Hepatitis C virus and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: Pathogenesis, behavior and treatment

World Journal of Gastroenterology

Volumn 20, Issue 32, 2014, Pages 11054-11061

  Visco, Carlo ^a   Finotto, Silvia ^a  

^a SAN BORTOLO HOSPITAL   (Italy)

Author keywords

Antiviral treatment; Cyclophosphamide; Diffuse large B cell lymphoma; Hepatitis c virus; Hydroxydaunorubicin; Immuno chemotherapy; Liver; Non Hodgkin lymphoma; Prednisolone; Rituximab; Toxicity; Vincristine

Indexed keywords

ALANINE AMINOTRANSFERASE; ANTHRACYCLINE; CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE; DAUNORUBICIN; MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY; PREDNISOLONE; RIBAVIRIN; RITUXIMAB; VINCRISTINE; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; ANTIVIRUS AGENT;

ANTIVIRAL THERAPY; ARTICLE; CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY; CANCER IMMUNOTHERAPY; CLINICAL FEATURE; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DISEASE SEVERITY; HEALTH CARE QUALITY; HEPATITIS B; HEPATITIS B VIRUS; HEPATITIS C VIRUS; HISTOPATHOLOGY; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS; INTERNATIONAL PROGNOSTIC INDEX; LARGE CELL LYMPHOMA; LIVER BIOPSY; LIVER CELL CARCINOMA; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; LIVER FUNCTION; LIVER INJURY; MIXED INFECTION; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PATHOGENESIS; RISK FACTOR; SEVERE HEPATIC IMPAIRMENT; VIRUS LOAD; VIRUS REPLICATION; ANIMAL; DRUG EFFECTS; DRUG RESISTANCE; HEPACIVIRUS; HEPATITIS C; LYMPHOMA, LARGE B-CELL, DIFFUSE; PATHOGENICITY; TREATMENT OUTCOME; VIROLOGY; VIRUS CELL TRANSFORMATION;

ANIMALS; ANTINEOPLASTIC COMBINED CHEMOTHERAPY PROTOCOLS; ANTIVIRAL AGENTS; CELL TRANSFORMATION, VIRAL; DRUG RESISTANCE, NEOPLASM; HEPACIVIRUS; HEPATITIS C; HUMANS; LYMPHOMA, LARGE B-CELL, DIFFUSE; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 84909637527     PISSN: 10079327     EISSN: 22192840     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i32.11054     Document Type: Article

References (68)

1. Pioltelli P, Zehender G, Monti G, Monteverde A, Galli M. HCV and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Lancet 1996; 347: 624-625 [PMID: 8596360 DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(96)91328-8]
2. Mele A, Pulsoni A, Bianco E, Musto P, Szklo A, Sanpaolo MG, Iannitto E, De Renzo A, Martino B, Liso V, Andrizzi C, Pusterla S, Dore F, Maresca M, Rapicetta M, Marcucci F, Mandelli F, Franceschi S. Hepatitis C virus and B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas: an Italian multicenter case-control study. Blood 2003; 102: 996-999 [PMID: 12714514 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2002-10-3230]
3. Zuckerman E, Zuckerman T, Levine AM, Douer D, Gutekunst K, Mizokami M, Qian DG, Velankar M, Nathwani BN, Fong TL. Hepatitis C virus infection in patients with B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Ann Intern Med 1997; 127: 423-428 [PMID: 9312998 DOI: 10.7326/0003-4819-127-6-199709150-00002]
4. Stach RW, Wagner BJ, Stach BM. A more rapid method for the isolation of the 7S nerve growth factor complex. Anal Biochem 1977; 83: 26-32 [PMID: 920944]
5. Zuckerman E, Zuckerman T, Sahar D, Streichman S, Attias D, Sabo E, Yeshurun D, Rowe JM. The effect of antiviral therapy on t(14; 18) translocation and immunoglobulin gene rearrangement in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Blood 2001; 97: 1555-1559 [PMID: 11238090 DOI: 10.1182/blood.V97.6.1555]
6. Hermine O, Lefrère F, Bronowicki JP, Mariette X, Jondeau K, Eclache-Saudreau V, Delmas B, Valensi F, Cacoub P, Brechot C, Varet B, Troussard X. Regression of splenic lymphoma with villous lymphocytes after treatment of hepatitis C virus infection. N Engl J Med 2002; 347: 89-94 [PMID: 12110736]
7. Vallisa D, Bernuzzi P, Arcaini L, Sacchi S, Callea V, Marasca R, Lazzaro A, Trabacchi E, Anselmi E, Arcari AL, Moroni C, Bertè R, Lazzarino M, Cavanna L. Role of anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV) treatment in HCV-related, low-grade, B-cell, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: a multicenter Italian experience. J Clin Oncol 2005; 23: 468-473 [PMID: 15659492 DOI: 10.1200/JCO.2005.06.008]
8. Giannelli F, Moscarella S, Giannini C, Caini P, Monti M, Gragnani L, Romanelli RG, Solazzo V, Laffi G, La Villa G, Gentilini P, Zignego AL. Effect of antiviral treatment in patients with chronic HCV infection and t(14; 18) translocation. Blood 2003; 102: 1196-1201 [PMID: 12689948 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2002-05-1537]
9. Quinn ER, Chan CH, Hadlock KG, Foung SK, Flint M, Levy S. The B-cell receptor of a hepatitis C virus (HCV)-associated non-Hodgkin lymphoma binds the viral E2 envelope protein, implicating HCV in lymphomagenesis. Blood 2001; 98: 3745-3749 [PMID: 11739181 DOI: 10.1182/blood.V98.13.3745]
10. Sung VM, Shimodaira S, Doughty AL, Picchio GR, Can H, Yen TS, Lindsay KL, Levine AM, Lai MM. Establishment of B-cell lymphoma cell lines persistently infected with hepatitis C virus in vivo and in vitro: the apoptotic effects of virus infection. J Virol 2003; 77: 2134-2146 [PMID: 12525648 DOI: 10.1128/JVI.77.3.2134-2146.2003]
11. Visco C, Li Y, Xu-Monette ZY, Miranda RN, Green TM, Li Y, Tzankov A, Wen W, Liu WM, Kahl BS, d'Amore ES, Montes-Moreno S, Dybkær K, Chiu A, Tam W, Orazi A, Zu Y, Bhagat G, Winter JN, Wang HY, O'Neill S, Dunphy CH, Hsi ED, Zhao XF, Go RS, Choi WW, Zhou F, Czader M, Tong J, Zhao X, van Krieken JH, Huang Q, Ai W, Etzell J, Ponzoni M, Ferreri AJ, Piris MA, Møller MB, Bueso-Ramos CE, Medeiros LJ, Wu L, Young KH. Comprehensive gene expression profiling and immunohistochemical studies support application of immunophenotypic algorithm for molecular subtype classification in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: a report from the International DLBCL Rituximab-CHOP Consortium Program Study. Leukemia 2012; 26: 2103-2113 [PMID: 22437443 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2012.83]
12. Luppi M, Longo G, Ferrari MG, Barozzi P, Marasca R, Morselli M, Valenti C, Mascia T, Vandelli L, Vallisa D, Cavanna L, Torelli G. Clinico-pathological characterization of hepatitis C virus-related B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphomas without symptomatic cryoglobulinemia. Ann Oncol 1998; 9: 495-498 [PMID: 9653489 DOI: 10.1023/A:1008255830453]
13. De Vita S, Sacco C, Sansonno D, Gloghini A, Dammacco F, Crovatto M, Santini G, Dolcetti R, Boiocchi M, Carbone A, Zagonel V. Characterization of overt B-cell lymphomas in patients with hepatitis C virus infection. Blood 1997; 90: 776-782 [PMID: 9226178]
14. Visco C, Arcaini L, Brusamolino E, Burcheri S, Ambrosetti A, Merli M, Bonoldi E, Chilosi M, Viglio A, Lazzarino M, Pizzolo G, Rodeghiero F. Distinctive natural history in hepatitis C virus positive diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: analysis of 156 patients from northern Italy. Ann Oncol 2006; 17: 1434-1440 [PMID: 16766591 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdl131]
15. Park BB, Kim JS, Lee YY, Kang HJ, Ryoo BY, Kang JH, Kim HY, Kim BS, Oh SY, Kwon HC, Won JH, Kim K, Park K, Suh C, Kim WS. Clinical characteristics and outcome for hepatitis C virus-positive diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Leuk Lymphoma 2008; 49: 88-94 [PMID: 18203017 DOI: 10.1080/10428190701732861]
16. Besson C, Canioni D, Lepage E, Pol S, Morel P, Lederlin P, Van Hoof A, Tilly H, Gaulard P, Coiffier B, Gisselbrecht C, Brousse N, Reyes F, Hermine O. Characteristics and outcome of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma in hepatitis C virus-positive patients in LNH 93 and LNH 98 Groupe d'Etude des Lymphomes de l'Adulte programs. J Clin Oncol 2006; 24: 953-960 [PMID: 16418500 DOI: 10.1200/JCO.2005.01.5016]
17. Tomita N, Kodama F, Takabayashi M, Kawano T, Yamaji S, Fujimaki K, Fujisawa S, Kanamori H, Motomura S, Ishigatsubo Y. Clinical features and outcome in HCV-positive aggressive non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Leuk Lymphoma 2003; 44: 1159-1164 [PMID: 12916868 DOI: 10.1080/1042819031000083055]
18. De Renzo A, Perna F, Persico M, Notaro R, Mainolfi C, de Sio I, Ciancia G, Picardi M, Del Vecchio L, Pane F, Rotoli B. Excellent prognosis and prevalence of HCV infection of primary hepatic and splenic non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Eur J Haematol 2008; 81: 51-57 [PMID: 18397390 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0609.2008.01081.x]
19. Ferri C, Caracciolo F, Zignego AL, La Civita L, Monti M, Longombardo G, Lombardini F, Greco F, Capochiani E, Mazzoni A. Hepatitis C virus infection in patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Br J Haematol 1994; 88: 392-394 [PMID: 7803287 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1994.tb05036.x]
20. Mussini C, Ghini M, Mascia MT, Giovanardi P, Zanni G, Lattuada I, Moreali S, Longo G, Ferrari MG, Torelli G. Monoclonal gammopathies and hepatitis C virus infection. Blood 1995; 85: 1144-1145 [PMID: 7849303]
21. de Sanjose S, Benavente Y, Vajdic CM, Engels EA, Morton LM, Bracci PM, Spinelli JJ, Zheng T, Zhang Y, Franceschi S, Talamini R, Holly EA, Grulich AE, Cerhan JR, Hartge P, Cozen W, Boffetta P, Brennan P, Maynadié M, Cocco P, Bosch R, Foretova L, Staines A, Becker N, Nieters A. Hepatitis C and non-Hodgkin lymphoma among 4784 cases and 6269 controls from the International Lymphoma Epidemiology Consortium. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2008; 6: 451-458 [PMID: 18387498 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2008.02.011]
22. Hausfater P, Cacoub P, Sterkers Y, Thibault V, Amoura Z, Nguyen L, Ghillani P, Leblond V, Piette JC. Hepatitis C virus infection and lymphoproliferative diseases: prospective study on 1,576 patients in France. Am J Hematol 2001; 67: 168-171 [PMID: 11391713 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.1101]
23. Udomsakdi-Auewarakul C, Auewarakul P, Sukpanichnant S, Muangsup W. Hepatitis C virus infection in patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma in Thailand. Blood 2000; 95: 3640-3641 [PMID: 10877553]
24. Collier JD, Zanke B, Moore M, Kessler G, Krajden M, Shepherd F, Heathcote J. No association between hepatitis C and B-cell lymphoma. Hepatology 1999; 29: 1259-1261 [PMID: 10094973 DOI: 10.1002/hep.510290422]
25. Duberg AS, Nordström M, Törner A, Reichard O, Strauss R, Janzon R, Bäck E, Ekdahl K. Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and other nonhepatic malignancies in Swedish patients with hepatitis C virus infection. Hepatology 2005; 41: 652-659 [PMID: 15723449 DOI: 10.1002/hep.20608]
26. Bellentani S, Tiribelli C, Saccoccio G, Sodde M, Fratti N, De Martin C, Cristianini G. Prevalence of chronic liver disease in the general population of northern Italy: the Dionysos Study. Hepatology 1994; 20: 1442-1449 [PMID: 7982643 DOI: 10.1002/hep.1840200611]
27. Franceschi S, Lise M, Trépo C, Berthillon P, Chuang SC, Nieters A, Travis RC, Vermeulen R, Overvad K, Tjønneland A, Olsen A, Bergmann MM, Boeing H, Kaaks R, Becker N, Trichopoulou A, Lagiou P, Bamia C, Palli D, Sieri S, Panico S, Tumino R, Sacerdote C, Bueno-de-Mesquita B, Peeters PH, Rodríguez L, Barroso LL, Dorronsoro M, Sánchez MJ, Navarro C, Barricarte A, Regnér S, Borgquist S, Melin B, Hallmans G, Khaw KT, Wareham N, Rinaldi S, Hainaut P, Riboli E, Vineis P. Infection with hepatitis B and C viruses and risk of lymphoid malignancies in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2011; 20: 208-214 [PMID: 21098651 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-10-0889]
28. Paydas S, Kilic¸ B, Sahin B, Buʇdayci R. Prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection in patients with lymphoproliferative disorders in Southern Turkey. Br J Cancer 1999; 80: 1303-1305 [PMID: 10424729 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6690522]
29. Goldman L, Ezzat S, Mokhtar N, Abdel-Hamid A, Fowler N, Gouda I, Eissa SA, Abdel-Hamid M, Loffredo CA. Viral and non-viral risk factors for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in Egypt: heterogeneity by histological and immunological subtypes. Cancer Causes Control 2009; 20: 981-987 [PMID: 19263231 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-009-9316-0]
30. Chuang SS, Liao YL, Chang ST, Hsieh YC, Kuo SY, Lu CL, Hwang WS, Lin IH, Tsao CJ, Huang WT. Hepatitis C virus infection is significantly associated with malignant lymphoma in Taiwan, particularly with nodal and splenic marginal zone lymphomas. J Clin Pathol 2010; 63: 595-598 [PMID: 20530156 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.2010.076810]
31. Takai S, Tsurumi H, Ando K, Kasahara S, Sawada M, Yamada T, Hara T, Fukuno K, Takahashi T, Oyama M, Onishi H, Tomita E, Takami T, Imawari M, Moriwaki H. Prevalence of hepatitis B and C virus infection in haematological malignancies and liver injury following chemotherapy. Eur J Haematol 2005; 74: 158-165 [PMID: 15654908 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0609.2004.00376.x]
32. Nicolosi Guidicelli S, Lopez-Guillermo A, Falcone U, Conconi A, Christinat A, Rodriguez-Abreu D, Grisanti S, Lobetti-Bodoni C, Piffaretti JC, Johnson PW, Mombelli G, Cerny A, Montserrat E, Cavalli F, Zucca E. Hepatitis C virus and GBV-C virus prevalence among patients with B-cell lymphoma in different European regions: a case-control study of the International Extranodal Lymphoma Study Group. Hematol Oncol 2012; 30: 137-142 [PMID: 22105737 DOI: 10.1002/hon.1015]
33. Varma S, Menon MC, Garg A, Malhotra P, Sharma A, Chawla YK, Dhiman RK. Hepatitis C virus infection among patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in northern India. Hepatol Int 2011; 5: 688-692 [PMID: 21484139 DOI: 10.1007/s12072-010-9244-9]
34. Kasama Y, Sekiguchi S, Saito M, Tanaka K, Satoh M, Kuwahara K, Sakaguchi N, Takeya M, Hiasa Y, Kohara M, Tsukiyama-Kohara K. Persistent expression of the full genome of hepatitis C virus in B cells induces spontaneous development of B-cell lymphomas in vivo. Blood 2010; 116: 4926-4933 [PMID: 20733156 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2010-05-283358]
35. Chen Z, Zhu Y, Ren Y, Tong Y, Hua X, Zhu F, Huang L, Liu Y, Luo Y, Lu W, Zhao P, Qi Z. Hepatitis C virus protects human B lymphocytes from Fas-mediated apoptosis via E2-CD81 engagement. PLoS One 2011; 6: e18933 [PMID: 21526201 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018933]
36. Machida K, McNamara G, Cheng KT, Huang J, Wang CH, Comai L, Ou JH, Lai MM. Hepatitis C virus inhibits DNA damage repair through reactive oxygen and nitrogen species and by interfering with the ATM-NBS1/Mre11/Rad50 DNA repair pathway in monocytes and hepatocytes. J Immunol 2010; 185: 6985-6998 [PMID: 20974981 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1000618]
37. Stamataki Z, Shannon-Lowe C, Shaw J, Mutimer D, Rickinson AB, Gordon J, Adams DH, Balfe P, McKeating JA. Hepatitis C virus association with peripheral blood B lymphocytes potentiates viral infection of liver-derived hepatoma cells. Blood 2009; 113: 585-593 [PMID: 18838615 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2008-05-158824]
38. Bachy E, Besson C, Suarez F, Hermine O. Hepatitis C virus infection and lymphoma. Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis 2010; 2: e2010004 [PMID: 21415946 DOI: 10.4084/MJHID.2010.004]
39. Peveling-Oberhag J, Arcaini L, Hansmann ML, Zeuzem S. Hepatitis C-associated B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas. Epidemiology, molecular signature and clinical management. J Hepatol 2013; 59: 169-177 [PMID: 23542089 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2013.03.018]
40. Fognani E, Giannini C, Piluso A, Gragnani L, Monti M, Caini P, Ranieri J, Urraro T, Triboli E, Laffi G, Zignego AL. Role of microRNA profile modifications in hepatitis C virus-related mixed cryoglobulinemia. PLoS One 2013; 8: e62965 [PMID: 23650540 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062965]
41. Peveling-Oberhag J, Crisman G, Schmidt A, Döring C, Lucioni M, Arcaini L, Rattotti S, Hartmann S, Piiper A, Hofmann WP, Paulli M, Küppers R, Zeuzem S, Hansmann ML. Dysregulation of global microRNA expression in splenic marginal zone lymphoma and influence of chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Leukemia 2012; 26: 1654-1662 [PMID: 22307176 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2012.29]
42. Zignego AL, Giannelli F, Marrocchi ME, Mazzocca A, Ferri C, Giannini C, Monti M, Caini P, Villa GL, Laffi G, Gentilini P. T(14; 18) translocation in chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Hepatology 2000; 31: 474-479 [PMID: 10655273 DOI: 10.1002/hep.510310230]
43. Visco C, Tzankov A, Xu-Monette ZY, Miranda RN, Tai YC, Li Y, Liu WM, d'Amore ES, Li Y, Montes-Moreno S, Dybkær K, Chiu A, Orazi A, Zu Y, Bhagat G, Wang HY, Dunphy CH, His ED, Zhao XF, Choi WW, Zhao X, van Krieken JH, Huang Q, Ai W, O'Neill S, Ponzoni M, Ferreri AJ, Kahl BS, Winter JN, Go RS, Dirnhofer S, Piris MA, Møller MB, Wu L, Medeiros LJ, Young KH. Patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma of germinal center origin with BCL2 translocations have poor outcome, irrespective of MYC status: a report from an International DLBCL rituximab-CHOP Consortium Program Study. Haematologica 2013; 98: 255-263 [PMID: 22929980 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2012.066209]
44. De Re V, Caggiari L, Garziera M, De Zorzi M, Repetto O. Molecular signature in HCV-positive lymphomas. Clin Dev Immunol 2012; 2012: 623465 [PMID: 22952554 DOI: 10.1155/2012/623465]
45. Coiffier B. Standard treatment of advanced-stage diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Semin Hematol 2006; 43: 213-220 [PMID: 17027655 DOI: 10.1053/j.seminhematol.2006.07.004]
46. Iannitto E, Ammatuna E, Tripodo C, Marino C, Calvaruso G, Florena AM, Montalto G, Franco V. Long-lasting remission of primary hepatic lymphoma and hepatitis C virus infection achieved by the alpha-interferon treatment. Hematol J 2004; 5: 530-533 [PMID: 15570298 DOI: 10.1038/sj.thj.6200408]
47. Pellicelli AM, Marignani M, Zoli V, Romano M, Morrone A, Nosotti L, Barbaro G, Picardi A, Gentilucci UV, Remotti D, D'Ambrosio C, Furlan C, Mecenate F, Mazzoni E, Majolino I, Villani R, Andreoli A, Barbarini G. Hepatitis C virusrelated B cell subtypes in non Hodgkin's lymphoma. World J Hepatol 2011; 3: 278-284 [PMID: 22125661 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v3.i11.278]
48. Levine AM, Shimodaira S, Lai MM. Treatment of HCVrelated mantle-cell lymphoma with ribavirin and pegylated interferon Alfa. N Engl J Med 2003; 349: 2078-2079 [PMID: 14627800]
49. La Mura V, De Renzo A, Perna F, D'Agostino D, Masarone M, Romano M, Bruno S, Torella R, Persico M. Antiviral therapy after complete response to chemotherapy could be efficacious in HCV-positive non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. J Hepatol 2008; 49: 557-563 [PMID: 18678434 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2008.06.025]
50. Musto P, Dell'Olio M, La Sala A, Mantuano S, Cascavilla N. Diffuse B-large cell lymphomas (DLBCL) with epatitis-C virus (HCV) infection: clinical outcome and preliminary results of a pilot study combining R-CHOP with antiviral therapy. Blood 2005; 106: 688a
51. Arcaini L, Merli M, Passamonti F, Bruno R, Brusamolino E, Sacchi P, Rattotti S, Orlandi E, Rumi E, Ferretti V, Rizzi S, Meli E, Pascutto C, Paulli M, Lazzarino M. Impact of treatment-related liver toxicity on the outcome of HCV-positive non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. Am J Hematol 2010; 85: 46-50 [PMID: 19957347 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.21564]
52. De Vita S, Quartuccio L, Isola M, Mazzaro C, Scaini P, Lenzi M, Campanini M, Naclerio C, Tavoni A, Pietrogrande M, Ferri C, Mascia MT, Masolini P, Zabotti A, Maset M, Roccatello D, Zignego AL, Pioltelli P, Gabrielli A, Filippini D, Perrella O, Migliaresi S, Galli M, Bombardieri S, Monti G. A randomized controlled trial of rituximab for the treatment of severe cryoglobulinemic vasculitis. Arthritis Rheum 2012; 64: 843-853 [PMID: 22147661 DOI: 10.1002/art.34331]
53. Zaja F, De Vita S, Mazzaro C, Sacco S, Damiani D, De Marchi G, Michelutti A, Baccarani M, Fanin R, Ferraccioli G. Efficacy and safety of rituximab in type II mixed cryoglobulinemia. Blood 2003; 101: 3827-3834 [PMID: 12560225 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2002-09-2856]
54. Zuckerman E, Zuckerman T, Douer D, Qian D, Levine AM. Liver dysfunction in patients infected with hepatitis C virus undergoing chemotherapy for hematologic malignancies. Cancer 1998; 83: 1224-1230 [PMID: 9740089 DOI: 10.1002/(SIC I)1097-0142(19980915)83:6<1224::AID-CNCR23>3.0.CO;2-6]
55. Hsieh CY, Huang HH, Lin CY, Chung LW, Liao YM, Bai LY, Chiu CF. Rituximab-induced hepatitis C virus reactivation after spontaneous remission in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. J Clin Oncol 2008; 26: 2584-2586 [PMID: 18487576 DOI: 10.1200/JCO.2007.15.4807]
56. Marignani M, Mangone M, Cox MC, Angeletti S, Veggia B, Ferrari A, di Fonzo M, Begini P, Gigante E, Laverde G, Aloe-Spiriti A, Monarca B, Delle Fave G. HCV-positive status and hepatitis flares in patients with B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma treated with rituximab-containing regimens. Dig Liver Dis 2011; 43: 139-142 [PMID: 20554488 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2010.05.010]
57. Ennishi D, Terui Y, Yokoyama M, Mishima Y, Takahashi S, Takeuchi K, Okamoto H, Tanimoto M, Hatake K. Monitoring serum hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA in patients with HCV-infected CD20-positive B-cell lymphoma undergoing rituximab combination chemotherapy. Am J Hematol 2008; 83: 59-62 [PMID: 17712791 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.21022]
58. Nosotti L, D'Andrea M, Pitidis A, Pimpinelli F, Dessanti ML, Pisani F, Vignally P, Petti MC. Hepatitis C virus infection prevalence and liver dysfunction in a cohort of B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma patients treated with immunochemotherapy. Scand J Infect Dis 2012; 44: 70-73 [PMID: 21905952 DOI: 10.3109/00365548.2011.611819]
59. Merli M, Visco C, Spina M, Luminari S, Ferretti VV, Gotti M, Rattotti S, Fiaccadori V, Rusconi C, Targhetta C, Stelitano C, Levis A, Ambrosetti A, Rossi D, Rigacci L, D'Arco AM, Musto P, Chiappella A, Baldini L, Bonfichi M, Arcaini L. Outcome prediction of diffuse large B-cell lymphomas associated with hepatitis C virus infection: a study on behalf of the Fondazione Italiana Linfomi. Haematologica 2014; 99: 489-496 [PMID: 24270404 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2013.094318]
60. Ennishi D, Maeda Y, Niitsu N, Kojima M, Izutsu K, Takizawa J, Kusumoto S, Okamoto M, Yokoyama M, Takamatsu Y, Sunami K, Miyata A, Murayama K, Sakai A, Matsumoto M, Shinagawa K, Takaki A, Matsuo K, Kinoshita T, Tanimoto M. Hepatic toxicity and prognosis in hepatitis C virus-infected patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma treated with rituximab-containing chemotherapy regimens: a Japanese multicenter analysis. Blood 2010; 116: 5119-5125 [PMID: 20823454 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2010-06-289231]
61. Lake-Bakaar G, Dustin L, McKeating J, Newton K, Freeman V, Frost SD. Hepatitis C virus and alanine aminotransferase kinetics following B-lymphocyte depletion with rituximab: evidence for a significant role of humoral immunity in the control of viremia in chronic HCV liver disease. Blood 2007; 109: 845-846 [PMID: 17210867 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-08-041525]
62. Harvey DJ. Lipids from the guinea pig Harderian gland: use of picolinyl and other pyridine-containing derivatives to investigate the structures of novel branched-chain fatty acids and glycerol ethers. Biol Mass Spectrom 1991; 20: 61-69 [PMID: 1883861]
63. Sansonno D, De Re V, Lauletta G, Tucci FA, Boiocchi M, Dammacco F. Monoclonal antibody treatment of mixed cryoglobulinemia resistant to interferon alpha with an anti-CD20. Blood 2003; 101: 3818-3826 [PMID: 12506023 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2002-10-3162]
64. Pitini V, Sturniolo G, Arrigo C, Leonardi S, Pino S, Altavilla G. HCV genotype 2 as a risk factor for reactivation in patients with B-cell lymphoma undergoing rituximab combination chemotherapy. Br J Haematol 2010; 150: 116-118 [PMID: 20230413 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2010.08154.x]
65. Pellicelli AM, Zoli V. Role of ribavirin in hepatitis flare in HCV-infected patients with B cell non Hodgkin's lymphoma treated with rituximab-containing regimens. Dig Liver Dis 2011; 43: 501-502 [PMID: 21459059 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2010.12.018]
66. Dizdar O, Tapan U, Aksoy S, Harputluoglu H, Kilickap S, Barista I. Liver dysfunction after chemotherapy in lymphoma patients infected with hepatitis C. Eur J Haematol 2008; 80: 381-385 [PMID: 18221389 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0609.2008.01039.x]
67. Foran JM. Hepatitis C in the rituximab era. Blood 2010; 116: 5081-5082 [PMID: 21148335 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2010-09-307827]
68. Takeshita M, Sakai H, Okamura S, Oshiro Y, Higaki K, Nakashima O, Uike N, Yamamoto I, Kinjo M, Matsubara F. Splenic large B-cell lymphoma in patients with hepatitis C virus infection. Hum Pathol 2005; 36: 878-885 [PMID: 16112004 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2005.06.005]