Ultrasonography evaluation of scrotal masses

Radiologic Clinics of North America

Volumn 52, Issue 6, 2014, Pages 1265-1281

  Sommers, Daniel ^a   Winter, Thomas ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF UTAH SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Extratesticular scrotal mass; Intratesticular scrotal mass; Scrotal ultrasonography

Indexed keywords

ABSCESS; ADRENAL CORTEX TUMOR; CENTRAL TESTICULAR INFARCT; CYST; DOPPLER ECHOGRAPHY; ECHOGRAPHY; EPIDERMOID CYST; HEMATOMA; HUMAN; HYDROCELE; INFARCTION; INTRATESTICULAR ABSCESS; INTRATESTICULAR CYST; LEYDIG CELL TUMOR; LYMPHOMA; METASTASIS; NON SEMINOMATOUS GERMINOMA; ORCHITIS; REVIEW; SCROTAL ABSCESS; SEGMENTAL TESTICULAR INFARCT; SEMINOMA; STONE FORMATION; TESTICULAR HEMATOMA; TESTICULAR LYMPHOMA; TESTICULAR MICROLITHIASIS; TESTIS DISEASE; TESTIS METASTASIS; TUMOR REGRESSION; TUNICA ALBUGINEA CYST; TUNICA VAGINALIS; VARICOCELE; ANATOMY AND HISTOLOGY; DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS; GENITAL SYSTEM DISEASE; MALE; MALE GENITAL SYSTEM; SCROTUM;

DIAGNOSIS, DIFFERENTIAL; GENITAL DISEASES, MALE; GENITALIA, MALE; HUMANS; MALE; SCROTUM;

EID: 84909642086     PISSN: 00338389     EISSN: 15578275     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.rcl.2014.07.014     Document Type: Review

References (76)

1. Benson C.B., Doubilet P.M., Richie J.P. Sonography of the male genital tract. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1989, 153(4):705-713.
2. Rifkin M.D., Kurtz A.B., Pasto M.E., et al. The sonographic diagnosis of focal and diffuse infiltrating intrascrotal lesions. Urol Radiol 1984, 6(1):20-26.
3. Rifkin M.D., Kurtz A.B., Pasto M.E., et al. Diagnostic capabilities of high-resolution scrotal ultrasonography: prospective evaluation. JUltrasound Med 1985, 4(1):13-19.
4. Carroll B.A., Gross D.M. High-frequency scrotal sonography. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1983, 140(3):511-515.
5. Larsen W.J. Human embryology 1993, 235-280. Churchill Livingstone, New York.
6. Moore K.L., Persaud T.V. The developing human: clinically oriented embryology 1993, Saunders, Philadelphia. 5th edition.
7. Dogra V.S., Gottlieb R.H., Oka M., et al. Sonography of the scrotum. Radiology 2003, 227(1):18-36.
8. ACR-AIUM-SRU practice guideline for the performance of scrotal ultrasound examinations. Online publication. Available at: . http://www.aium.org/resources/guidelines/scrotal.pdf.
9. Siegel M.J. The acute scrotum. Radiol Clin North Am 1997, 35(4):959-976.
10. Thomas R.D., Dewbury K.C. Ultrasound appearances of the rete testis. Clin Radiol 1993, 47(2):121-124.
11. Bree R.L., Hoang D.T. Scrotal ultrasound. Radiol Clin North Am 1996, 34(6):1183-1205.
12. Middleton W.D., Thorne D.A., Melson G.L. Color Doppler ultrasound of the normal testis. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1989, 152(2):293-297.
13. Lerner R.M., Mevorach R.A., Hulbert W.C., et al. Color Doppler US in the evaluation of acute scrotal disease. Radiology 1990, 176(2):355-358.
14. Keener T.S., Winter T.C., Nghiem H.V., et al. Normal adult epididymis: evaluation with color Doppler US. Radiology 1997, 202(3):712-714.
15. Hamper U.M., DeJong M.R., Caskey C.I., et al. Power Doppler imaging: clinical experience and correlation with color Doppler US and other imaging modalities. Radiographics 1997, 17(2):499-513.
16. Rubin J.M., Bude R.O., Carson P.L., et al. Power Doppler US: a potentially useful alternative to mean frequency-based color Doppler US. Radiology 1994, 190(3):853-856.
17. Woodward P.J., Sohaey R., O'Donoghue M.J., et al. From the archives of the AFIP: tumors and tumorlike lesions of the testis: radiologic-pathologic correlation. Radiographics 2002, 22(1):189-216.
18. Beccia D.J., Krane R.J., Olsson C.A. Clinical management of non-testicular intrascrotal tumors. JUrol 1976, 116(4):476-479.
19. Frates M.C., Benson C.B., DiSalvo D.N., et al. Solid extratesticular masses evaluated with sonography: pathologic correlation. Radiology 1997, 204(1):43-46.
20. Alleman W.G., Gorman B., King B.F., et al. Benign and malignant epididymal masses evaluated with scrotal sonography: clinical and pathologic review of 85 patients. JUltrasound Med 2008, 27(8):1195-1202.
21. Kenney P.J. Solid extratesticular masses. Radiology 1998, 206(1):290.
22. Siegel R., DeSantis C., Virgo K., et al. Cancer treatment and survivorship statistics, 2012. CA Cancer J Clin 2012, 62(4):220-241.
23. Kreydin E.I., Barrisford G.W., Feldman A.S., et al. Testicular cancer: what the radiologist needs to know. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2013, 200(6):1215-1225.
24. Winter T.C. There is a mass in the scrotum-what does it mean?: Evaluation of the scrotal mass. Ultrasound Q 2009, 25(4):195-205.
25. Horwich A. Testicular cancer: investigation and management 1996, Chapman and Hall Medical, London. 2nd edition.
26. Cotran R.S., Kumar V., Collins T. Pathologic basis of disease 1999, 1011-1034. Saunders, Philadelphia. 6th edition.
27. Heiken J.P. Tumors of the testis and testicular adnexa. Clinical urography 2000, 1716-1741. Saunders. 2nd edition. H.M. Pollack, B.L. McClennan (Eds.).
28. Ulbright T.M., Amin M.B., Young R.H. Tumors of the testis, adnexa, spermatic cord, and scrotum. Atlas of tumor pathology, fasc 25, ser 3 1999, 1-366. Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, DC. J. Rosai, L.H. Sobin (Eds.).
29. Walsh P.C. Campbell's urology 1998, WB Saunders, Philadelphia. 7th edition.
30. Akin E.A., Khati N.J., Hill M.C. Ultrasound of the scrotum. Ultrasound Q 2004, 20(4):181-200.
31. Geraghty M.J., Lee F.T., Bernsten S.A., et al. Sonography of testicular tumors and tumor-like conditions: a radiologic-pathologic correlation. Crit Rev Diagn Imaging 1998, 39(1):1-63.
32. Sohaib S.A., Koh D.M., Husband J.E. The role of imaging in the diagnosis, staging, and management of testicular cancer. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2008, 191(2):387-395.
33. Chang B., Borer J.G., Tan P.E., et al. Large-cell calcifying Sertoli cell tumor of the testis: case report and review of the literature. Urology 1998, 52(3):520-522. [discussion: 522-3].
34. Duncan P.R., Checa F., Gowing N.F., et al. Extranodal non-Hodgkin's lymphoma presenting in the testicle: a clinical and pathologic study of 24 cases. Cancer 1980, 45(7):1578-1584.
35. Goodman J.D., Carr L., Ostrovsky P.D., et al. Testicular lymphoma: sonographic findings. Urol Radiol 1985, 7(1):25-27.
36. Phillips G., Kumari-Subaiya S., Sawitsky A. Ultrasonic evaluation of the scrotum in lymphoproliferative disease. JUltrasound Med 1987, 6(4):169-175.
37. Mazzu D., Jeffrey R.B., Ralls P.W. Lymphoma and leukemia involving the testicles: findings on gray-scale and color Doppler sonography. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1995, 164(3):645-647.
38. Rayor R.A., Scheible W., Brock W.A., et al. High resolution ultrasonography in the diagnosis of testicular relapse in patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. JUrol 1982, 128(3):602-603.
39. Richie J.P. Neoplasms of the testis. Campbell's urology 1998, 2411-2452. Saunders, Philadelphia. 7th edition. P.C. Walsh, A.B. Retik, E.D. Vaughan (Eds.).
40. Middleton W.D., Teefey S.A., Santillan C.S. Testicular microlithiasis: prospective analysis of prevalence and associated tumor. Radiology 2002, 224(2):425-428.
41. Backus M.L., Mack L.A., Middleton W.D., et al. Testicular microlithiasis: imaging appearances and pathologic correlation. Radiology 1994, 192(3):781-785.
42. Kim B., Winter T.C., Ryu J.A. Testicular microlithiasis: clinical significance and review of the literature. Eur Radiol 2003, 13(12):2567-2576.
43. Peterson A.C., Bauman J.M., Light D.E., et al. The prevalence of testicular microlithiasis in an asymptomatic population of men 18 to 35 years old. JUrol 2001, 166(6):2061-2064.
44. Richenberg J., Brejt N. Testicular microlithiasis: is there a need for surveillance in the absence of other risk factors?. Eur Radiol 2012, 22(11):2540-2546.
45. Woodward P.J., Schwab C.M., Sesterhenn I.A. From the archives of the AFIP: extratesticular scrotal masses: radiologic-pathologic correlation. Radiographics 2003, 23(1):215-240.
46. Fu Y.T., Wang H.H., Yang T.H., et al. Epidermoid cysts of the testis: diagnosis by ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging resulting in organ-preserving surgery. Br J Urol 1996, 78(1):116-118.
47. Eisenmenger M., Lang S., Donner G., et al. Epidermoid cysts of the testis: organ-preserving surgery following diagnosis by ultrasonography. Br J Urol 1993, 72(6):955-957.
48. Venkatanarasimha N., McCormick F., Freeman S.J. Cavernous hemangioma of the testis. JUltrasound Med 2010, 29(5):859-860.
49. Das K.M., Prasad K., Szmigielski W., et al. Intratesticular varicocele: evaluation using conventional and Doppler sonography. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1999, 173(4):1079-1083.
50. Micallef M., Torreggiani W.C., Hurley M., et al. The ultrasound investigation of scrotal swelling. Int J STD AIDS 2000, 11(5):297-302.
51. Gooding G.A., Leonhardt W.C., Marshall G., et al. Cholesterol crystals in hydroceles: sonographic detection and possible significance. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1997, 169(2):527-529.
52. Collings C., Cronan J.J., Grusmark J. Diffuse echoes within a simple hydrocele: an imaging caveat. JUltrasound Med 1994, 13(6):439-442.
53. Linkowski G.D., Avellone A., Gooding G.A. Scrotal calculi: sonographic detection. Radiology 1985, 156(2):484.
54. Dewbury K.C. Scrotal ultrasonography: an update. BJU Int 2000, 86(Suppl 1):143-152.
55. Chung J.J., Kim M.J., Lee T., et al. Sonographic findings in tuberculous epididymitis and epididymo-orchitis. JClin Ultrasound 1997, 25(7):390-394.
56. Salmeron I., Ramirez-Escobar M.A., Puertas F., et al. Granulomatous epididymo-orchitis: sonographic features and clinical outcome in brucellosis, tuberculosis and idiopathic granulomatous epididymo-orchitis. JUrol 1998, 159(6):1954-1957.
57. Heaton N.D., Hogan B., Michell M., et al. Tuberculous epididymo-orchitis: clinical and ultrasound observations. Br J Urol 1989, 64(3):305-309.
58. Leung M.L., Gooding G.A., Williams R.D. High-resolution sonography of scrotal contents in asymptomatic subjects. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1984, 143(1):161-164.
59. Hricak H., Filly R.A. Sonography of the scrotum. Invest Radiol 1983, 18(2):112-121.
60. Holden A., List A. Extratesticular lesions: a radiological and pathological correlation. Australas Radiol 1994, 38(2):99-105.
61. Jarvis L.J., Dubbins P.A. Changes in the epididymis after vasectomy: sonographic findings. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1989, 152(3):531-534.
62. Srigley J.R., Hartwick R.W. Tumors and cysts of the paratesticular region. Pathol Annu 1990, 25(Pt 2):51-108.
63. Leonhardt W.C., Gooding G.A. Sonography of intrascrotal adenomatoid tumor. Urology 1992, 39(1):90-92.
64. Choyke P.L., Glenn G.M., Walther M.M., et al. Von Hippel-Lindau disease: genetic, clinical, and imaging features. Radiology 1995, 194(3):629-642.
65. Alexander J.A., Lichtman J.B., Varma V.A. Ultrasound demonstration of a papillary cystadenoma of the epididymis. JClin Ultrasound 1991, 19(7):442-445.
66. Bostwick D. Spermatic cord and testicular adnexa. Urologic surgical pathology 1997, 647-674. Mosby, St Louis (MO). D. Bostwick, J.N. Eble (Eds.).
67. Vijayaraghavan S.B. Sonographic differential diagnosis of acute scrotum: real-time whirlpool sign, a key sign of torsion. JUltrasound Med 2006, 25(5):563-574.
68. Meacham R.B., Townsend R.R., Rademacher D., et al. The incidence of varicoceles in the general population when evaluated by physical examination, gray scale sonography and color Doppler sonography. JUrol 1994, 151(6):1535-1538.
69. Kim E.D., Lipshultz L.I. Role of ultrasound in the assessment of male infertility. JClin Ultrasound 1996, 24(8):437-453.
70. Haller J., Tscholakoff D., Gundry C., et al. Sonography of unusual extratesticular lesions. Urol Radiol 1989, 11(3):190-193.
71. Grainger A.J., Hide I.G., Elliott S.T. The ultrasound appearances of scrotal oedema. Eur J Ultrasound 1998, 8(1):33-37.
72. Rajan D.K., Scharer K.A. Radiology of Fournier's gangrene. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1998, 170(1):163-168.
73. Dogra V.S., Smeltzer J.S., Poblette J. Sonographic diagnosis of Fournier's gangrene. JClin Ultrasound 1994, 22(9):571-572.
74. Ferguson M.A., White B.A., Johnson D.E., et al. Carcinoma en cuirasse of the scrotum: an unusual presentation of lung carcinoma metastatic to the scrotum. JUrol 1998, 160(6 Pt 1):2154-2155.
75. Nazzari G., Drago F., Malatto M., et al. Epidermoid anal canal carcinoma metastatic to the skin. A clinical mimic of prostate adenocarcinoma metastases. JDermatol Surg Oncol 1994, 20(11):765-766.
76. Siegal G.P., Gaffey T.A. Solitary leiomyomas arising from the tunica dartos scroti. JUrol 1976, 116(1):69-71.