcome in acute pancreatitis. Br J Surg 2002; 89: 298-302 [PMID: 11872053]
42. Muckart DJ, Bhagwanjee S. American College of Chest Physicians/Society of Critical Care Medicine Consensus Conference definitions of the systemic inflammatory response syndrome and allied disorders in relation to critically injured patients. Crit Care Med 1997; 25: 1789-1795 [PMID: 9366759]
43. van Santvoort HC, Besselink MG, Bakker OJ, Hofker HS, Boermeester MA, Dejong CH, van Goor H, Schaapherder AF, van Eijck CH, Bollen TL, van Ramshorst B, Nieuwenhuijs VB, Timmer R, Laméris JS, Kruyt PM, Manusama ER, van der Harst E, van der Schelling GP, Karsten T, Hesselink EJ, van Laarhoven CJ, Rosman C, Bosscha K, de Wit RJ, Houdijk AP, van Leeuwen MS, Buskens E, Gooszen HG. A step-up approach or open necrosectomy for necrotizing pancreatitis. N Engl J Med 2010; 362: 1491-1502 [PMID: 20410514 DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa0908821]
44. Besselink MG, van Santvoort HC, Buskens E, Boermeester MA, van Goor H, Timmerman HM, Nieuwenhuijs VB, Bollen TL, van Ramshorst B, Witteman BJ, Rosman C, Ploeg RJ, Brink MA, Schaapherder AF, Dejong CH, Wahab PJ, van Laarhoven CJ, van der Harst E, van Eijck CH, Cuesta MA, Akkermans LM, Gooszen HG. Probiotic prophylaxis in predicted severe acute pancreatitis: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2008; 371: 651-659 [PMID: 18279948]
45. Bollen TL, Singh VK, Maurer R, Repas K, van Es HW, Banks PA, Mortele KJ. A comparative evaluation of radiologic and clinical scoring systems in the early prediction of severity in acute pancreatitis. Am J Gastroenterol 2012; 107: 612-619 [PMID: 22186977 DOI: 10.1038/ajg.2011.438]
46. Sakorafas GH, Tsiotos GG, Sarr MG. Extrapancreatic necrotizing pancreatitis with viable pancreas: a previously underappreciated entity. J Am Coll Surg 1999; 188: 643-648 [PMID: 10359357]
47. van Santvoort HC, Bakker OJ, Bollen TL, Besselink MG, Ahmed Ali U, Schrijver AM, Boermeester MA, van Goor H, Dejong CH, van Eijck CH, van Ramshorst B, Schaapherder AF, van der Harst E, Hofker S, Nieuwenhuijs VB, Brink MA, Kruyt PM, Manusama ER, van der Schelling GP, Karsten T, Hesselink EJ, van Laarhoven CJ, Rosman C, Bosscha K, de Wit RJ, Houdijk AP, Cuesta MA, Wahab PJ, Gooszen HG. A conservative and minimally invasive approach to necrotizing pancreatitis improves outcome. Gastroenterology 2011; 141: 1254-1263 [PMID: 21741922 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2011.06.073]
48. Banks PA, Gerzof SG, Langevin RE, Silverman SG, Sica GT, Hughes MD. CT-guided aspiration of suspected pancreatic infection: bacteriology and clinical outcome. Int J Pancreatol 1995; 18: 265-270 [PMID: 8708399]
49. Petrov MS, Shanbhag S, Chakraborty M, Phillips AR, Windsor JA. Organ failure and infection of pancreatic necrosis as determinants of mortality in patients with acute pancreatitis. Gastroenterology 2010; 139: 813-820 [PMID: 20540942 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2010.06.010]
50. Marshall JC, Cook DJ, Christou NV, Bernard GR, Sprung CL, Sibbald WJ. Multiple organ dysfunction score: a reliable descriptor of a complex clinical outcome. Crit Care Med 1995; 23: 1638-1652 [PMID: 7587228]
51. Vincent JL, Moreno R, Takala J, Willatts S, De Mendonc¸a A, Bruining H, Reinhart CK, Suter PM, Thijs LG. The SOFA (Sepsis-related Organ Failure Assessment) score to describe organ dysfunction/failure. On behalf of the Working Group on Sepsis-Related Problems of the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine. Intensive Care Med 1996; 22: 707-710 [PMID: 8844239]
52. Bollen TL, Besselink MG, van Santvoort HC, Gooszen HG, van Leeuwen MS. Toward an update of the atlanta classification on acute pancreatitis: review of new and abandoned terms. Pancreas 2007; 35: 107-113 [PMID: 17632315]
53. Uhl W, Warshaw A, Imrie C, Bassi C, McKay CJ, Lankisch PG, Carter R, Di Magno E, Banks PA, Whitcomb DC, Dervenis C, Ulrich CD, Satake K, Ghaneh P, Hartwig W, Werner J, McEntee G, Neoptolemos JP, Büchler MW. IAP Guidelines for the Surgical Management of Acute Pancreatitis. Pancreatology 2002; 2: 565-573 [PMID: 12435871]
54. Werner J, Hartwig W, Hackert T, Büchler MW. Surgery in the treatment of acute pancreatitis - open pancreatic necrosectomy. Scand J Surg 2005; 94: 130-134 [PMID: 16111095]
55. Bradley EL, Allen K. A prospective longitudinal study of observation versus surgical intervention in the management of necrotizing pancreatitis. Am J Surg 1991; 161: 19-24; discussion 24-25 [PMID: 1987854]
56. Bradley EL, Dexter ND. Management of severe acute pancreatitis: a surgical odyssey. Ann Surg 2010; 251: 6-17 [PMID: 20009748 DOI: 10.1097/SLA.0b013e3181c72b79]
57. Moynihan B. ACUTE PANCREATITIS. Ann Surg 1925; 81: 132-142 [PMID: 17865162]
58. Bradley EL. Management of infected pancreatic necrosis by open drainage. Ann Surg 1987; 206: 542-550 [PMID: 3662663]
59. Beger HG, Bittner R, Block S, Büchler M. Bacterial contamination of pancreatic necrosis. A prospective clinical study. Gastroenterology 1986; 91: 433-438 [PMID: 3522342]
60. Fernández-del Castillo C, Rattner DW, Makary MA, Mostafavi A, McGrath D, Warshaw AL. Débridement and closed packing for the treatment of necrotizing pancreatitis. Ann Surg 1998; 228: 676-684 [PMID: 9833806]
61. Hungness ES, Robb BW, Seeskin C, Hasselgren PO, Luchette FA. Early debridement for necrotizing pancreatitis: is it worthwhile? J Am Coll Surg 2002; 194: 740-744; discussion 744-745 [PMID: 12081064]
62. Alsfasser G, Schwandner F, Pertschy A, Hauenstein K, Foitzik T, Klar E. Treatment of necrotizing pancreatitis: re-defining the role of surgery. World J Surg 2012; 36: 1142-1147 [PMID: 22382765 DOI: 10.1007/s00268-012-1504-5]
63. Ranson JH. Etiological and prognostic factors in human acute pancreatitis: a review. Am J Gastroenterol 1982; 77: 633-638 [PMID: 7051819]
64. Balthazar EJ, Ranson JH, Naidich DP, Megibow AJ, Caccavale R, Cooper MM. Acute pancreatitis: prognostic value of CT. Radiology 1985; 156: 767-772 [PMID: 4023241]
65. Mortele KJ, Wiesner W, Intriere L, Shankar S, Zou KH, Kalantari BN, Perez A, vanSonnenberg E, Ros PR, Banks PA, Silverman SG. A modified CT severity index for evaluating acute pancreatitis: improved correlation with patient outcome. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2004; 183: 1261-1265 [PMID: 15505289]
66. Freeny PC, Hauptmann E, Althaus SJ, Traverso LW, Sinanan M. Percutaneous CT-guided catheter drainage of infected acute necrotizing pancreatitis: techniques and results. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1998; 170: 969-975 [PMID: 9530046]
67. Besselink MG, van Santvoort HC, Nieuwenhuijs VB, Boermeester MA, Bollen TL, Buskens E, Dejong CH, van Eijck CH, van Goor H, Hofker SS, Lameris JS, van Leeuwen MS, Ploeg RJ, van Ramshorst B, Schaapherder AF, Cuesta MA, Consten EC, Gouma DJ, van der Harst E, Hesselink EJ, Houdijk LP, Karsten TM, van Laarhoven CJ, Pierie JP, Rosman C, Bilgen EJ, Timmer R, van der Tweel I, de Wit RJ, Witteman BJ, Gooszen HG. Minimally invasive 'step-up approach' versus maximal necrosectomy in patients with acute necrotising pancreatitis (PANTER trial): design and rationale of a randomised controlled multicenter trial [ISRCTN13975868]. BMC Surg 2006; 6: 6 [PMID: 16606471]
68. Navalho M, Pires F, Duarte A, Gonc¸alves A, Alexandrino P, Távora I. Percutaneous drainage of infected pancreatic fluid collections in critically ill patients: correlation with C-reactive protein values. Clin Imaging 2006; 30: 114-119 [PMID: 16500542]
69. Lee JK, Kwak KK, Park JK, Yoon WJ, Lee SH, Ryu JK, Kim YT, Yoon YB. The efficacy of nonsurgical treatment of infected pancreatic necrosis. Pancreas 2007; 34: 399-404 [PMID: 17446837]
70. van Baal MC, van Santvoort HC, Bollen TL, Bakker OJ, Besselink MG, Gooszen HG. Systematic review of percutaneous catheter drainage as primary treatment for necrotizing pancreatitis. Br J Surg 2011; 98: 18-27 [PMID: 21136562 DOI: 10.1002/bjs.7304]
71. Gagner M. Laparoscopic Treatment of Acute Necrotizing Pancreatitis. Semin Laparosc Surg 1996; 3: 21-28 [PMID: 10401099]
72. Horvath K, Freeny P, Escallon J, Heagerty P, Comstock B, Glickerman DJ, Bulger E, Sinanan M, Langdale L, Kolokythas O, Andrews RT. Safety and efficacy of video-assisted retroperitoneal debridement for infected pancreatic collections: a multicenter, prospective, single-arm phase 2 study. Arch Surg 2010; 145: 817-825 [PMID: 20855750 DOI: 10.1001/archsurg.2010.178]
73. Seewald S, Groth S, Omar S, Imazu H, Seitz U, de Weerth A, Soetikno R, Zhong Y, Sriram PV, Ponnudurai R, Sikka S, Thonke F, Soehendra N. Aggressive endoscopic therapy for pancreatic necrosis and pancreatic abscess: a new safe and effective treatment algorithm (videos). Gastrointest Endosc 2005; 62: 92-100 [PMID: 15990825]
74. Ang TL, Kwek AB, Tan SS, Ibrahim S, Fock KM, Teo EK. Direct endoscopic necrosectomy: a minimally invasive endoscopic technique for the treatment of infected walled-off pancreatic necrosis and infected pseudocysts with solid debris. Singapore Med J 2013; 54: 206-211 [PMID: 23624447]
75. Seifert H, Biermer M, Schmitt W, Jürgensen C, Will U, Gerlach R, Kreitmair C, Meining A, Wehrmann T, Rösch T. Transluminal endoscopic necrosectomy after acute pancreatitis: a multicentre study with long-term follow-up (the GEPARD Study). Gut 2009; 58: 1260-1266 [PMID: 19282306 DOI: 10.1136/gut.2008.163733]
76. Gardner TB, Coelho-Prabhu N, Gordon SR, Gelrud A, Maple JT, Papachristou GI, Freeman ML, Topazian MD, Attam R, Mackenzie TA, Baron TH. Direct endoscopic necrosectomy for the treatment of walled-off pancreatic necrosis: results from a multicenter U.S. series. Gastrointest Endosc 2011; 73: 718-726 [PMID: 21237454 DOI: 10.1016/j.gie.2010.10.053]
77. Hritz I, Fejes R, Székely A, Székely I, Horváth L, Sárkány A, Altorjay A, Madácsy L. Endoscopic transluminal pancreatic necrosectomy using a self-expanding metal stent and high-flow water-jet system. World J Gastroenterol 2013; 19: 3685-3692 [PMID: 23801873 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v19.i23.3685]
78. Gibson SC, Robertson BF, Dickson EJ, McKay CJ, Carter CR. 'Step-port' laparoscopic cystgastrostomy for the management of organized solid predominant post-acute fluid collections after severe acute pancreatitis. HPB (Oxford) 2014; 16: 170-176 [PMID: 23551864 DOI: 10.1111/hpb.12099]
79. Andersson R, Cwikiel W. Percutaneous cystogastrostomy in patients with pancreatic pseudocysts. Eur J Surg 2002; 168: 345-348 [PMID: 12428872]
80. Mori T, Abe N, Sugiyama M, Atomi Y, Way LW. Laparoscopic pancreatic cystgastrostomy. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg 2000; 7: 28-34 [PMID: 10982588]
81. Seewald S, Brand B, Groth S, Omar S, Mendoza G, Seitz U, Yasuda I, Xikun H, Nam VC, Xu H, Thonke F, Soehendra N. Endoscopic sealing of pancreatic fistula by using N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate. Gastrointest Endosc 2004; 59: 463-470 [PMID: 15044879]
82. Bradley EL, Gonzalez AC, Clements JL. Acute pancreatic pseudocysts: incidence and implications. Ann Surg 1976; 184: 734-737 [PMID: 999349]
83. Barthet M, Bugallo M, Moreira LS, Bastid C, Sastre B, Sahel J. Management of cysts and pseudocysts complicating chronic pancreatitis. A retrospective study of 143 patients. Gastroenterol Clin Biol 1993; 17: 270-276 [PMID: 8339886]
84. Kim KO, Kim TN. Acute pancreatic pseudocyst: incidence, risk factors, and clinical outcomes. Pancreas 2012; 41: 577-581 [PMID: 22228046]
85. Gumaste VV, Aron J. Pseudocyst management: endoscopic drainage and other emerging techniques. J Clin Gastroenterol 2010; 44: 326-331 [PMID: 20142757 DOI: 10.1097/MCG.0b013e3181cd9d2f]
86. Andersson B, Nilsson E, Willner J, Andersson R. Treatment and outcome in pancreatic pseudocysts. Scand J Gastroenterol 2006; 41: 751-756 [PMID: 16716977]
87. Warshaw AL, Rattner DW. Timing of surgical drainage for pancreatic pseudocyst. Clinical and chemical criteria. Ann Surg 1985; 202: 720-724 [PMID: 4073984]
88. Yeo CJ, Bastidas JA, Lynch-Nyhan A, Fishman EK, Zinner MJ, Cameron JL. The natural history of pancreatic pseudocysts documented by computed tomography. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1990; 170: 411-417 [PMID: 2326721]
89. Aranha GV, Prinz RA, Esguerra AC, Greenlee HB. The nature and course of cystic pancreatic lesions diagnosed by ultrasound. Arch Surg 1983; 118: 486-488 [PMID: 6830440]
90. Barthet M, Lamblin G, Gasmi M, Vitton V, Desjeux A, Grimaud JC. Clinical usefulness of a treatment algorithm for pancreatic pseudocysts. Gastrointest Endosc 2008; 67: 245-252 [PMID: 18226686 DOI: 10.1016/j.gie.2007.06.014]
91. Ito K, Perez A, Ito H, Whang EE. Pancreatic pseudocysts: is delayed surgical intervention associated with adverse outcomes? J Gastrointest Surg 2007; 11: 1317-1321 [PMID: 17674114]
92. Flati G, Andrén-Sandberg A, La Pinta M, Porowska B, Carboni M. Potentially fatal bleeding in acute pancreatitis: pathophysiology, prevention, and treatment. Pancreas 2003; 26: 8-14 [PMID: 12499910]
93. Mendelson RM, Anderson J, Marshall M, Ramsay D. Vascular complications of pancreatitis. ANZ J Surg 2005; 75: 1073-1079 [PMID: 16398814]
94. Zhang Q, Zhang QX, Tan XP, Wang WZ, He CH, Xu L, Huang XX. Pulmonary embolism with acute pancreatitis: a case report and literature review. World J Gastroenterol 2012; 18: 583-586 [PMID: 22363127 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i6.583]
95. Agrawal GA, Johnson PT, Fishman EK. Splenic artery aneurysms and pseudoaneurysms: clinical distinctions and CT appearances. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2007; 188: 992-999 [PMID: 17377035]
96. Suzuki T, Ishida H, Komatsuda T, Oyaké J, Miyauchi T, Heianna J, Miyashita M. Pseudoaneurysm of the gastroduodenal artery ruptured into the superior mesenteric vein in a patient with chronic pancreatitis. J Clin Ultrasound 2003; 31: 278-282 [PMID: 12767023]
97. Balsarkar DJ, Joshi MA. Rupture of splenic artery pseudoaneurysm presenting with massive upper gastrointestinal bleed. Am J Surg 2002; 183: 197-198 [PMID: 11918888]
98. Castillo-Tandazo W, Ortega J, Mariscal C. Spontaneous regression of splenic artery pseudoaneurysm: a rare complication of acute pancreatitis. Int Med Case Rep J 2013; 6: 17-20 [PMID: 23750106 DOI: 10.2147/IMCRJ.S43682]
99. Kalva SP, Yeddula K, Wicky S, Fernandez del Castillo C, Warshaw AL. Angiographic intervention in patients with a suspected visceral artery pseudoaneurysm complicating pancreatitis and pancreatic surgery. Arch Surg 2011; 146: 647-652 [PMID: 21339414 DOI: 10.1001/archsurg.2011.11]
100. Gonzalez JM, Ezzedine S, Vitton V, Grimaud JC, Barthet M. Endoscopic ultrasound treatment of vascular complications in acute pancreatitis. Endoscopy 2009; 41: 721-724 [PMID: 19670142 DOI: 10.1055/s-0029-1214874]
101. Lankisch PG. The spleen in inflammatory pancreatic disease. Gastroenterology 1990; 98: 509-516 [PMID: 2403954]
102. Sitzmann JV, Imbembo AL. Splenic complications of a pancreatic pseudocyst. Am J Surg 1984; 147: 191-196 [PMID: 6696192]
103. Patil PV, Khalil A, Thaha MA. Splenic parenchymal complications in pancreatitis. JOP 2011; 12: 287-291 [PMID: 21546711]
104. Malka D, Hammel P, Lévy P, Sauvanet A, Ruszniewski P, Belghiti J, Bernades P. Splenic complications in chronic pancreatitis: prevalence and risk factors in a medical-surgical series of 500 patients. Br J Surg 1998; 85: 1645-1649 [PMID: 9876067]
105. Mortelé KJ, Mergo PJ, Taylor HM, Ernst MD, Ros PR. Splenic and perisplenic involvement in acute pancreatitis: determination of prevalence and morphologic helical CT features. J Comput Assist Tomogr 2001; 25: 50-54 [PMID: 11176293]
106. Heider R, Behrns KE. Pancreatic pseudocysts complicated by splenic parenchymal involvement: results of operative and percutaneous management. Pancreas 2001; 23: 20-25 [PMID: 11451143]
107. Patel VG, Eltayeb OM, Zakaria M, Fortson JK, Weaver WL. Spontaneous subcapsular splenic hematoma: a rare complication of pancreatitis. Am Surg 2005; 71: 1066-1069 [PMID: 16447482]
108. Vettoretto N, Odeh M, Romessis M, Pettinato G, Taglietti L, Giovanetti M. Acute abdomen from chylous peritonitis: a surgical diagnosis. Case report and literature review. Eur Surg Res 2008; 41: 54-57 [PMID: 18460870]
109. Goldfarb JP. Chylous effusions secondary to pancreatitis: case report and review of the literature. Am J Gastroenterol 1984; 79: 133-135 [PMID: 6695886]
110. Khan FY, Matar I. Chylous ascites secondary to hyperlipidemic pancreatitis with normal serum amylase and lipase. World J Gastroenterol 2007; 13: 480-482 [PMID: 17230625]
111. Smith EK, Ek E, Croagh D, Spain LA, Farrell S. Acute chylous ascites mimicking acute appendicitis in a patient with pancreatitis. World J Gastroenterol 2009; 15: 4849-4852 [PMID: 19824123]
112. Al-Ghamdi MY, Bedi A, Reddy SB, Tanton RT, Peltekian KM. Chylous ascites secondary to pancreatitis: management of an uncommon entity using parenteral nutrition and octreotide. Dig Dis Sci 2007; 52: 2261-2264 [PMID: 17436089]