True warnings and false alarms: Evaluating fears about the health risks of technology, 1948-1971

True Warnings and False Alarms: Evaluating Fears about the Health Risks of Technology, 1948-1971

Volumn , Issue , 2004, Pages 1-191

  Mazur, Allan ^a  

^a SYRACUSE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84909581470     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.4324/9781936331093     Document Type: Book

References (200)

1. Adair, G. 1996. Thomas Alva Edison: Inventing the Electric Age. New York: Oxford University Press.
2. AEC (Atomic Energy Commission). 1972. "AEC Studies Report from Kansas Geological Survey of Possible Sites for Federal Waste Repository." AEC press release P-20. January 21.
3. Akin, W. 1977. Technocracy and the American Dream. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
4. Allwood, J. 1977. The Great Exhibitions. London: Studio Vista.
5. Altman, L. 1971. Football Injuries Are Linked to Synthetic Turf. New York Times, September 1: 39.
6. American Dental Association. 1965. Comments of the Opponents of Fluoridation. Journal of the American Dental Association 71: 1156.
7. Andervont, H. 1952. Testimony in Hearings Before the House Select Committee to Investigate the Use of Chemicals in Foods and Cosmetics, 1666-1667. 82nd Congress. Washington, DC.
8. Arkright, F. 1933. The ABC of Technocracy. New York: Harper & Row.
9. Armstrong, W., J. Bittner, and A. Treloar. 1954. Testimony in Hearings on H.R. 2341 before the Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce: Fluoridation of Water, 307-309. 83rd Congress. Washington, DC.
10. Beard, Charles. 1930. Toward Civilization. New York: Longmans, Green and Co.
11. Beck, U. 1992. Risk Society. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
12. Berton, P. 1992. Niagara. New York: Kodansha.
13. Boffey, P. 1970. Gofman and Tamplin: Harassment Charges Against AEC, Livermore. Science 169: 838.
14. Boffey, P. 1975. The Brain Bank of America. New York: McGraw-Hill.
15. Bond, Victor. 1970. Radiation Standards, Particularly as Related to Nuclear Power Plants. Raleigh, NC: Council for the Advancement of Science Writing.
16. Bopp, B., R. Sonders, and J. Kesterson. 1986. Toxicological Aspects of Cyclamate and Cyclohexylamine. CRC Critical Reviews of Toxicology 16: 213.
17. Breyer, S. 1993. Breaking the Vicious Circle. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
18. Brown, Phil. 1991. The Popular Epidemiology Approach to Toxic Waste Contamination. In S. Couch and J. Kroll-Smith (eds.), Communities at Risk. New York: Peter Lang, 133-152.
19. Brusick, B., M. Cifone, R. Young, S. Benson. 1989. Assessment of the Genotoxicity of Calcium Cyclamate and Cyclohexylamine. Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis 14: 188-199.
20. Buchanan, R. 2001. Email message to author.
21. Burford, Anne, and John Greenya. 1986. Are You Tough Enough? New York: McGraw-Hill.
22. Calorie Control Council and Abbott Laboratories. 1982. Food Additive Petition for Cyclamate, 2A3672. U.S. Food and Drug Commission.
23. Carson, R. 1962. Silent Spring. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
24. Centers for Disease Control. 2000. Achievements in Public Health, 1900-1999: Fluoridation of Drinking Water to Prevent Dental Caries. Journal of American Medical Association 283: 1283-1286.
25. Crain, R., E. Katz, and D. Rosenthal. 1969. The Politics of Community Conflict. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill.
26. Curley, A., R. Hawk, R. Kimbrough, G. Nathenson, and L. Finberg. 1971. Dermal Absorption of Hexachlorophane in Infants. Lancet, August 7: 296-297.
27. Dean, H. 1938. Endemic Fluorosis and Its Relation to Dental Caries. Public Health Reports 53: 1443-1452.
28. Delaney, J. 1957. Chemical Additives in Our Food Supply Can Cause Cancer. Congressional Record. Appendix. Feb. 21: A1351-A1354.
29. Delaney, J. 1975. Fluoridation and Cancer. Congressional Record, 94th Congress, vol. 121: 23729-23733.
30. Dick, R. n.d. Injury Surveillance System: 1997-98 Football. Overland Park, KS: NCAA.
31. Driesen, D. 2001. Getting Our Priorities Straight: One Strand of the Regulatory Reform Debate. Environmental Law Reporter 31: 10003-10020.
32. Easterbrook, G. 1995. A Moment on the Earth: The Coming Age of Environmental Optimism. New York: Viking.
33. Efron, E. 1984. The Apocalyptics. New York: Simon and Schuster.
34. Elsner, J., Jr. 1967. The Technocrats. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press.
35. Engelhardt, H., and A. Caplan 1987. Scientific Controversies: Case Studies in the Resolution and Closure of Disputes in Science and Technology. New York: Cambridge University Press.
36. EPA (Environmental Protection Agency). 1982. Unfinished Business. Washington, DC.
37. EPA (Environmental Protection Agency). 2001. Water Quality Criterion for the Protection of Human Health: Methylmercury. Washington, DC: EPA.
38. Epstein, S. 1970. NTA. Environment 12: 3-11.
39. Epstein, S. 1972. Toxicological and Environmental Implications of the Use of Nitrilotriacetic Acid as a Detergent Builder. International Journal of Environmental Studies 3: 13-21.
40. Epstein, S. 1998. The Politics of Cancer Revisited. Fremont Center, NY: East Ridge Press.
41. Evans, R. 1966. The Effect of Skeletally Deposited Alpha Emitters in Man. British Journal of Radiology 39: 881-895.
42. Exner, F., G. Waldbott, and J. Rorty. 1957. The American Fluoridation Experiment. New York: Devin-Adair.
43. FDA (Food and Drug Administration). 1995. FDA Backgrounder: Monosodium Glutamate. Washington, DC: FDA.
44. FDA Science Board. 1997. The Science Board Subcommittee on FDA Research Final Draft Report. Washington, DC: FDA.
45. Flemming, B. 1991. Arthur Flemming: Crusader at Large. Washington, DC: Caring.
46. Forsyth, A. 1952. Testimony in Hearings Before the House Select Committee to Investigate the Use of Chemicals in Foods and Cosmetics, 1666-1667. 82nd Congress. Washington, DC.
47. Gillette, R. 1972. Radiation Standards: The Last Word or at Least a Definitive One. Science 178: 966.
48. Gladwell, M. 1989. U.S. Expected to Lift Ban on Cyclamate. Washington Post, May 16, A1.
49. Gofman, J., and A. Tamplin. 1971. Poisoned Power. Emmaus, PA: Rodale Press, 104-105.
50. Goldman, M. 1996. Cancer Risk of Low-Level Exposure. Science 271: 1821-1822.
51. Gots, R. 1993. Toxic Risks: Science, Regulation, and Perception. Boca Raton, FL: Lewis.
52. Graham, J., and J. Wiener. 1995. Risk versus Risk. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
53. Greer, L. 2002. Email message to author.
54. Hamilton, R., and L. Hargens. 1993. The Politics of the Professors: Self Identification, 1969-1984. Social Forces 71: 603-627.
55. Hardin, Garrett. 1968. The Tragedy of the Commons. Science 162: 1243-1248.
56. Holcomb, R. 1970. Radiation Risk: A Scientific Problem? Science 167: 854.
57. Howe, H., P. Wingo, M. Thun, L. Ries, H. Rosenberg, E. Feigal, and B. Edwards. 2001. Annual Report to the Nation on the Status of Cancer (1973-1998), Featuring Cancers With Recent Increasing Trends. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 93: 824-842.
58. Hughes, T. 1975. Changing Attitudes toward American Technology. New York: Harper and Row.
59. Hurley, P. 1998. Mode of Carcinogenic Action of Pesticides Inducing Thyroid Follicular Cell Tumors in Rodents. Environmental Health Perspectives 106: 437-444.
60. Huxley, A. 1932. Brave New World. New York: Harper and Row.
61. IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer). 1987. Inorganic Fluorides. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans 27: 235-303.
62. IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). 2001. Climate Change 200: Synthesis Report. New York: Cambridge University Press.
63. Kokoski, C., S. Henry, C. Lin, and K. Ekelman. 1990. Methods Used in Safety Evaluation. In A. Branen, P. Davidson, and S. Salminen (eds.), Food Additives. New York: Marcel Dekker, 579-616.
64. Kopp, C. 1979. The Origins of the American Scientific Debate over Fallout Hazards. Social Studies of Science 9: 403-422.
65. Krimsky, S. 1991. Biotechnics & Society. New York: Praeger.
66. Krimsky, S., and D. Golding. 1992. Social Theories of Risk. Westport, CT: Praeger.
67. Ladd, E., and S.M. Lipset. 1976. The Divided Academy. New York: Norton.
68. Lawless, Edward. 1977. Technology and Social Shock. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
69. Leake, C. 1966. Dimethyl Sulfoxide. Science 152: 1646-1649.
70. Levy, M., M. Skovron, and J. Agel. 1990. Living with Artificial Grass, Part 1. American Journal of Sports Medicine 18: 406-412.
71. Lichter, S., and S. Rothman. 1999. Environmental Cancer: A Political Disease? New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
72. Little, A. 1924. The Fifth Estate. Atlantic Monthly 134: 771-781.
73. Lu, F. 1995. A Review of the Acceptable Daily Intakes of Pesticides Assessed by WHO. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 21: 352-364.
74. Mahtesian, C. 1997. Tooth Squads. Governing (June): 40.
75. Marco, G., R. Hallingworth, and W. Durham (eds.). 1987. Silent Spring Revisited. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society.
76. Marcus, A. 1994. Cancer from Beef: DES, Federal Food Regulation, and Consumer Confidence. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
77. Martin, B. 1991. Scientific Knowledge in Controversy. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
78. Mausner, B., and J. Mausner. 1955. A Study of the Anti-Scientific Attitude. Scientific American 192: 35-39.
79. Mazur, A. 1981. The Dynamics of Technical Controversy. Washington, DC: Communications Press.
80. Mazur, A. 1984. The Journalists and Technology: Reporting about Love Canal and Three Mile Island. Minerva 22: 45-66.
81. Mazur, A. 1985. Bias in Risk-Benefit Analysis. Technology in Society 7: 25-30.
82. Mazur, A. 1986. U.S. Trends in Feminine Beauty and Overadaptation. Journal of Sex Research 22: 281.
83. Mazur, A. 1987. Putting Radon on the Public's Risk Agenda. Science, Technology, and Human Values 12: 86-93.
84. Mazur, A. 1990. Nuclear Power, Chemical Hazards, and the Quantity of Reporting. Minerva 28: 294-323.
85. Mazur, A. 1996. Why Do We Worry About Trace Poisons? Risk: Health, Safety & Environment: 35.
86. Mazur, A. 1998. A Hazardous Inquiry: The Rashomon Effect at Love Canal. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
87. Mazur, A. 2000. Looking Back: Unneeded X-Rays. Health, Safety & Environment 11 (winter): 1-8.
88. Mazur, A. 2001. Looking Back at Fluoridation. Risk: Health, Safety & Environment 12 (spring): 59-65.
89. Mazur, A., and J. Bretsch. 1999. Looking Back: Synthetic Turf and Football Injuries. Risk: Health, Safety & Environment 10 (winter): 1-6.
90. Mazur, A., and K. Jacobson. 1999. Looking Back: Cyclamate. Risk: Health, Safety & Environment 10 (spring): 95-100.
91. Mazur, A., and J. Lee. 1993. Sounding the Global Alarm: Environmental Issues in the U.S. National News. Social Studies of Science 23: 681-720.
92. Mazur, A., S. Rothman, and S. Lichter. 2001. Biases about Man-Made Cancer among Researchers. Social Studies of Science 31(5): 771-778.
93. McCarry, Charles. 1972. Citizen Nader. New York: New American Library.
94. McClure, F. 1970. Water Fluoridation: The Search and the Victory. Bethesda, MD: U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare.
95. McFarland, A. 1976. Public Interest Lobbies. Washington, DC: American Enterprise Institute.
96. McGrady, P., Sr. 1973. The Persecuted Drug: The Story of DMSO. Garden City, NY: Doubleday.
97. McNeil, D. 1985. America's Longest War: The Fight over Fluoridation, 1950-.Wilson Quarterly 9(3): 140-153.
98. McPhee, John. 1971. Encounters with the Archdruid. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
99. Meister, Kathleen. 1993. Low-Calorie Sweeteners. New York: American Council on Science and Health.
100. Millikan, R. 1930. Science Lights the Torch. In C. Beard (ed.), Toward Civilization. New York: Longmans, Green and Co., 38-46.
101. Mintz, M. 1969. Rise and Fall of Cyclamates. Washington Post (Oct. 26): A1.
102. Mumford, Lewis. 1928. The Arts. In C. Beard (ed.), Whither Mankind? New York: Longmans, Green and Co., 287-312.
103. Mumford, Lewis. 1934. Technics and Civilization. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Co.
104. Nader, R. 1965. Unsafe at Any Speed. New York: Grossman.
105. Nathanson, N., and A.D. Langmuir. 1963. The Cutter Incident: Poliomyelitis Following Formaldehyde-Inactivated Poliovirus Vaccination in the United States During the Spring of 1955. II. Relationship of Poliomyelitis to Cutter Vaccine. American Journal of Epidemiology 142(2):109-140.
106. National Public Radio. Morning Edition. 2001. April 27.
107. NAS (National Academy of Sciences). 1956. Biological Effects of Atomic Radiation. Washington, DC.
108. NAS (National Academy of Sciences). 1972. The Effects on Populations of Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation. Washington, DC.
109. NAS (National Academy of Sciences). 1973. Dimethyl Sulfoxide as a Therapeutic Agent. Washington, DC.
110. NAS (National Academy of Sciences). 1985. Evaluation of Cyclamate for Carcinogenicity. Washington, DC.
111. NAS (National Academy of Sciences). 1990. Health Effects of Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation: BEIR V. Washington, DC.
112. National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council. 1973. Dimethyl Sulfoxide as a Therapeutic Agent. Washington, DC: NAS.
113. National Committee on Radiation Protection. 1999. The Application of ALARA for Occupational Exposures. Washington, DC.
114. National Research Council. 1993. Health Effects of Ingested Fluoride. Washington DC: National Academy of Sciences.
115. National Research Council. 1994. Judgment in Risk Assessment. Washington DC: National Academy of Sciences.
116. Nelson, B. 1970. Colorado Environmentalists: Scientists Battle AEC and Army. Science 168: 1324-1328.
117. Nelson, B. 1971. Mobile TB X-Ray Units: An Obsolete Technology Lingers. Science 174: 1114.
118. New York Times. 1949. Doctors to Study DDT as Food Poison. April 3, 53.
119. New York Times. 1952. Fight over Fluoride. March 10.
120. New York Times. 1955. One Firm's Vaccine Barred; 6 Polio Cases Are Studied. April 28, 1.
121. New York Times. 1956a. Hormone and Cancer. January 29, E9.
122. New York Times. 1956b. Scientists Term Radiation a Peril to Future of Man. June 13, 1.
123. New York Times. 1957. U.S. Denies Charge on Food Content. February 23, 10.
124. New York Times. 1959. Some of Cranberry Crop Tainted By a Weed-Killer, U.S. Warns. November 10, 1.
125. New York Times. 1962. Whole Fish Flour Is Barred for U.S. January 25, 28.
126. New York Times. 1965. DMSO-Promise and Danger. April 3, 28.
127. New York Times. 1967a. General Electric Will Modify 90,000 Large Color Television Sets against Possible X-Radiation Leaks. May 19, 17.
128. New York Times. 1967b. Doctors Say Some Women Using Birth Control Pills May Risk Stroke. May 23, 38.
129. New York Times. 1968a. Safety of Chemical Mace Is Questioned by Many. May 11, 43.
130. New York Times. 1968b. Sugar Substitute Brings a Warning. December 14, 1.
131. New York Times. 1969a. Fire Cleanup Keeps Plutonium Plant Busy. June 27, 10.
132. New York Times. 1969b. U.S. Report Cites Ore Plant Pollution. May 11, 65.
133. New York Times. 1969c. Nader Questions Safety of Baby Food Additives. July 16, 51.
134. New York Times. 1969d. Controversy and Antennas Grow in Wisconsin. October 14, 49.
135. New York Times. 1970a. Lake's Fish Searched for Poison Mercury. April 3, 43.
136. New York Times. 1970b. U.S. Plan for New Aleutian Blasts Meeting Growing Opposition. April 30, 16.
137. New York Times. 1970c. City Acts to Curb Asbestos Spray. May 28, 27.
138. New York Times. 1970d. Editorial. July 25, 22.
139. New York Times. 1970e. Army Will Transport Nerve Gas across South for Disposal in Sea. July 30, 1.
140. New York Times. 1970f. Mercury in Food: A Family Tragedy. August 10, 1.
141. New York Times. 1970g. Mercury Hazard Found Nationwide. September 11, 1.
142. New York Times. 1970h. Toxic Mercury Level Is Found in Seals in Pacific. October 30, 1.
143. New York Times. 1970i. Delay on Detergent Chemical Is Urged. November 13, 38.
144. New York Times. 1970j. Mercury in Tuna Leads to Recall. December 16, 1.
145. New York Times. 1971a. Kansas Geologists Oppose a Nuclear Waste Dump. February 17, 27.
146. New York Times. 1971b. Botulism Death in Westchester Brings Hunt for Soup. July 2, 35.
147. New York Times. 1971c. Detergent Solution Used in Baby Baths Viewed as a Peril. August 22, 28.
148. New York Times. 1971d. Study Detects No Peril in Enzyme Detergents. November 19, 53.
149. New York Times. 2001. FDA Warns Women Not to Eat Some Fish. January 14, 22.
150. Nicholas, J., P. Rosenthal, and G. Gleim. 1988. A Historical Perspective of Injuries in Professional Football. Journal of the American Medical Association 260: 939-944.
151. Nigg, B., and B. Segesser. 1988. The Influence of Playing Surfaces on the Load on the Locomotor System and on Football and Tennis Injuries. Sports Medicine 5: 375-385.
152. Novick, S. 1969. The Careless Atom. Boston, MA: Dell.
153. NRC (Nuclear Regulatory Commission). 1997. Possible Health Effects of Exposure to Residential Electric and Magnetic Fields. Washington, DC: NRC.
154. NRC (Nuclear Regulatory Commission). 1999. Research on Power-Frequency Fields Completed Under the Energy Policy Act of 1992. Washington, DC: NRC.
155. Olney, J. 1969. Brain Lesions, Obesity, and Other Disturbances in Mice Treated with Monosodium Glutamate. Science 164: 719-721.
156. Pauling, L. 1958. No More War! New York: Dodd, Mead.
157. Paynter, O., G. Burin, R. Jaeger, and C. Gregorio. 1988. Goitrogens and Thyroid Follicular Cell Neoplasia: Evidence for a Threshold Process. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 8: 102-119 [review].
158. Penman, A., B. Brackin, and R. Embrey, 1997. Outbreak of Acute Fluoride Poisoning Caused by a Fluoride Overfeed, Mississippi, 1993. Public Health Reports 112: 403-409.
159. Perlmutter, E. 1962. Doctor's Action Bars Birth Defects. New York Times, July 16, 24.
160. Petroski, H. 1997. Remaking the World. New York: Alfred Knopf.
161. Powell, J., and M. Schootman. 1992. A Multivariate Risk Analysis of Selected Playing Surfaces in the National Football League: 1980 to 1989. American Journal of Sports Medicine 20: 686-694.
162. Powell, M. 1999. Science at EPA: Information in the Regulatory Process. Washington, DC: Resources for the Future.
163. President's Commission on the Accident at Three Mile Island. 1979. Report of the Public's Right to Information Task Force. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
164. Rapoport, Roger. 1968. MACE in the Face. New Republic 158: 14.
165. Reuters. 1999. EU Rejects Swedish Restrictions on Food Additives. January 8.
166. Rodeo, S.A., S. O'Brien, R.F. Warren, R. Barnes, T.L. Wickiewicz, and M.F. Dillingham. 1990. Turf-Toe: An Analysis of Metatarsophalangeal Joint Sprains in Professional Football Players. American Journal of Sports Medicine 18 (3): 280-285.
167. Roueche, B. 1953. Eleven Blue Men. Boston: Little, Brown.
168. Russell, B. 1928. Science. In C. Beard (ed.), Whither Mankind? New York: Longmans, Green and Co., 63-83.
169. Sandman, P., and M. Paden. 1979. At Three Mile Island. Columbia Journalism Review (July/August): 43-58.
170. Schiefelbein, S. 1979. The Invisible Threat. Saturday Review (Sept. 15): 16-20.
171. Schlesinger, E., D. Overton, and H. Chase, 1950. Newburgh-Kingston Caries-Fluorine Study. American Journal of Public Health 40: 725-727.
172. Science Board Subcommittee on FDA Research. 1997. Recommendations to the Science Board of the Food and Drug Administration. Washington, DC: FDA.
173. Shaw, J. 1954. Fluoridation as a Public Health Measure. Washington, DC: American Association for the Advancement of Science.
174. Sinclair, Upton. 1906. The Jungle. New York: Doubleday, Page.
175. Singer, E., and P. Endreny. 1994. Reporting on Risk. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
176. Skovron, M., M. Levy, and J. Agel. 1990. Living with Artificial Grass: Part 2. American Journal of Sports Medicine 18: 510-513.
177. Speirs, A. 1962. Thalidomide and Congenital Abnormalities. Lancet (Feb. 10): 1962, 303-305.
178. Spittle, B., and A. Burgstahler, 1998. Death Knell for Fluoridation? Fluoride 31: 59-60.
179. Stallings, R. 1994. Hindsight, Organizational Routines, and Media Risk Coverage. Risk: Health, Safety & Environment 5: 271-280.
180. Stegner, Wallace. 1983. The Best Idea Ever. Wilderness 47 (spring).
181. Stern, P., and J. Fineberg (eds.). 1996. Understanding Risk: Informing Decisions in a Democratic Society. Washington, DC: National Research Council, NAS.
182. Tamplin, Arthur, and John Gofman. 1970. Population Control through Nuclear Pollution. Chicago: Nelson-Hall.
183. Taylor, L. 1958. History of the International Commission on Radiological Protection. Health Physics 1: 97.
184. Time. 1949. Little Feet, Be Careful. September 9, 67.
185. Time. 1962. Sleeping Pill Nightmare. February 23, 86.
186. Time. 1970. Enzymes in Hot Water. February 16, 86.
187. Toffler, Alvin. 1970. Future Shock. New York: Random House.
188. Turner, J. 1970. The Chemical Feast. Washington, DC: Center for Study of Responsive Law.
189. Veblen, Thorstein. 1921. The Engineers and the Price System. New York: B.W. Huebach.
190. Verrett, M., W.F. Scott, E.F. Reynaldo, E.K. Alterman, C.A. Thomas. 1980. Toxicity and Teratogenicity of Food Additive Chemicals in the Developing Chicken Embryo. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 56(2): 265-273.
191. Wade, N. 1971. Hexachlorophene: FDA Temporizes on Brain-Damaging Chemical. Science 174: 805-807.
192. Wallace, L. 1930. Engineering in Government. In C. Beard (ed.), Toward Civilization. New York: Longmans, Green and Co., 176-195.
193. Wall Street Journal. 1959. Chemical That Causes Cancer in Animals Is Found in Some West Coast Cranberries. November 10, 3.
194. Warren, C. 2000. Brush with Death. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
195. Webster, P. 1972. The Mighty Sierra. New York: Weathervane Books.
196. Weinberg, Alvin. 1972. Science and Trans-Science. Minerva 10: 209-222.
197. Whelan, E. 1993. Toxic Terror. Buffalo: Prometheus Books.
198. Williams, Gary (ed.). 1988. Sweeteners: Health Effects. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Scientific Publishing Co.
199. Wilson, J. 1963. Margin of Safety. Garden City, NY: Doubleday.
200. Yiamouyiannis, J., and D. Burk. 1977. Fluoridation and Cancer: Age- Dependence of Cancer Mortality Related to Artificial Fluoridation. Fluoride 10: 102-125.