After the cosmopolitan?: Multicultural cities and the future of racism

After the Cosmopolitan?: Multicultural Cities and the Future of Racism

Volumn , Issue , 2005, Pages 1-237

  Keith, Michael ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LONDON   (United Kingdom)

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 84909378249     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.4324/9780203480250     Document Type: Book

References (489)

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2. This is the argument of both A. Favell, 1998, Philosophies of Integration: Immigration and the Idea of Citizenship in France and Britain (London: Macmillan)
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4. For example, see R. Koopmans and P. Statham (eds), 2000, Challenging Immigration and Ethnic Relations Politics: Comparative European Perspectives (Oxford: Oxford University Press) for some singularly egregious examples of the positivist fallacy that to measure all is to know all.
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29. J. Derrida, 2001, On Cosmopolitanism (London: Routledge), p. 17. This is also in accord with Rabinow's suggestion that the problematisation of the contemporary world leads us back to Foucault's consideration of 'equipment', that is the medium of transformation of logos into ethos.
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51. See Umberto Eco's analysis of the familial similarities and differences in defining fascism in the essays on 'Fascism' and 'Migration, tolerance and the intolerable' in U. Eco, 2001, Five Moral Pieces (London: Secker and Warburg).
52. M. Banton, 2001, 'Progress in ethnic and racial studies', Ethnic and Racial Studies, 24 (2), pp. 173-94.
53. See P. Panayi, 2003, 'Cosmopolis: London's ethnic minorities', in J. Kerr and A. Gibson (eds), London: From Punk to Blair (London: Reaktion Books), pp. 67-73.
54. T. Osborne and N. Rose, 1999, 'Governing cities: notes on the spatialisation of virtue', Society and Space, 17, pp. 737-60
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56. See the chapter 'Boys Town', in R. Deutsche, 1996, Evictions (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press).
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62. P. Carey, 2001, 30 Days in Sydney: A Wildly Distorted Account (London: Bloomsbury)
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64. R. Rorty, 1998, 'Justice as a larger loyalty', in P. Cheah and B. Robbins (eds), Cosmopolitics: Thinking and Feeling Beyond the Nation (Minneapolis, Minn. and London:University of Minnesota Press), pp. 45-58.
65. See, for example, C. Douzinas, 2000, The End of Human Rights: Critical Legal Thought at the Turn of the Century (Oxford: Hart)
66. C. Douzinas, 2003, 'Humanism, military humanism and the new moral order', Economy and Society, 32 (2), pp. 159-83
67. P. Fitzpatrick, 1992, The Mythology of Modern Law (London: Routledge)
68. P. Fitzpatrick, 2001, Modernism and the Grounds of Law (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press)
69. D. Hirsch, 2003, Law Against Genocide: Cosmopolitan Trials (London: Glasshouse).
70. Contrast V. Ware and L. Back, 2002, Out of Whiteness: Colour, Politics and Culture (Chicago, Ill.: University of Chicago Press)
71. M. Collins, 2004, The Likes of Us: A Biography of the White Working Class (London:Granta).
72. K. Murji and J. Solomos (eds), 2005, Racialisation (Oxford: Blackwell).
73. C. Geertz, 2000, 'Anti anti-relativism', in C. Geertz, Available Light: Anthropological Reflections on Philosophical Topics (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press).
74. See M. Foucault, 1991, 'Governmentality', in G. Burchell, C. Gordon and P. Miller (eds), The Foucault Effect: Studies in Governmentality (Hemel Hempstead: Harvester Wheatsheaf )
75. N. Rose, 1999, Powers of Freedom: Reframing Political Thought (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press) for the most extensive discussion of this literature.
76. M. Hardt and A. Negri, 2000, Empire (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press), p. 51.
77. A. Mbembe, 2001, On The Postcolony (Berkeley: University of California Press).
78. N. Fraser, 1997, 'From redistribution to recognition?', in Justice Interruptus: Rethinking Key Concepts of a Postsocialist Age (London: Routledge)
79. M. Yar, 2001, 'Beyond Nancy Fraser's "perspectival dualism"', Economy and Society, 30 (3), pp. 288-303.
80. E. Said, 1978, Orientalism (New York: Pantheon).
81. S. Buck Morss, 1978, The Origin of Negative Dialectics (Hassocks, Sussex: Harvester Press)
82. J. Solomos and L. Back, 1995, Race, Politics and Social Change (London: Routledge).
83. P. Loftman, 1990, A Tale of Two Cities: Birmingham, the Convention Centre and the Unequal City (Birmingham: Birmingham Polytechnic).
84. J. Feagin, 1998, The New Urban Paradigm: Critical Perspectives on the City (Lanham, Md.:Rowman and Littlefield)
85. D. Harvey, 1990, The Condition of Postmodernity (Oxford:Blackwell)
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88. D. Goldberg, 1993, Racist Culture. Philosophy and the Politics of Meaning (Oxford: Blackwell)
89. J. Solomos and L. Back, 1996, Racism and Society (Basingstoke: Macmillan).
90. J. Butler, E. Laclau and S. Zizek, 2000, Contingency, Hegemony, Universality: Contemporary Dialogues on the Left (London and New York: Verso).
91. D. Goldberg, 1993, Racist Culture. Philosophy and the Politics of Meaning (Oxford: Blackwell)
92. M. Omi and H. Winant, 1987, Racial Formation in the United States: From the Sixties to the Eighties (London: Routledge)
93. H. Winant, 1994, Racial Conditions: Politics, Theory, Comparisons (Minneapolis, Minn.: University of Minneapolis Press).
94. P. Gilroy, 2000, Between Camps: Race, Identity and Nationalism at the End of the Colour Line (London: Allen and Lane).
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107. M. Davis, 2000, Magical Urbanism: Latinos Reinvent the US Big City (London: Verso)
108. M. Davis, 1990, City of Quartz: Excavating the Future in Los Angeles (London and New York:Verso)
109. E. Soja, 1989, Postmodern Geographies (London and New York: Verso)
110. E. Soja, 1996, Thirdspace: Journeys to Los Angeles and other Real-and-Imagined Places (Oxford: Blackwell)
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112. J. Donald, 1999, Imagining the Modern City (London: Athlone Press)
113. S. Pile, 1996, The Body and the City. Psychoanalysis, Space and Subjectivity (London: Routledge).
114. A. Vidler, 1996, The Architectural Uncanny (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press), p. xiii.
115. P. Stallybrass and A. White, 1986, The Politics and Poetics of Transgression (London:Methuen).
116. M. Collings, 1997, Blimey! From Bohemia to Britpop: The London Artworld from Francis Bacon to Damien Hirst (Cambridge: 2), p. 2
117. F. Moretti, 1998, Atlas of the European Novel (London and New York: Verso).
118. P. Rabinow, 1989, French Modern. Norms and Forms of Social Environment (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press), p. 5.
119. C. Boyer, 1986, Dreaming the Rational City: The Myth of American City Planning (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press).
120. M. Foucault, 1991, 'Governmentality', in G. Burchell, C. Gordon and P. Miller (eds), The Foucault Effect: Studies in Governmentality (Hemel Hempstead: Harvester and Wheatsheaf )
121. R. Sennett, 1994, Flesh and Stone: The Body and the City in Western Civilization (New York and London: W. W. Norton and Company)
122. G. Wright, 1991, The Politics of Design in French Colonial Urbanism (Chicago, Ill.: University of Chicago Press).
123. L. Barth, 1996, 'Immemorial visibilities: seeing the city's difference', in Environment and Planning A, 28 (3) (March), pp. 471-93
124. M. De Certeau, 1984, The Practice of Everyday Life (Berkeley: University of California Press)
125. R. Deutsche, 1996, Evictions (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press).
126. H. Clinton, 1996, It Takes a Village: And Other Lessons Children Teach Us (New York:Touchstone Books)
127. European Commission, 1991, Green Paper on the Urban Environment (Brussels: European Commission), p. 7, emphasis added.
128. T. Osborne, 1998, Aspects of Enlightenment: Social Theory and the Ethics of Truth (London:UCL Press).
129. S. Buck-Morss, 1989, The Dialectics of Seeing. Walter Benjamin and the Arcades Project (London: MIT Press)
130. M. Bullock and M. Jennings, 1996, Walter Benjamin: Selected Writings, vol. 1: 1913-1926 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press)
131. G. Gilloch, 1996, Myth and Metropolis: Walter Benjamin and the City (Oxford: Polity Press)
132. P. Missac, 1995, Walter Benjamin's Passages (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press)
133. P. Szondi, 1995 [1962], 'Walter Benjamin's city portraits', in G. Smith (ed.), On Walter Benjamin: Critical Essays and Recollections (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press).
134. H. Bhabha, 1994, The Location of Culture (London: Routledge)
135. M. L. Pratt, 1992, Imperial Eyes: Travel Writing and Transculturation (London and New York: Routledge).
136. R. Dyer, 1997, White (London: Routledge)
137. R. Frankenberg, 1997, Displacing Whiteness:Essays in Social and Cultural Criticism (Durham, NC: Duke University Press)
138. V. Ware, 1992, Beyond the Pale: White Women, Racism and History (London: Verso)
139. V. Ware and L. Back, 2000, Dark Thoughts On Whiteness (Chicago, Ill. and London: University of Chicago Press).
140. L. Lokko (ed.), 2000, White Papers, Black Marks: Architecture, Race, Culture (Minneapolis, Minn.: University of Minnesota Press).
141. L. Kennedy, 2000, Race and Urban Space in Contemporary Urban Culture (Edinburgh:Edinburgh University Press).
142. G. Hage, 1998, White Nation: Fantasies of White Supremacy in a Multicultural Society (London:Pluto).
143. K. Mercer, 2000, 'A sociography of diaspora', in P. Gilroy, L. Grossberg and A. McRobbie (eds), Without Guarantees: In Honour of Stuart Hall (London: Verso), citing the work of Sarat Maharaj.
144. A. Abbott, 1999, Department and Discipline (Chicago, Ill.: University of Chicago Press)
145. D. Goldberg, 1993, Racist Culture. Philosophy and the Politics of Meaning (Oxford:Blackwell)
146. L. Harris, 2001, Racism (New York: Humanity Books).
147. A. Y. Davis, 2000, The Prison Industrial Complex (CD ROM) (New York: AK Press).
148. F. Fanon, 1986, Black Skin, White Masks (London: Pluto Press)
149. M. Wieviorka, 1998, 'Is multiculturalism the solution?', Ethnic and Racial Studies, 21 (5), pp. 881-910.
150. R. Rogers, 1997, Cities for a Small Planet (London: Faber and Faber).
151. I. M. Young, 1990, Justice and the Politics of Difference (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press)
152. I. M. Young, 1997, Intersecting Voices: Dilemmas of Gender, Political Philosophy and Policy (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press).
153. C. Boyer, 1994, The City of Collective Memory: Its Historical Imagery and Architectural Entertainments (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press).
154. J. Butler, 1993, 'Endangered / Endangering schematic racism and white paranoia', in R. Gooding-Williams (ed.), Reading Rodney King, Reading Urban Uprising (London and New York: Routledge).
155. M. Jay, 1992, 'Scopic regimes of modernity', in S. Lash and J. Friedmann (eds), Modernity and Identity (Oxford: Blackwell)
156. M. Jay, 1994, Downcast Eyes (Berkeley: University of California Press).
157. H. Lefèbvre, 1991, The Production of Space (Oxford: Blackwell).
158. E. Gellner, 1997, Nationalism (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson).
159. Z. Bauman, 1989, Modernity and the Holocaust (Oxford: Polity Press).
160. S. Sassen, 1999, Guests and Aliens (New York: New Press).
161. G. Mosse, 1975, The Nationalization of the Masses: Political Symbolism and Mass Movements in Germany from the Napoleonic Wars through the Third Reich (New York: New American Library).
162. L. Back, 2000, 'Guess who's coming to dinner: investigating in the grey zone', in Ware and Back, Dark Thoughts On Whiteness.
163. J. M. Jacobs, 1996, Edge of Empire: Postcolonialism and the City (London: Routledge).
164. P. Bourdieu, 1999, 'Site effects', in P. Bourdieu et al., The Weight of the World (London:Polity Press), p. 123.
165. D. Frisby, 1985, Fragments of Modernity (Oxford: Polity Press), Chapter 4.
166. L. Wacquant, 1998, 'Inside the zone: the social art of the hustler in the black American ghetto', Theory, Culture and Society, 15 (2), pp. 1-36, at p. 12.
167. R. Barthes, 1973, Mythologies (London: Granada)
168. W. Benjamin, 1999, The Arcades Project (London: Verso)
169. H. Caygill, 1998, Walter Benjamin: The Colour of Experience (London:Routledge)
170. J. Raban, 1974, Soft City (London: Collins)
171. P. Wright, 1992, A Journey Through Ruins: The Last Days of London (London: Radius).
172. U. Beck, 1992, The Risk Society: Towards a New Modernity (London: Sage).
173. B. Gascoigne, 1971, The Great Moghuls (London: Jonathan Cape), p. 97.
174. A. Touraine, 2000, Can We Live Together? Equality and Difference (Original title: Comment nous vivre ensemble?), trans. David Macey (Oxford: Polity Press).
175. The most obvious important exception to this is the recent work of David Goldberg, 2001, The Racial State (Oxford: Blackwell).
176. See also L. A. Stoler, 1996, Race and the Education of Desire: Foucault's 'History of Sexuality' and the Colonial Order of Things (Durham, NC: Duke University Press)
177. B. Hesse, 1997, 'White governmentality: urbanism, nationalism, racism', in S. Westwood and J. Williams (eds), 1997, Imagining Cities (London: Routledge).
178. A. Mbembe, 2001, 'The aesthetics of vulgarity', in On the Postcolony (Berkeley: University of California Press).
179. M. P. Smith, 2001, Transnational Urbanism: Locating Globalization (Oxford and New York:Blackwell).
180. See J. Friedmann, 1986, 'The world city hypothesis', Development and Change, 17 (1), pp. 69-84
181. J. Friedmann, 1995, 'Where we stand: a decade of world city research', in P. Knox and P. J. Taylor (eds), World Cities in a World System (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), pp. 21-47
182. S. Sassen, 1991, The Global City: London, New York, Tokyo (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press)
183. S. Sassen, 1998, Globalization and its Discontents (New York: New York Press)
184. A. Giddens, 2000, The Reith Lecture:www.bbc.co.uk/reith.html.
185. P. Hirst and G. Thompson, 1996, Globalization in Question (London: Polity Press).
186. K. Cox (ed.), 1997, Spaces of Globalization (New York: Guilford Press). See also the working papers series on Global and World Series available at GAWC, University of Loughborough.
187. J. K. Gibson-Graham, 1996-1997, 'Querying globalisation', Rethinking Marxism, 9 (1) (Spring), pp. 1-27.
188. L. Sandercock, 1998, Towards Cosmopolis (London: Wiley)
189. J. Holston, 2001, 'Spaces of insurgent citizenship', in L. Sandercock (ed.), Making The Invisible Visible: Insurgent Planning Histories (Berkeley: University of California Press)
190. M. J. Dear, 2000, The Postmodern Urban Condition (Oxford: Blackwell), pp. 8-9.
191. D. Wilson, M. Game, S. Leach and G. Stoker, 1994, Local Government in the United Kingdom (Government Beyond the Centre) (Palgrave: Macmillan)
192. G. Stoker, 2003, Transforming Local Governance: From Thatcherism to New Labour (Basingstoke: Macmillan).
193. Molotch H. Logan, 1987, Urban Fortunes: The Political Economy of Place (Berkeley:University of California Press)
194. A. Harding, 2004, 'Theories of governance and urban economic and social change', in N. Buck, I. Gordon, A. Harding and I. Turok (eds), City Matters (Basingstoke: Palgrave).
195. A. Cochrane, 1993, The End of Local Government (Oxford: Oxford University Press)
196. N. Jewson and S. Macgregor (eds), 1997, Transforming Cities: Contested Governance and New Spatial Division (London and New York: Routledge)
197. D. King and G. Stoker (eds), 1996, Rethinking Local Democracy (Basingstoke: Palgrave)
198. T. Travers, 2004, 'Labour's local record', New Economy, 11 (2), pp. 90-4.
199. K. Crenshaw, N. Gotanda, G. Peller and K. Thomas (eds), 1995, Critical Race Theory (New York: New Press).
200. N. Rose, 1999, Powers of Freedom: Reframing Political Thought (Cambridge: Cambridge University).
201. N. Brenner, 2000, 'The urban question as a scale question: reflections on Henri Lefèbvre, urban theory and the politics of scale', International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 24, pp. 362-78
202. K. Gibson, 2001, 'Regional subjection and becoming', Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 19, pp. 639-67
203. G. McCleod and M. Jones, 2001, 'Renewing the geography of the regions', Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 19, pp. 669-95
204. E. Soja, 1999, Postmetropolis: Critical Studies of Cities and Regions (Oxford:Blackwell).
205. C. Skelcher, 2004, 'Beyond the sovereign council: the new governance of local communities', in G. Stoker and D. Wilson (eds), British Local Government in the 2000s (Basingstoke: Palgrave).
206. See, for example, the work of John Keane in J. Keane, 1998, Democracy and the Civil State (London: University of Westminster Press)
207. J. Keane, 1998, Civil Society: Old Images, New Visions (Cambridge: Polity Press)
208. J. Keane (ed.), Civil Society and the State: New European Perspectives (London: University of Westminster Press).
209. M. Keith and S. Pile (eds), 1993, Place and the Politics of Identity (London and New York:Routledge), Chapters 1-2.
210. The constitutive outside of identity in J. Butler, E. Laclau and S. Zizek, 2000, Contingency, Hegemony, Universality: Contemporary Dialogues on the Left (London and New York: Verso)
211. Oskar Negt and Alexander Kluge, 1993, Public Sphere and Experience: Towards an Analysis of the Bourgeois and Proletarian Public Sphere, foreword Miriam Hansen, trans. Peter Labanyi, Jamie Daniel and Assenka Oksiloff (Minneapolis, Minn.: University of Minnesota Press).
212. L. Back, M. Keith, A. Khan, K. Shukra and J. Solomos, 2001, 'Democratic governance and ethnic minority political participation', ESRC Conference, University of Manchester, 22 March, 'Democratic Governance and Ethnic Minority Political Participation in Contemporary Britain', in ESRC Final Report, forthcoming, Struggles for Racialised Democracy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
213. M. Keith, 2005, 'Racialisation and the public spaces of the city', in K. Murji and J. Solomos (eds), Racialisation (Oxford: Blackwell).
214. See J. Dean, 2001, 'Cybersalons and civil society: rethinking the public sphere in transnational technoculture', Public Culture, 13 (2), pp 243-65.
215. L. Back, 1996, New Ethnicities and Urban Culture (London: UCL Press), Chapters 5 and 6.
216. J. Anim-Addo, 1995, Longest Journey: A History of Black Lewisham (London: Deptford Forum Publishing).
217. P. Ackroyd, 2000, London: The Biography (London: Chatto and Windus).
218. B. P. Gidley, 2002, 'Citizenship and Belonging: East London Jewish Radicals 1903-1918' (University of London, Ph.D. thesis).
219. H. Bhabha, 1997, 'Minority culture and creative anxiety', in British Council, 2003, Reinventing Britain (London: British Council, Virtue Broadcasting)
220. S. Pollock, H. Bhabha, C. Breckenridge and D. Chakrabarty, 2000, 'Cosmopolitanisms', Public Culture, 12 (3) (Fall), pp. 577-91.
221. S. Rushdie, 1991, Imaginary Homelands. Essays and Criticism 1981-1991 (London: Granta).
222. M. Davis, 2000, Magical Urbanism. Latinos Reinvent the US City (London and New York:Verso).
223. For example, J. Feagin, 1998, The New Urban Paradigm: Critical Perspectives on the City (Lanham, Md.: Rowman and Littlefield)
224. N. Smith, 1996, The New Urban Frontier. Gentrification and the Revanchist City (London and New York: Routledge).
225. For example, Janet L. Abu-Lughod, 1999, New York, Chicago, Los Angeles: America's Global Cities (Minneapolis, Minn.: University of Minnesota Press).
226. N. Rose and P. Miller, 1992, 'Political power beyond the state: problematics of government', British Journal of Sociology, 43 (2), pp. 173-205
227. L. Back, M. Keith, M. Khan, K. Shukra and J. Solomos (forthcoming), 'Islam and the new political landscape: faith communities and political participation in contemporary Britain', in Struggles for Racialised Democracy.
228. P. Hirst, 1994, Associational Democracy: New Forms of Economic and Social Governance (Cambridge: Polity Press).
229. A. Etzioni, 1988, The Essential Communitarian Reader (Lanham, Md.: Rowman and Littlefield).
230. B. Fine, 2001 Social Capital or Social Theory: Political Economy and Social Science at the Turn of the Millennium (London: Routledge).
231. M. R. Warren, 2001, Dry Bones Rattling: Community Building to Revitalize American Democracy (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press).
232. R. Rorty, 1998, 'Justice as a larger loyalty', in P. Cheah and B. Robbins (eds), Cosmopolitics: Thinking and Feeling beyond the Nation (Minneapolis, Minn.: University of Minnesota Press), pp. 45-59.
233. W. Kymlicka, 1995, Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights (Oxford:Clarendon Press)
234. B. Parekh, 2000, Rethinking Multiculturalism (Basingstoke and London:Macmillan)
235. Taylor, Appiah, Habermas and Walzer in A. Gutman (ed.), 1994, Multiculturalism (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press)
236. A. Appiah, 2001, 'Liberalism, individuality and identity', Critical Inquiry, 27 (Winter), pp. 305-32.
237. R. Sennett, 2003, Respect: The Formation of Character in an Age of Inequality (London: Allen Lane).
238. G. Baiocchi, 2003, 'Emergent public spheres. talking politics in participatory governance', American Sociological Review, 68, pp. 52-74.
239. C. Mouffe (ed.), The Challenge of Carl Schmitt (London: Verso).
240. This is famously the key point at the heart of Bauman's work on the Holocaust in Z. Bauman, 1989, Modernity and the Holocaust (Cambridge: Polity Press).
241. See N. Paperstergiadis, 2000, The Turbulence of Migration: Globalization, Deterritorialization and Hybridity (Cambridge: Polity Press), for an overview of the centrality of migration to global economic transformation.
242. C. Hall, 2002, Civilising Subjects: Metropole and Colony in the English Imagination 1830-1867 (Oxford: Polity Press).
243. S. Castles, 1989 Migrant Workers and the Transformation of Western Societies (Ithaca, NY:Cornell University Press)
244. S. Castles, 2003, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, 3rd edn (Basingstoke: Macmillan)
245. C. Peach, 1968, West Indian Migration to Britain: A Social Geography (Oxford: Oxford University Press).
246. P. Gilroy, 2000, Between Camps. Race, Identity and Nationalism at the End of the Colour Line (London: Allen Lane), p. 21.
247. A. Sivanandan, 2001, Globalism and the Left (London: IRR) http://www.irr.org.uk/a_sivanandan/.
248. A. Rattansi and C. O'Cinneide, 2002, Our House: Race and Representation in British Politics (London: Institute for Public Policy Research)
249. L. Back, M. Keith, A. Khan, K. Shukra and J. Solomos, 2002, 'New Labour's white heart: politics, multiculturalism and the return of assimilation', Political Quarterly, 73 (4), pp. 445-54
250. R. Brubaker, 2001, 'The return of assimilation? Changing perspectives on immigration and its sequels in France, Germany and the United States', Ethnic and Racial Studies, 24 (4), pp. 531-48.
251. Runnymede Trust, 2000, Islamophobia (London: Runnymede Trust)
252. L. Back, M. Keith, A. Khan, K. Shukra and J. Solomos, forthcoming, Power, Identity and Representation: Race, Governance and Political Mobilisation in British Society (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
253. Samuel P. Huntington, 1996, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order (New York: Simon and Schuster)
254. Samuel P. Huntington, 2004, Who Are We? The Challenge to America's National Identity (New York: Simon and Schuster).
255. S. Benhabib, 1993, 'Models of Public Space: Hannah Arendt, the liberal tradition and Jürgen Habermas', in C. Calhoun (ed.), Habermas and the Public Sphere (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press), p. 83.
256. M. Duneier, 1999, Sidewalk (New York: Farrar, Strauss and Giroux)
257. E. Anderson, 1999, Code of the Street: Decency, Violence and the Moral Life of the Inner City (New York:W. W. Norton)
258. K. Newman, 1999, No Shame in My Game: The Working Poor in the Inner City (New York: Russell Sage Foundation and Knopf).
259. L. Wacquant, 2002, 'Scrutinizing the street: poverty, morality and the pitfalls of urban ethnography', American Journal of Sociology, 107 (6), pp. 1468-532, at 1521.
260. A. Hirsch, 1998, Making the Second Ghetto: Race and Housing in Chicago 1940-1960 (Chicago, Ill.: University of Chicago Press)
261. T. Sugrue, 1998, The Origins of the Urban Crisis (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press).
262. R. Sennett, 1998, The Corrosion of Character (New York: W. W. Norton).
263. M. Heidegger, 1971 [1954], 'Building, dwelling, thinking', in M. Heidegger, Poetry, Language, Thought (New York: Harper and Row)
264. H. Heynen, 2001, Architecture and Modernity: A Critique (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press)
265. A-Maliq Simone, 2002, 'Globalizing urban economies', in O. Enwezor, H. Ander, H. Fietzek and N. Rottner (eds), 2002, Documenta_11Platfordm 5: Exhibition (Kassel: Dr. Cantz'sche Druckerei).
266. M. Banton, 1955, The Coloured Quarter: Negro Immigrants in an English City (London:Jonathan Cape).
267. S. J. Smith, 1989, The Politics of 'Race' and Residence: Citizenship, Segregation and White Supremacy in Britain (Cambridge: Polity Press).
268. P. Ambrose, 1994, Urban Process and Power (London: Routledge)
269. A. Power, 1997, Estates on the Edge: The Social Consequences of Mass Housing in Northern Europe (Basingstoke: Macmillan).
270. Social Exclusion Unit, 2000, National Strategy for Neighbourhood Renewal: A Framework for Consultation (London: Cabinet Office)
271. M. Keith, 2004, 'Knowing the city? 21st century urban policy and the introduction of Local Strategic Partnerships', in C. Johnstone and M. Whitehead (eds), 2004, New Horizons in British Urban Policy: Perspectives on New Labour's Urban Renaissance (London: Ashgate), pp. 185-97.
272. See L. Back, 1995, New Ethnicities and Urban Culture (London: UCL Press), Appendix 2, for a description of the increased numbers of West Africans on the estate between 1981 and 1991.
273. See M. Stone, 2003, Social Housing in the UK and the US: Evolution, Issues and Prospects (British Council Atlantic Fellowship Mimeos).
274. D. A. Phillips, 1986, What Price Equality? A Report on the Allocation of GLC Housing in Tower Hamlets (London: GLC Housing Research and Policy), Report 9
275. P. Sarre, D. Phillips and R. Skellington, 1989, Ethnic Minority Housing:Explanations and Policies (Ashgate: Gower).
276. W. J. Wilson, 1988, The Truly Disadvantaged: The Inner City, the Underclass and Public Policy (Chicago, Ill. and London: University of Chicago Press)
277. W. J. Wilson (ed.), The Ghetto Underclass: Social Science Perspectives (New York: Sage)
278. W. J. Wilson, 1997, When Work Disappears: The World of the New Urban Poor (New York: Random House).
279. See L. Back, P. Cohen and M. Keith, 2001, Finding the Way Home Project Final Report (London: CNER and CUCR).
280. Instead, as Zizek has commented, Laclau and Mouffe's work 'articulates the contours of a political project based on an ethics of the real'. S. Zizek, 2000, 'Da capo senza fine', in J. Butler, E. Laclau and S. Zizek, 2000, Contingency, Hegemony, Universality: Contemporary Dialogues on the Left (London and New York: Verso), p. 259.
281. A. Mbembe, 2001, On The Postcolony (Berkeley: University of California Press).
282. S. Hall, C. Critcher, T. Jefferson, J. Clarke and B. Roberts, 1978, Policing The Crisis (London: Macmillan), Chapter 10.
283. A. Gamble, 1988, The Free Economy and the Strong State: The Politics of Thatcherism (London:Macmillan), p. 16.
284. P. Gilroy, 1987, There Ain't no Black in the Union Jack (London: Hutchinson)
285. P. Gilroy and J. Sim, 1985, 'Law, order and the state of the left', Capital and Class, 25, pp. 15-21.
286. Most famously, see H. Becker, 1971, Outsiders (New York: Free Press)
287. E. Goffman, 1963, Stigma (Harmondsworth: Penguin).
288. See E. Said, 1978, Orientalism (London: Peregrine).
289. R. Young, 1990, Colonial Desire: Hybridity in Theory, Culture and Race (London: Routledge), p. 127.
290. M. Keith and A. Rogers (eds), 1991, Hollow Promises: Rhetoric and Reality in the Inner City (London: Mansell).
291. R. Ardrey, 1961, The Territorial Imperative (London: Fontana).
292. D. Harvey, 1989, The Condition of Postmodernity (London: Blackwell), p. 355.
293. In a similar vein Sharon Zukin has reiterated this appeal to reality in her suggestion that 'circuits of cultural capital are formed in real spaces'. S. Zukin, 1991, Landscapes of Power:From Detroit to Disneyworld (Berkeley: University of California Press), p. 266.
294. R. Sennett, 1977, The Fall of Public Man (London: Faber and Faber).
295. D. Howe, 1981, From Bobby to Babylon (London: Race Today Collective).
296. S. Pile and G. Rose, 1992, 'All or nothing. Politics and critique in the modernism/ postmodernism debate', Society and Space, 10, pp. 123-36.
297. F. Fanon, 1963/1965, The Wretched of the Earth (London: MacGibbon and Kee), p. 41.
298. P. Stallybrass and A. White, 1986, The Politics and Poetics of Transgression (London:Methuen), p. 131.
299. E. Wilson, 1991, The Sphinx and the City (London: Verso), p. 8.
300. See E. Laclau, 1990, New Reflections on the Revolution of our Time (London: Verso).
301. S. Hall, 1987, 'Minimal selves', in L. Appignanesi (ed.), The Real Me: Postmodernism and the Question of Identity (London: ICA), p. 45.
302. S. Hall, 1990, 'Cultural identity and cinematic representation', Framework, 36, pp.
303. J. Conrad, 1988 [1899] Heart of Darkness (London and New York: W. W. Norton), pp. 8-9.
304. See J. Anim-Addo, 1995, Longest Journey: A History of Black Lewisham (London: Deptford Forum Publishing).
305. See S. Pile and N. Thrift (eds), 1995, Mapping the Subject (London: Routledge).
306. T. Osborne and N. Rose, 1999, 'Governing cities: Notes of the spatialisation of virtue', Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 17, pp. 737-60.
307. M. Keith and A. Rogers, 1991, 'Hollow promises: policy, theory and practice in the inner city', Chapter 1 of Hollow Promises: Rhetoric and Reality in the Inner City (London:Mansell).
308. Deptford City Challenge Evaluation Project, 1993, Deptford City Challenge Baseline Study (London: CUCR/DCCEP, Goldsmiths College).
309. Lord Lester (chair), 1993, Political Speech and Race Relations in a Liberal Democracy: Report of an Inquiry into the Conduct of the Tower Hamlets Liberal Democrats in Publishing Allegedly Racist Election Literature between 1990 and 1993 (London: Liberal Democratic Party).
310. J. Mohan, 1992, Financial Pressure on the Voluntary Sector in Tower Hamlets (Queen Mary and Westfield College, University of London: Department of Geography Working Paper).
311. M. Keith, 1993, Race, Riots and Policing: Lore and Disorder in a Multi-racist Society (London:UCL Press).
312. S. Hall, C. Critcher, T. Jefferson, J. Clarke and B. Robert, 1978, Policing the Crisis (London: Macmillan).
313. Bethnal Green City Challenge, 1991, 'Bethnal Green City Challenge Action Plan:Working Together to Unlock Opportunities' (mimeo submitted to the DoE).
314. Bethnal Green City Challenge, 1993, 'Action Plan 1994-95' (mimeo submitted to the DoE).
315. C. Gordon, 1991, 'Governmental rationality: an introduction', in G. Burchell, C. Gordon and P. Miller (eds), The Foucault Effect: Studies in Governmentality (Hemel Hempstead: Harvester Wheatsheaf), p. 8.
316. H. Bhabha, 1993, The Location of Culture (Oxford: Blackwell), p. 218.
317. Cf. I. M. Young, 1990, 'The ideal of community and the politics of difference', in L. J. Nicholson, Feminism/Postmodernism (London: Routledge).
318. Cf. L. Mulvey, 1989, Visual and Other Pleasures: Language, Discourse, Society (London:Macmillan)
319. G. Pollock, 1988, Vision and Difference: Feminism, Femininity and the Histories of Art (London: Routledge)
320. J. Wolff, 1989, 'The invisible flaneuse: women and the literature of modernity', in A. Benjamin, 1989, The Problems of Modernity: Adorno and Benjamin (London: Routledge).
321. L. Davidoff and C. Hall, 1987, Family Fortunes: Men and Women of the English Middle Class, 1780-1850 (London: Hutchinson).
322. E. Wilson, 1991, Sphinx in the City: Urban Life, the Control of Disorder and Women (London:Virago).
323. See K. Robins, 1993, Prisoners of the city: whatever could a postmodern city be?', in E. Carter, J. Donald and J. Squires (eds), Space and Place: Theories of Identity and Location (London: Lawrence and Wishart).
324. G. Deleuze and F. Guattari, 1988, 'The rhizome', in A Thousand Plateaus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia (London: Athlone).
325. See M. Berman, 1982, All That Is Solid Melts into Air (London: Verso), PART V. Part V
326. S. Zukin, 2001, 'How to make a cultural capital: reflections on urban markets and places', in I. Blazwick (ed.), Century City (London: Tate Modern), pp. 258-64.
327. W. Benjamin, 1999, The Arcades Project, trans. Rolf Tiedemann (Cambridge, Mass.:Belknap Press.
328. See S. Shukla, 2002, 'Cross-cultures in twentieth century Harlem', paper given at 'Re-imagining Communities', Institute for Women's Studies, Lancaster University, 23-25 May 2002.
329. Michael Powell, 'Bill Clinton homeboy: as the ex-president opens his new office, Harlem (mostly) opens its arms', Washington Post, 31 July 2001.
330. C. Leadbeater, 1999, Living on Thin Air: The New Economy (London: Penguin)
331. C. Leadbeater and K. Oakley, 1999, The Independents (London: Demos)
332. C. Landry, 2000, The Creative City: A Toolkit for Urban Innovators (London: Earthscan Publications Ltd).
333. R. Florida, 2002, The Rise of the Creative Class (New York: Basic Books), p. 201.
334. R. Kitchin, 2002, 'Sexing the city: The sexual production of non-heterosexual space in Belfast, Manchester and San Francisco', City, 6 (2), pp. 205-18
335. J. Binnie and B. Skeggs, 2004, 'Cosmopolitan knowledge and the production and consumption of sexualized space: Manchester's gay village', Sociological Review, 52 (1), pp. 39-61.
336. Wun Fung Chan, 2003, 'Chinese Identities: Official Representations and New Ethnicities' (Ph.D. thesis, Department of Geography, University of Birmingham)
337. K. Anderson, 1991, Vancouver's Chinatown: Racial Discourse in Canada 1875-1980 (Montreal and Buffalo: McGill-Queen's University Press).
338. J. M. Jacobs, 1996, Edge of Empire: Postcolonialism and the City (London and New York:Routledge).
339. J. Urry, 1995, Consuming Places (London: Routledge).
340. P. Gilroy, 1993, The Black Atlantic: Modernity and Double Consciousness (London: Verso)
341. P. Gilroy, 2000, Between Camps: Race, Identity and Nationalism at the End of the Colour Line (London: Penguin).
342. See also D. Basu and P. Werbner, 2001, 'Bootstrap capitalism and the culture industries:a critique of invidious comparisons in the study of ethnic entrepreneurship', Ethnic and Racial Studies, 24 (2), pp. 236-62.
343. C. Harris, 1987, 'British capitalism, migration and relative surplus-population', Migration, 1 (1), pp. 21-46
344. R. Miles, 1993, Racism after 'Race Relations' (London:Routledge).
345. C. Peach, 1968, West Indian Migration to Britain (Oxford: Oxford University Press).
346. M. Cross (ed.), 1992, Ethnic Minorities and Industrial Change in Europe and North America (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
347. Policy Studies Institute, 1996, Trends in Ethnic Minority Labour Market Involvement (London: PSI)
348. Parekh Report, 2001, The Future of Multiethnic Britain (London: Profile Books)
349. K. Malik, 1996, The Meaning of Race: Race, History and Culture in Western Society (Basingstoke: Macmillan).
350. N. Jewson and D. Mason, 1986, 'Modes of discrimination in the recruitment process:formalisation, fairness and efficiency', Sociology, 20 (1), pp. 43-63.
351. R. Jenkins and J. Solomos, 1987, Racism and Equal Opportunity Policies in the 1980s (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press)
352. J. Wrench, 1996, Preventing Racism in the Workplace: A Report on 16 European Countries (Dublin: European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions).
353. C. Peach (ed.), 1996, Ethnicity in the 1991 Census, vol. 2: The Ethnic Minority Populations of Great Britain (London: HMSO).
354. J. Solomos, 2003 (revised original 1989), Race and Racism in Britain (London: Macmillan).
355. C. Boyer, 1994, The City of Collective Memory (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press)
356. G. Kearns and C. Philo (eds), 1993, Selling Places: The City as Cultural Capital (Oxford: Pergamon Press)
357. M. Sorkin (ed.), 1992, Variations on a Theme Park (New York: Hill and Wang)
358. J. Urry, 1995, Consuming Places (London: Routledge).
359. J. Lash and S. Urry, 1994, Economies of Signs and Space (London: Sage).
360. H. Bhabha (ed.), 1990, Nation and Narration (London: Routledge).
361. N. Smith, 1996, The New Urban Frontier: Gentrification and the Revanchist City (London:Routledge), p. 37.
362. See D. Slater and F. Tonkiss, 1998, Markets, Modernity and Social Theory (London: Polity Press).
363. P. Hirst and J. Zeitlin (eds), 1989, Reversing Industrial Decline? (Oxford: Berg).
364. C. Landry, 2001, Creative Lewisham: Report of the Lewisham Culture and Urban Development Commission (London: London Borough of Lewisham).
365. A. D. Sorenson, 1981, 'Towards a market theory of planning', Planner, 69 (3), pp. 4-14.
366. J.-P. Le Dantec, 1991, 'For a baroque approach to cities and architecture', Architecture and Behaviour, 7 (4), pp. 467-78
367. L. Sandercock, 1998, Towards Cosmopolis (London: Wiley)
368. J. Holston, 2001, 'Spaces of insurgent citizenship', in L. Sandercock (ed.), Making The Invisible Visible: Insurgent Planning Histories (Berkeley: University of California Press).
369. See C. Lury, 1996, Consumer Culture (Cambridge: Polity Press)
370. S. Franklin, C. Lury and J. Stacey, 2000, Global Nature, Global Culture (London: Sage).
371. A. Appadurai, 2001, Globalisation (Durham, NC: Duke University Press)
372. A. Appadurai, 2002, 'Deep democracy: urban governmentality and the horizon of politics', Public Culture, 14 (1), pp. 21-47.
373. See D. Archibugi and D. Held (eds), 1995, Cosmopolitan Democracy (Oxford and Cambridge:Polity Press)
374. U. Beck, 2001, 'Cosmopolis and risk: a conversation with Ulrich Beck', Theory, Culture and Society, 18 (4), pp. 47-63
375. J. Habermas, 2001, The Postnational Constellation: Political Essays (Oxford and Cambridge: Polity Press).
376. T. Finkelpearl, 2000, 'The city as site', in T. Finkelpearl (ed.), Dialogues in Public Art (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press)
377. M. Miles, 1997, Art, Space and the City (London:Routledge)
378. W. J. T. Mitchell, 1990, Art and the Public Sphere (Chicago, Ill.: University of Chicago Press).
379. I. Karp and S. D. Lavine, 1991, Exhibiting Cultures: The Poetics and Politics of Museum Display (London and Washington: Smithsonian Press).
380. H. Bhabha, 1997, 'Minority culture and creative anxiety', in British Council, 2003, Reinventing Britain (British Council website).
381. S. Hall, 1999, 'Whose heritage?', keynote address at 'Whose Heritage? The Impact of Cultural Diversity on Britain's Living Heritage', national conference at G-Mex, Manchester, 1-3 November.
382. See M. Keith, 1999, 'Walter Benjamin, urban studies and the narratives of city life', in G. Bridge and S. Watson, 1999, The Blackwell Companion to Urban Studies (Oxford:Blackwell).
383. H. Haacke, 2001, 'Mixed messages', in Give and Take (London: Serpentine Gallery and Victoria and Albert Museum), p. 47.
384. P. Hall, 2000, Cities in Civilization (London and New York: Weidenfeld and Nicolson).
385. J. Hutnyk, 2000, Critique of Exotica: Music, Politics and the Culture Industry (London: Pluto).
386. C. Dwyer and P. Jackson, 2003, 'Commodifying difference: selling EASTern fashion', Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 21, pp. 269-91
387. S. Fish, 1997, 'Boutique multiculturalism, or why liberals are incapable of thinking about hate speech', Critical Inquiry, 23 (Winter), pp. 378-95.
388. See M. Hardt and A. Negri, 2000, Empire (Boston, Mass.: Harvard University Press).
389. A. Abbott, 1999, Department and Discipline: The Chicago School at One Hundred (Chicago, Ill.:Chicago University Press).
390. D. Massey, 1994, 'A global sense of place', in D. Massey, Space, Place, Gender (Oxford:Blackwell).
391. E. Burke, 1958, A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of our Ideas of the Sublime and the Beautiful (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul).
392. I. Kant, 1990 [1764], Critique of Judgement, trans. James Creed Meredith (Oxford:Oxford University Press).
393. J. Thompson, 1999, 'The sublime moment: the rise of the critical watchman', in Arts Council, Sublime: The Darkness and the Light (London: Hayward Gallery Publications), p. 25.
394. J.-F. Lyotard, 1971, Discours, figure (Paris: Editions Klincksiek).
395. O. Enwezor, 2002, 'The black box', in Documenta 11_Platform 5.
396. See S. Pile, 1996, The Body and the City. Psychoanalysis, Space and Subjectivity (London:Routledge)
397. J. Donald, 1999, Imagining the Modern City (London: Wiley)
398. I. Rogoff, 2000, Terra Infirma: Geography's Visual Culture (London: Routledge).
399. J. Ferrell, 1993, Crime of Style: Urban Graffiti and the Politics of Criminality (New York and London: Garland Publishing), p. 197.
400. P. Hagopian, 1988, 'Reading the indecipherable: graffiti and hegemony', Polygraph, 1, pp. 105-9, at p. 109.
401. See A. Dundes, 1966, 'Here I sit', Kroeber Anthropological Society, 34, pp. 91-105
402. R. Reynolds, 1975, Magic Symbols: A Photographic Study of Graffiti (Portland, Ore.: Graphic Arts Centre Pub Co.)
403. R. Perry, 1976, The Writing on the Wall: The Graffiti of London (London: Elm Tree Books)
404. N. Rees, 1979, Graffiti Lives, OK (London: Unwin Paper Backs)
405. S. Henderson, 1981, Billboard Art (London: Angus and Robertson).
406. J. Lindsay, 1960, The Writing on the Wall: An Account of Pompeii in its Last Days (London:Frederick Muller)
407. R. Reisner, 1974, Graffiti: Two Thousand Years of Wall Writing (London: Frederick Muller).
408. E. L. Abel and B. E. Buckley, 1977, The Handwriting on the Wall: Towards a Sociology and Psychology of Graffiti (London: Greenwood Press)
409. E. Cockcroft, 1977, Towards a People's Art (New York: E. P. Dutton).
410. J. Bushnell, 1990, Moscow Graffiti: Language and Subculture (London: Unwin Hyman)
411. T. Cresswell, 1996, In Place/Out of Place: Geography, Ideology and Transgression (Minneapolis, Minn.: University of Minnesota Press).
412. J. Q. Wilson and G. Kelling, 1982, 'Broken windows: the police and neighbourhood safety', Atlantic Monthly, March, pp. 29-38.
413. N. Glazer, 1974, 'On subway graffiti in New York', Public Interest, 54, pp. 3-11 at p. 4.
414. R. Sennett, 1991, The Conscience and the Eye (New York: W. W. Norton), p. 126.
415. G. Cesaretti, 1975, Street Writers: A Guided Tour of Chicano Graffiti (New York: Acrobat Books)
416. M. Cooper and H. Chalfant, 1980, Subway Art (London: Thames and Hudson).
417. C. Castleman, 1982, Gettin Up: Subway Graffiti in New York (Cambridge, Mass.:MIT Press), pp. 86-7.
418. See particularly R. Ricard, 1981, 'The radiant child', Artforum, 20 December, pp. 35-43.
419. E. Sussman, 1997, 'Songs of innocence at the nuclear pyre', in E. Sussman (ed.), Keith Haring (New York: Whitney Museum of Modern Art), p. 10.
420. D. Hebdige, 1993, 'Welcome to the Terrordome: Jean Michel Basquiat and the dark side of hybridity', in R. Marshall (ed.), Jean Michel Basquiat (New York: Whitney), p. 64.
421. M. Cooper and J. Sciorra, 1994, R.I.P.: New York Spray Can Memorials (London: Thames and Hudson), p. 7.
422. M. Berman, 1987, 'Take it to the streets: conflict and community in public space', Dissent, Winter, pp. 476-85.
423. D. Ley and R. Cybrinski, 1974, 'Urban graffiti as territorial markers', Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 64, pp. 491-505.
424. P. Corrigan, 1976, 'Doing nothing', in T. Jefferson and S. Hall (eds), Resistance through Rituals: Youth Subcultures in Post-War Britain (Birmingham, UK: Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies).
425. L. Back, M. Keith and J. Solomos, 1996, 'Technology, race and neo-fascism in a digital age: the new modalities of racist culture', Patterns of Prejudice, 30 (2), pp. 3-27.
426. J. W. Moore, 1978, Homeboys: Gangs, Drugs and Prison in the Barrios of Los Angeles (Philadelphia, Pa.: Temple University Press).
427. H. D. Lomas, 1973, 'Graffiti: some observations and speculations', Psychoanalytic Review, 68, pp. 70-5.
428. H. Lefèbvre, 1991, The Production of Space (Cambridge: Polity Press).
429. M. Jay, 1992, 'Scopic regimes of modernity', in S. Lash and J. Friedman (eds), Modernity and Identity (Oxford: Blackwell).
430. W. Wimsatt, 1994, Bomb the Suburbs (Chicago, Ill.: The Subway and Elevated Press Company), p. 10.
431. G. Mosse, 1991, The Nationalization of the Masses: Political Symbolism and Mass Movements in Germany from the Napoleonic Wars through the Third Reich (London and New York: Cornell University Press).
432. J. Solomos and L. Back, 1996, Racism and Society (Basingstoke: Macmillan).
433. A. M. Oliver and P. Steinberg, 1994, 'The graffiti of the Intifada: a brief survey' (mimeo), p. 5.
434. U. Beck, 1992, Risk Society: Towards a New Modernity (London: Sage)
435. U. Beck, W. Bons and C. Lau, 2003, 'The theory of reflective modernisation', Theory, Culture and Society, 20 (2), pp. 1-33.
436. G. Mulgan, 1994, Politics in an Anti-Political Age (Oxford: Polity Press).
437. A. Giddens, 1998, The Third Way (London and Cambridge: Polity Press), p. 77.
438. D. Mitchell, 2003, The Right to the City: Social Justice and the Fight for Public Space (New York: Guilford)
439. N. Smith, 1996, The New Urban Frontier: Gentrification and the Revanchist City (London: Routledge).
440. L. Johnston, 2000, Policing Britain: Risk, Security and Governance (Harlow, Essex: Pearson Education).
441. L. Lees, 2004, The Emancipatory City: Paradoxes and Possibilities (London: Sage).
442. S. Driver and L. Martell, 1997, 'New Labour's communitarianisms', Critical Social Policy, 52, pp. 27-46.
443. L. Back, 1995, New Ethnicities and Urban Culture: Racisms and Multiculture in Young Lives (London: UCL Press).
444. R. Sennett, 2000, 'Reflections on the public realm', in G. Bridge and S. Watson (eds), A Companion to the City (Oxford: Blackwell), pp. 380-8, at p. 382.
445. P. Cohen, 1997, Rethinking the Youth Question (London: Macmillan).
446. S. Kripke, 1980, Naming and Necessity (Oxford: Blackwell).
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466. See M. Warren, 2001, Dry Bones Rattling: Community Building to Revitalize American Democracy (Princeton, NJ, and Oxford: Princeton University Press).
467. P. Gilroy, 2002, 'Diving into the tunnel: the politics of race between old and new worlds', Open Democracy (web journal), July.
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469. H. Bhabha, 1993, The Location of Culture (London: Routledge).
470. F. Engels, 1999, Condition of the English Working Class (Harmondsworth: Penguin), p. 276.
471. I. Borden et al. (eds), 1996, Strangely Familiar: Narratives of Architecture in the City (London:Routledge)
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473. P. Gilroy, 2000, Between Camps: Race, Identity and Nationalism at the End of the Colour Line (London: Penguin).
474. P. Ackroyd, 2000, London: The Biography (London: Vintage), p. 755.
475. GLA, 2001, Towards the London Plan. Initial Proposals for the Mayor's Spatial Development Strategy (London: Greater London Authority), p. 21.
476. Department of Environment, Transport and the Regions (DETR), 2000, The Urban White Paper: Towards an Urban Renaissance (London: HMSO).
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478. S. Hunt and N. Lightly, 2001, 'The British black Pentecostal "revival": identity and belief in the "new" Nigerian churches', Ethnic and Racial Studies, 24 (1), pp. 104-24
479. C. Nagel, 2002, 'Constructing difference and sameness: the politics of assimilation in London's Arab communities', Ethnic and Racial Studies, 25 (2), pp. 258-87.
480. Audit Commission, 2001, Halfway Home: An Analysis of the Variation in the Cost of Supporting Asylum Seekers (London: Audit Commission Management Paper), p. 5.
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484. L. Back, 1995, New Ethnicities and Urban Culture (London: UCL Press).
485. G. Doron, 2001, 'Leaps and boundaries: Rassegna Stampa', Building Design, 27 April.
486. L. Back, M. Keith, A. Khan, K. Shukra and J. Solomos, forthcoming 2006, Power, Identity and Representation: Race, Governance and Political Mobilisation in British Society (Cambridge:Cambridge University Press). Based on ESRC-funded research as part of the Democracy and Participation Programme.
487. See M. Keith and M. Cross, 1993, 'Racism and the postmodern city', in M. Cross and M. Keith (eds), Racism, the City and the State (London: Routledge).
488. I. M. Young, 1997, Intersecting Voices: Dilemmas of Gender, Political Philosophy and Policy (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press)
489. I. M. Young, 2001, 'Activist challenges to deliberative democracy', Political Theory, 29 (5), pp. 670-90.