Multi-ethnic Britain: An exception in Europe?

Patterns of Prejudice

Volumn 35, Issue 1, 2001, Pages 35-57

  Favell, Adrian ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SUSSEX   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Britain; Citizenship; Comparative methods; Cultural studies; EU; Europe; Immigration; Multi ethnic; Multiculturalism; Sociology

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; CAUCASIAN; CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY; ETHNOLOGY; HISTORY; HUMAN; LEGAL ASPECT; MIGRATION; MINORITY GROUP; SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY; SOCIAL STATUS; UNITED KINGDOM;

CULTURAL DIVERSITY; EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION; EUROPEAN CONTINENTAL ANCESTRY GROUP; GREAT BRITAIN; HISTORY, 20TH CENTURY; HUMANS; MINORITY GROUPS; PREJUDICE; SOCIAL CONDITIONS;

EID: 0035529179     PISSN: 0031322X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/003132201128811052     Document Type: Article

References (89)

1. The arguments of this paper are based on a full-length study, Philosophies of Integration: Immigration and the Idea of Citizenship in France and Britain (London: Macmillan/New York: St Martin's Press 1998). The second edition to be published in early 2001 contains a new preface that discusses many of these more recent developments in detail. I thank the Centre for European Cultural Studies at the University of Arhus, Denmark, for their hospitality during the summer of 2000.
2. Michael Banton, The Coloured Quarter (London: Cape 1955); John Rex and Robert Moore, Race, Community and Conflict: A Study of Sparkbrook (London: Oxford University Press for the Institute of Race Relations 1967); James L. Watson (ed.), Between Two Cultures: Migrants and Minorities in Britain (Oxford: Basil Blackwell 1977); Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies, The Empire Strikes Back (London: Hutchinson 1982); Paul Gilroy, There 'Aint No Black in the Union Jack (London: Hutchinson 1987); John Solomos, Race and Racism in Contemporary Britain (London: Macmillan 1989); Tariq Modood, Not Easy Being British (London: Trentham Books 1992); Floya Anthias and Nira Yuval-Davis, Racialized Boundaries: Race, Nation, Gender, Colour and Class and the Anti-Racist Struggle (London: Routledge 1992); Heidi Safia Mirza, Young, Female and Black (London: Routledge 1992); Avtar Brah, Cartographies of Diaspora: Contesting Identities (London: Routledge 1993); Les Back, New Ethnicities and Urban Culture: Racisms and Multiculture in Young Lives (London: UCL Press 1995).
3. Michael Banton, The Coloured Quarter (London: Cape 1955); John Rex and Robert Moore, Race, Community and Conflict: A Study of Sparkbrook (London: Oxford University Press for the Institute of Race Relations 1967); James L. Watson (ed.), Between Two Cultures: Migrants and Minorities in Britain (Oxford: Basil Blackwell 1977); Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies, The Empire Strikes Back (London: Hutchinson 1982); Paul Gilroy, There 'Aint No Black in the Union Jack (London: Hutchinson 1987); John Solomos, Race and Racism in Contemporary Britain (London: Macmillan 1989); Tariq Modood, Not Easy Being British (London: Trentham Books 1992); Floya Anthias and Nira Yuval-Davis, Racialized Boundaries: Race, Nation, Gender, Colour and Class and the Anti-Racist Struggle (London: Routledge 1992); Heidi Safia Mirza, Young, Female and Black (London: Routledge 1992); Avtar Brah, Cartographies of Diaspora: Contesting Identities (London: Routledge 1993); Les Back, New Ethnicities and Urban Culture: Racisms and Multiculture in Young Lives (London: UCL Press 1995).
4. Michael Banton, The Coloured Quarter (London: Cape 1955); John Rex and Robert Moore, Race, Community and Conflict: A Study of Sparkbrook (London: Oxford University Press for the Institute of Race Relations 1967); James L. Watson (ed.), Between Two Cultures: Migrants and Minorities in Britain (Oxford: Basil Blackwell 1977); Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies, The Empire Strikes Back (London: Hutchinson 1982); Paul Gilroy, There 'Aint No Black in the Union Jack (London: Hutchinson 1987); John Solomos, Race and Racism in Contemporary Britain (London: Macmillan 1989); Tariq Modood, Not Easy Being British (London: Trentham Books 1992); Floya Anthias and Nira Yuval-Davis, Racialized Boundaries: Race, Nation, Gender, Colour and Class and the Anti-Racist Struggle (London: Routledge 1992); Heidi Safia Mirza, Young, Female and Black (London: Routledge 1992); Avtar Brah, Cartographies of Diaspora: Contesting Identities (London: Routledge 1993); Les Back, New Ethnicities and Urban Culture: Racisms and Multiculture in Young Lives (London: UCL Press 1995).
5. Michael Banton, The Coloured Quarter (London: Cape 1955); John Rex and Robert Moore, Race, Community and Conflict: A Study of Sparkbrook (London: Oxford University Press for the Institute of Race Relations 1967); James L. Watson (ed.), Between Two Cultures: Migrants and Minorities in Britain (Oxford: Basil Blackwell 1977); Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies, The Empire Strikes Back (London: Hutchinson 1982); Paul Gilroy, There 'Aint No Black in the Union Jack (London: Hutchinson 1987); John Solomos, Race and Racism in Contemporary Britain (London: Macmillan 1989); Tariq Modood, Not Easy Being British (London: Trentham Books 1992); Floya Anthias and Nira Yuval-Davis, Racialized Boundaries: Race, Nation, Gender, Colour and Class and the Anti-Racist Struggle (London: Routledge 1992); Heidi Safia Mirza, Young, Female and Black (London: Routledge 1992); Avtar Brah, Cartographies of Diaspora: Contesting Identities (London: Routledge 1993); Les Back, New Ethnicities and Urban Culture: Racisms and Multiculture in Young Lives (London: UCL Press 1995).
6. Michael Banton, The Coloured Quarter (London: Cape 1955); John Rex and Robert Moore, Race, Community and Conflict: A Study of Sparkbrook (London: Oxford University Press for the Institute of Race Relations 1967); James L. Watson (ed.), Between Two Cultures: Migrants and Minorities in Britain (Oxford: Basil Blackwell 1977); Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies, The Empire Strikes Back (London: Hutchinson 1982); Paul Gilroy, There 'Aint No Black in the Union Jack (London: Hutchinson 1987); John Solomos, Race and Racism in Contemporary Britain (London: Macmillan 1989); Tariq Modood, Not Easy Being British (London: Trentham Books 1992); Floya Anthias and Nira Yuval-Davis, Racialized Boundaries: Race, Nation, Gender, Colour and Class and the Anti-Racist Struggle (London: Routledge 1992); Heidi Safia Mirza, Young, Female and Black (London: Routledge 1992); Avtar Brah, Cartographies of Diaspora: Contesting Identities (London: Routledge 1993); Les Back, New Ethnicities and Urban Culture: Racisms and Multiculture in Young Lives (London: UCL Press 1995).
7. Michael Banton, The Coloured Quarter (London: Cape 1955); John Rex and Robert Moore, Race, Community and Conflict: A Study of Sparkbrook (London: Oxford University Press for the Institute of Race Relations 1967); James L. Watson (ed.), Between Two Cultures: Migrants and Minorities in Britain (Oxford: Basil Blackwell 1977); Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies, The Empire Strikes Back (London: Hutchinson 1982); Paul Gilroy, There 'Aint No Black in the Union Jack (London: Hutchinson 1987); John Solomos, Race and Racism in Contemporary Britain (London: Macmillan 1989); Tariq Modood, Not Easy Being British (London: Trentham Books 1992); Floya Anthias and Nira Yuval-Davis, Racialized Boundaries: Race, Nation, Gender, Colour and Class and the Anti-Racist Struggle (London: Routledge 1992); Heidi Safia Mirza, Young, Female and Black (London: Routledge 1992); Avtar Brah, Cartographies of Diaspora: Contesting Identities (London: Routledge 1993); Les Back, New Ethnicities and Urban Culture: Racisms and Multiculture in Young Lives (London: UCL Press 1995).
8. Michael Banton, The Coloured Quarter (London: Cape 1955); John Rex and Robert Moore, Race, Community and Conflict: A Study of Sparkbrook (London: Oxford University Press for the Institute of Race Relations 1967); James L. Watson (ed.), Between Two Cultures: Migrants and Minorities in Britain (Oxford: Basil Blackwell 1977); Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies, The Empire Strikes Back (London: Hutchinson 1982); Paul Gilroy, There 'Aint No Black in the Union Jack (London: Hutchinson 1987); John Solomos, Race and Racism in Contemporary Britain (London: Macmillan 1989); Tariq Modood, Not Easy Being British (London: Trentham Books 1992); Floya Anthias and Nira Yuval-Davis, Racialized Boundaries: Race, Nation, Gender, Colour and Class and the Anti-Racist Struggle (London: Routledge 1992); Heidi Safia Mirza, Young, Female and Black (London: Routledge 1992); Avtar Brah, Cartographies of Diaspora: Contesting Identities (London: Routledge 1993); Les Back, New Ethnicities and Urban Culture: Racisms and Multiculture in Young Lives (London: UCL Press 1995).
9. Michael Banton, The Coloured Quarter (London: Cape 1955); John Rex and Robert Moore, Race, Community and Conflict: A Study of Sparkbrook (London: Oxford University Press for the Institute of Race Relations 1967); James L. Watson (ed.), Between Two Cultures: Migrants and Minorities in Britain (Oxford: Basil Blackwell 1977); Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies, The Empire Strikes Back (London: Hutchinson 1982); Paul Gilroy, There 'Aint No Black in the Union Jack (London: Hutchinson 1987); John Solomos, Race and Racism in Contemporary Britain (London: Macmillan 1989); Tariq Modood, Not Easy Being British (London: Trentham Books 1992); Floya Anthias and Nira Yuval-Davis, Racialized Boundaries: Race, Nation, Gender, Colour and Class and the Anti-Racist Struggle (London: Routledge 1992); Heidi Safia Mirza, Young, Female and Black (London: Routledge 1992); Avtar Brah, Cartographies of Diaspora: Contesting Identities (London: Routledge 1993); Les Back, New Ethnicities and Urban Culture: Racisms and Multiculture in Young Lives (London: UCL Press 1995).
10. Michael Banton, The Coloured Quarter (London: Cape 1955); John Rex and Robert Moore, Race, Community and Conflict: A Study of Sparkbrook (London: Oxford University Press for the Institute of Race Relations 1967); James L. Watson (ed.), Between Two Cultures: Migrants and Minorities in Britain (Oxford: Basil Blackwell 1977); Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies, The Empire Strikes Back (London: Hutchinson 1982); Paul Gilroy, There 'Aint No Black in the Union Jack (London: Hutchinson 1987); John Solomos, Race and Racism in Contemporary Britain (London: Macmillan 1989); Tariq Modood, Not Easy Being British (London: Trentham Books 1992); Floya Anthias and Nira Yuval-Davis, Racialized Boundaries: Race, Nation, Gender, Colour and Class and the Anti-Racist Struggle (London: Routledge 1992); Heidi Safia Mirza, Young, Female and Black (London: Routledge 1992); Avtar Brah, Cartographies of Diaspora: Contesting Identities (London: Routledge 1993); Les Back, New Ethnicities and Urban Culture: Racisms and Multiculture in Young Lives (London: UCL Press 1995).
11. Michael Banton, The Coloured Quarter (London: Cape 1955); John Rex and Robert Moore, Race, Community and Conflict: A Study of Sparkbrook (London: Oxford University Press for the Institute of Race Relations 1967); James L. Watson (ed.), Between Two Cultures: Migrants and Minorities in Britain (Oxford: Basil Blackwell 1977); Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies, The Empire Strikes Back (London: Hutchinson 1982); Paul Gilroy, There 'Aint No Black in the Union Jack (London: Hutchinson 1987); John Solomos, Race and Racism in Contemporary Britain (London: Macmillan 1989); Tariq Modood, Not Easy Being British (London: Trentham Books 1992); Floya Anthias and Nira Yuval-Davis, Racialized Boundaries: Race, Nation, Gender, Colour and Class and the Anti-Racist Struggle (London: Routledge 1992); Heidi Safia Mirza, Young, Female and Black (London: Routledge 1992); Avtar Brah, Cartographies of Diaspora: Contesting Identities (London: Routledge 1993); Les Back, New Ethnicities and Urban Culture: Racisms and Multiculture in Young Lives (London: UCL Press 1995).
12. Michael Banton, The Coloured Quarter (London: Cape 1955); John Rex and Robert Moore, Race, Community and Conflict: A Study of Sparkbrook (London: Oxford University Press for the Institute of Race Relations 1967); James L. Watson (ed.), Between Two Cultures: Migrants and Minorities in Britain (Oxford: Basil Blackwell 1977); Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies, The Empire Strikes Back (London: Hutchinson 1982); Paul Gilroy, There 'Aint No Black in the Union Jack (London: Hutchinson 1987); John Solomos, Race and Racism in Contemporary Britain (London: Macmillan 1989); Tariq Modood, Not Easy Being British (London: Trentham Books 1992); Floya Anthias and Nira Yuval-Davis, Racialized Boundaries: Race, Nation, Gender, Colour and Class and the Anti-Racist Struggle (London: Routledge 1992); Heidi Safia Mirza, Young, Female and Black (London: Routledge 1992); Avtar Brah, Cartographies of Diaspora: Contesting Identities (London: Routledge 1993); Les Back, New Ethnicities and Urban Culture: Racisms and Multiculture in Young Lives (London: UCL Press 1995).
13. One should point to partial exceptions to this rule. Brah (1993) does indeed stretch to a chapter on Europe, but its interpretation is characteristic of the ill-informed, excessively negative rhetoric typical of radical views on 'racist fortress Europe'. Robert Miles's important Racism after 'Race Relations' (London: Routledge 1993) shadows some of my arguments in its deployment of European counter-arguments, and in its critique of dominant British 'race' approaches, but it remains a work loyal to a Marxist metanarrative of denouncing domination and oppression. Paul Gilroy's eloquent The Black Atlantic: Modernity and Double Consciousness (London: Verso 1993), meanwhile, does indeed break the rule by being an explicit attack on the overwhelming force of national perspectives on race and identity, containing among many other things an auto-critique of the blindspots of black British cultural studies. Yet the book's focus on literature and music - oddly for an author who wrote perhaps the definitive work of black British cultural sociology (There 'Aint No Black) - offers little to guide a political interpretation of contemporary Britain. His Between Camps: Nation, Culture and the Allure of Race (London: Penguin 2000), on the other hand, talks a lot about Europe in general - and, encouragingly, of Britain as part of it - but it demonstrates very little specific knowledge of any particular European society: all of the crucial material comes from the United States.
14. One should point to partial exceptions to this rule. Brah (1993) does indeed stretch to a chapter on Europe, but its interpretation is characteristic of the ill-informed, excessively negative rhetoric typical of radical views on 'racist fortress Europe'. Robert Miles's important Racism after 'Race Relations' (London: Routledge 1993) shadows some of my arguments in its deployment of European counter-arguments, and in its critique of dominant British 'race' approaches, but it remains a work loyal to a Marxist metanarrative of denouncing domination and oppression. Paul Gilroy's eloquent The Black Atlantic: Modernity and Double Consciousness (London: Verso 1993), meanwhile, does indeed break the rule by being an explicit attack on the overwhelming force of national perspectives on race and identity, containing among many other things an auto-critique of the blindspots of black British cultural studies. Yet the book's focus on literature and music - oddly for an author who wrote perhaps the definitive work of black British cultural sociology (There 'Aint No Black) - offers little to guide a political interpretation of contemporary Britain. His Between Camps: Nation, Culture and the Allure of Race (London: Penguin 2000), on the other hand, talks a lot about Europe in general - and, encouragingly, of Britain as part of it - but it demonstrates very little specific knowledge of any particular European society: all of the crucial material comes from the United States.
15. One should point to partial exceptions to this rule. Brah (1993) does indeed stretch to a chapter on Europe, but its interpretation is characteristic of the ill-informed, excessively negative rhetoric typical of radical views on 'racist fortress Europe'. Robert Miles's important Racism after 'Race Relations' (London: Routledge 1993) shadows some of my arguments in its deployment of European counter-arguments, and in its critique of dominant British 'race' approaches, but it remains a work loyal to a Marxist metanarrative of denouncing domination and oppression. Paul Gilroy's eloquent The Black Atlantic: Modernity and Double Consciousness (London: Verso 1993), meanwhile, does indeed break the rule by being an explicit attack on the overwhelming force of national perspectives on race and identity, containing among many other things an auto-critique of the blindspots of black British cultural studies. Yet the book's focus on literature and music - oddly for an author who wrote perhaps the definitive work of black British cultural sociology (There 'Aint No Black) - offers little to guide a political interpretation of contemporary Britain. His Between Camps: Nation, Culture and the Allure of Race (London: Penguin 2000), on the other hand, talks a lot about Europe in general - and, encouragingly, of Britain as part of it - but it demonstrates very little specific knowledge of any particular European society: all of the crucial material comes from the United States.
16. The best comprehensive overview of the field is John Solomos and Les Back, Racism and Society (London: Macmillan 1998), an excellent guide to British racial and ethnic studies, which, however, still retains a specifically national kind of perspective, despite its efforts to weave in the occasional European and North American reference or example. My concern, obviously, is that something completely different is required: a genuinely general theoretical framework that is then applied comparatively and even-handedly to a range of similar cases, among which Britain would be an important but by no means overriding example.
17. John Wrench and John Solomos (eds), Racism and Migration in Western Europe (Oxford: Berg 1993); John Rex and Beatrice Drury (eds), Ethnic Mobilisation in a Multi-Cultural Europe (Aldershot: Avebury 1994); Robert Miles and Dietrich Thränhardt (eds), Migration and European Integration (London: Pinter 1995); Tariq Modood and Pnina Werbner (eds), The Politics of Multiculturalism in the New Europe (London: Zed Books 1997).
18. John Wrench and John Solomos (eds), Racism and Migration in Western Europe (Oxford: Berg 1993); John Rex and Beatrice Drury (eds), Ethnic Mobilisation in a Multi-Cultural Europe (Aldershot: Avebury 1994); Robert Miles and Dietrich Thränhardt (eds), Migration and European Integration (London: Pinter 1995); Tariq Modood and Pnina Werbner (eds), The Politics of Multiculturalism in the New Europe (London: Zed Books 1997).
19. John Wrench and John Solomos (eds), Racism and Migration in Western Europe (Oxford: Berg 1993); John Rex and Beatrice Drury (eds), Ethnic Mobilisation in a Multi-Cultural Europe (Aldershot: Avebury 1994); Robert Miles and Dietrich Thränhardt (eds), Migration and European Integration (London: Pinter 1995); Tariq Modood and Pnina Werbner (eds), The Politics of Multiculturalism in the New Europe (London: Zed Books 1997).
20. John Wrench and John Solomos (eds), Racism and Migration in Western Europe (Oxford: Berg 1993); John Rex and Beatrice Drury (eds), Ethnic Mobilisation in a Multi-Cultural Europe (Aldershot: Avebury 1994); Robert Miles and Dietrich Thränhardt (eds), Migration and European Integration (London: Pinter 1995); Tariq Modood and Pnina Werbner (eds), The Politics of Multiculturalism in the New Europe (London: Zed Books 1997).
21. Ann Dummett, 'Tackling racism: Britain in Europe', in Muhammad Anwar et al., From Legislation to Integration: Race Relations in Britain (London: Macmillan 2000), 107-24.
22. Gilroy, Between Camps, 247.
23. Ibid.
24. Brah, 172-4.
25. Ambalavaner Sivanandan, 'Introduction', Race and Class, vol. 32, no. 3, 1991, special issue on 'Europe: variations on a theme of racism', v-vi.
26. Miles, 209-10.
27. Ibid., 173-85.
28. Commission for Racial Equality/BBC, Race through the 90s (London: CRE 1992).
29. See Adrian Favell, 'Integration policy and integration research in Europe: a review and critique', in Alex Aleinikoff and Doug Klusmeyer (eds), Citizenship Today: Global Perspectives and Practices (Washington DC: Brookings Institute/Carnegie Endowment for International Peace 2001, forthcoming).
30. Commission on Multi-Ethnic Britain, The Future of Multi-Ethnic Britain: The Parekh Report (London: Profile Books 2000).
31. Yasmin Alibhai-Brown, Who Do We Think We Are? (London: Penguin 2000) and Gilroy, Between Camps.
32. Yasmin Alibhai-Brown, Who Do We Think We Are? (London: Penguin 2000) and Gilroy, Between Camps.
33. Jeremy Paxman, The English (London: Penguin 1999).
34. See the new tribute book, Paul Gilroy et al. (eds), Without Guarantees: In Honour of Stuart Hall (London: Verso 2000), David Morley and Kuan-Hsing Chen, Stuart Hall: Critical Dialogues in Cultural Studies (London: Verso 1996), and the profile by Myra Jaggi, 'The Guardian profile: Stuart Hall. Prophet at the margins', Guardian, 8 July 2000, review section, 8-9.
35. See the new tribute book, Paul Gilroy et al. (eds), Without Guarantees: In Honour of Stuart Hall (London: Verso 2000), David Morley and Kuan-Hsing Chen, Stuart Hall: Critical Dialogues in Cultural Studies (London: Verso 1996), and the profile by Myra Jaggi, 'The Guardian profile: Stuart Hall. Prophet at the margins', Guardian, 8 July 2000, review section, 8-9.
36. See the new tribute book, Paul Gilroy et al. (eds), Without Guarantees: In Honour of Stuart Hall (London: Verso 2000), David Morley and Kuan-Hsing Chen, Stuart Hall: Critical Dialogues in Cultural Studies (London: Verso 1996), and the profile by Myra Jaggi, 'The Guardian profile: Stuart Hall. Prophet at the margins', Guardian, 8 July 2000, review section, 8-9.
37. Kwesi Owusu, 'Introduction: charting the genealogy of black British studies', in K. Owusu (ed.), Black British Culture and Society (London: Routledge 2000), 1-18 (3).
38. John Salt et al., Ethnicity in the 1991 Census, 4 vols (London: HMSO 1996-7).
39. See John Rex and David Mason (eds), Theories of Race and Ethnic Relations (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1986).
40. Graeme Turner, British Cultural Studies, 2nd edn (London: Routledge 1996).
41. Stuart Hall, 'New ethnicities', in James Donald and Ali Rattansi (eds), Race, Culture and Difference (London: Sage 1988), 252-9.
42. Owusu, 6.
43. See Heidi Safia Mirza, 'Introduction: mapping a genealogy of black British feminism', in Heidi Safia Mirza, Black British Feminism: A Reader (London: Routledge 1997), 1-28.
44. Gargi Bhattacharyya, 'Teaching race in cultural studies: a ten-step programme of personal development', in Martin Bulmer and John Solomos, Ethnic and Racial Studies Today (London: Routledge 1999), 73-85.
45. Gilroy, Between Camps; John Solomos and Liza Schuster, 'Citizenship, multiculturalism and the politics of identity: contemporary dilemmas and policy agendas', in Ruud Koopmans and Paul Statham (eds), Challenging Immigration and Ethnic Relations Politics (Oxford: Oxford University Press 2000), 107-37.
46. Gilroy, Between Camps; John Solomos and Liza Schuster, 'Citizenship, multiculturalism and the politics of identity: contemporary dilemmas and policy agendas', in Ruud Koopmans and Paul Statham (eds), Challenging Immigration and Ethnic Relations Politics (Oxford: Oxford University Press 2000), 107-37.
47. Back, New Ethnicities; Tariq Modood, Sarah Beishon and Satnam Virdee, Changing Ethnic Identities (London: Policy Studies Institute 1994).
48. Back, New Ethnicities; Tariq Modood, Sarah Beishon and Satnam Virdee, Changing Ethnic Identities (London: Policy Studies Institute 1994).
49. John Solomos, 'Social research and the Stephen Lawrence inquiry', Sociological Research Online, vol. 4, no. 1, 1999, .
50. Hall, 'New ethnicities'.
51. Alan Sokal and Jean Bricmont, Intellectual Impostures: Postmodern Philosophers' Abuse of Science (London: Profile Books 1998).
52. Hall, 'New ethnicities'; Gilroy, Black Atlantic, Anthias and Yuval-Davis; and Brah.
53. Hall, 'New ethnicities'; Gilroy, Black Atlantic, Anthias and Yuval-Davis; and Brah.
54. Gilroy, There 'Aint No Black; Martin Barker, The New Racism (London: Junction Books 1981).
55. Gilroy, There 'Aint No Black; Martin Barker, The New Racism (London: Junction Books 1981).
56. The position I hold, rather, is more akin to a kind of reflexive 'neo-positivism'. It has become a cliché of post-positivist social theory that all social science is politicized and situated. Yet while pure neutrality might be impossible, to go on to collapse all academic work into activism or social work has disastrous consequences for its credibility as an independent viewpoint on the world. I am particularly persuaded by the brilliant manifesto of Pierre Bourdieu and Loïc Wacquant defending reflexive social science, a position that seeks to maximize the autonomy from social and political forces (i.e., the corruption by instrumentalized political or media 'fields') of academic works but that nevertheless recognizes their historical and sociological origins (P. Bourdieu and L. Wacquant, An Invitation to Reflexive Sociology (Cambridge: Polity Press 1992)). The basic Bourdieu line has been woefully misunderstood as a form of postmodernism by many of his English-language admirers in cultural studies (see, e.g., Mirza, 'Introduction', 20). See Bourdieu and Wacquant's delightful 'bite the hand' piece in which they skewer some of the excesses of English and American ethnic studies (P. Bourdieu and L. Wacquant, 'On the currency of imperialist reason', Theory, Culture and Society, vol. 16, no. 1, 1999, 44-58).
57. The position I hold, rather, is more akin to a kind of reflexive 'neo-positivism'. It has become a cliché of post-positivist social theory that all social science is politicized and situated. Yet while pure neutrality might be impossible, to go on to collapse all academic work into activism or social work has disastrous consequences for its credibility as an independent viewpoint on the world. I am particularly persuaded by the brilliant manifesto of Pierre Bourdieu and Loïc Wacquant defending reflexive social science, a position that seeks to maximize the autonomy from social and political forces (i.e., the corruption by instrumentalized political or media 'fields') of academic works but that nevertheless recognizes their historical and sociological origins (P. Bourdieu and L. Wacquant, An Invitation to Reflexive Sociology (Cambridge: Polity Press 1992)). The basic Bourdieu line has been woefully misunderstood as a form of postmodernism by many of his English-language admirers in cultural studies (see, e.g., Mirza, 'Introduction', 20). See Bourdieu and Wacquant's delightful 'bite the hand' piece in which they skewer some of the excesses of English and American ethnic studies (P. Bourdieu and L. Wacquant, 'On the currency of imperialist reason', Theory, Culture and Society, vol. 16, no. 1, 1999, 44-58).
58. The position I hold, rather, is more akin to a kind of reflexive 'neo-positivism'. It has become a cliché of post-positivist social theory that all social science is politicized and situated. Yet while pure neutrality might be impossible, to go on to collapse all academic work into activism or social work has disastrous consequences for its credibility as an independent viewpoint on the world. I am particularly persuaded by the brilliant manifesto of Pierre Bourdieu and Loïc Wacquant defending reflexive social science, a position that seeks to maximize the autonomy from social and political forces (i.e., the corruption by instrumentalized political or media 'fields') of academic works but that nevertheless recognizes their historical and sociological origins (P. Bourdieu and L. Wacquant, An Invitation to Reflexive Sociology (Cambridge: Polity Press 1992)). The basic Bourdieu line has been woefully misunderstood as a form of postmodernism by many of his English-language admirers in cultural studies (see, e.g., Mirza, 'Introduction', 20). See Bourdieu and Wacquant's delightful 'bite the hand' piece in which they skewer some of the excesses of English and American ethnic studies (P. Bourdieu and L. Wacquant, 'On the currency of imperialist reason', Theory, Culture and Society, vol. 16, no. 1, 1999, 44-58).
59. Amidst several caricatural pieces of speculative social theory in a special edition of the British Journal of Sociology on the future of sociology - especially those by John Urry and Ulrich Beck - it is the eminently sensible, comparative empiricist vision of Esping-Andersen that I would uphold as the right model for future sociologists (Gösta Esping-Andersen, 'Two societies, one sociology and no theory', British Journal of Sociology, vol. 51, no. 1, 2000, 59-77).
60. Amidst several caricatural pieces of speculative social theory in a special edition of the British Journal of Sociology on the future of sociology - especially those by John Urry and Ulrich Beck - it is the eminently sensible, comparative empiricist vision of Esping-Andersen that I would uphold as the right model for future sociologists (Gösta Esping-Andersen, 'Two societies, one sociology and no theory', British Journal of Sociology, vol. 51, no. 1, 2000, 59-77).
61. Nathan Glazer, Ethnic Dilemmas: 1964-1982 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press 1983).
62. Gary Freeman, 'Modes of immigration politics in liberal democratic societies', International Migration Review, vol. 29, no. 4, 1995, 881-902; Andrew Geddes, The European Politics of Immigration (London: Sage 2001, forthcoming).
63. Gary Freeman, 'Modes of immigration politics in liberal democratic societies', International Migration Review, vol. 29, no. 4, 1995, 881-902; Andrew Geddes, The European Politics of Immigration (London: Sage 2001, forthcoming).
64. Favell, Philosophies of Integration.
65. Rogers Brubaker, Citizenship and Nationhood in France and Germany (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press 1992); Yasemin Soysal, Limits of Citizenship: Migrants and Post-National Membership in Europe (Chicago: Chicago University Press 1994); Patrick Ireland, The Policy Challenge of Ethnic Diversity (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press 1994); Virginie Guiraudon, 'Citizenship rights for non-citizens: France, Germany and the Netherlands (1974-1994)', in Christian Joppke (ed.), Challenge to the Nation-State (Oxford: Oxford University Press 1998), 271-318; Joppke (ed.), Challenge to the Nation State; Christian Joppke, Immigration and the Nation State: The United States, Germany and Great Britain (Oxford: Oxford University Press 1999); Ruud Koopmans and Paul Statham (eds), Challenging Immigration and Ethnic Relations Politics: Comparative European Perspectives (Oxford: Oxford University Press 2000).
66. Rogers Brubaker, Citizenship and Nationhood in France and Germany (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press 1992); Yasemin Soysal, Limits of Citizenship: Migrants and Post-National Membership in Europe (Chicago: Chicago University Press 1994); Patrick Ireland, The Policy Challenge of Ethnic Diversity (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press 1994); Virginie Guiraudon, 'Citizenship rights for non-citizens: France, Germany and the Netherlands (1974-1994)', in Christian Joppke (ed.), Challenge to the Nation-State (Oxford: Oxford University Press 1998), 271-318; Joppke (ed.), Challenge to the Nation State; Christian Joppke, Immigration and the Nation State: The United States, Germany and Great Britain (Oxford: Oxford University Press 1999); Ruud Koopmans and Paul Statham (eds), Challenging Immigration and Ethnic Relations Politics: Comparative European Perspectives (Oxford: Oxford University Press 2000).
67. Rogers Brubaker, Citizenship and Nationhood in France and Germany (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press 1992); Yasemin Soysal, Limits of Citizenship: Migrants and Post-National Membership in Europe (Chicago: Chicago University Press 1994); Patrick Ireland, The Policy Challenge of Ethnic Diversity (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press 1994); Virginie Guiraudon, 'Citizenship rights for non-citizens: France, Germany and the Netherlands (1974-1994)', in Christian Joppke (ed.), Challenge to the Nation-State (Oxford: Oxford University Press 1998), 271-318; Joppke (ed.), Challenge to the Nation State; Christian Joppke, Immigration and the Nation State: The United States, Germany and Great Britain (Oxford: Oxford University Press 1999); Ruud Koopmans and Paul Statham (eds), Challenging Immigration and Ethnic Relations Politics: Comparative European Perspectives (Oxford: Oxford University Press 2000).
68. Rogers Brubaker, Citizenship and Nationhood in France and Germany (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press 1992); Yasemin Soysal, Limits of Citizenship: Migrants and Post-National Membership in Europe (Chicago: Chicago University Press 1994); Patrick Ireland, The Policy Challenge of Ethnic Diversity (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press 1994); Virginie Guiraudon, 'Citizenship rights for non-citizens: France, Germany and the Netherlands (1974-1994)', in Christian Joppke (ed.), Challenge to the Nation-State (Oxford: Oxford University Press 1998), 271-318; Joppke (ed.), Challenge to the Nation State; Christian Joppke, Immigration and the Nation State: The United States, Germany and Great Britain (Oxford: Oxford University Press 1999); Ruud Koopmans and Paul Statham (eds), Challenging Immigration and Ethnic Relations Politics: Comparative European Perspectives (Oxford: Oxford University Press 2000).
69. Rogers Brubaker, Citizenship and Nationhood in France and Germany (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press 1992); Yasemin Soysal, Limits of Citizenship: Migrants and Post-National Membership in Europe (Chicago: Chicago University Press 1994); Patrick Ireland, The Policy Challenge of Ethnic Diversity (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press 1994); Virginie Guiraudon, 'Citizenship rights for non-citizens: France, Germany and the Netherlands (1974-1994)', in Christian Joppke (ed.), Challenge to the Nation-State (Oxford: Oxford University Press 1998), 271-318; Joppke (ed.), Challenge to the Nation State; Christian Joppke, Immigration and the Nation State: The United States, Germany and Great Britain (Oxford: Oxford University Press 1999); Ruud Koopmans and Paul Statham (eds), Challenging Immigration and Ethnic Relations Politics: Comparative European Perspectives (Oxford: Oxford University Press 2000).
70. Rogers Brubaker, Citizenship and Nationhood in France and Germany (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press 1992); Yasemin Soysal, Limits of Citizenship: Migrants and Post-National Membership in Europe (Chicago: Chicago University Press 1994); Patrick Ireland, The Policy Challenge of Ethnic Diversity (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press 1994); Virginie Guiraudon, 'Citizenship rights for non-citizens: France, Germany and the Netherlands (1974-1994)', in Christian Joppke (ed.), Challenge to the Nation-State (Oxford: Oxford University Press 1998), 271-318; Joppke (ed.), Challenge to the Nation State; Christian Joppke, Immigration and the Nation State: The United States, Germany and Great Britain (Oxford: Oxford University Press 1999); Ruud Koopmans and Paul Statham (eds), Challenging Immigration and Ethnic Relations Politics: Comparative European Perspectives (Oxford: Oxford University Press 2000).
71. Rogers Brubaker, Citizenship and Nationhood in France and Germany (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press 1992); Yasemin Soysal, Limits of Citizenship: Migrants and Post-National Membership in Europe (Chicago: Chicago University Press 1994); Patrick Ireland, The Policy Challenge of Ethnic Diversity (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press 1994); Virginie Guiraudon, 'Citizenship rights for non-citizens: France, Germany and the Netherlands (1974-1994)', in Christian Joppke (ed.), Challenge to the Nation-State (Oxford: Oxford University Press 1998), 271-318; Joppke (ed.), Challenge to the Nation State; Christian Joppke, Immigration and the Nation State: The United States, Germany and Great Britain (Oxford: Oxford University Press 1999); Ruud Koopmans and Paul Statham (eds), Challenging Immigration and Ethnic Relations Politics: Comparative European Perspectives (Oxford: Oxford University Press 2000).
72. See Will Kymlicka, Multicultural Citizenship (Oxford: Oxford University Press 1995); Christian Joppke and Steven Lukes (eds), Multicultural Questions (Oxford: Oxford University Press 1999).
73. See Will Kymlicka, Multicultural Citizenship (Oxford: Oxford University Press 1995); Christian Joppke and Steven Lukes (eds), Multicultural Questions (Oxford: Oxford University Press 1999).
74. See Bhikhu Parekh, Rethinking Multiculturalism (London: Macmillan 2000); Tariq Modood, 'Anti-essentialism, multiculturalism and the "recognition" of religious groups', in Will Kymlicka and Wayne Norman (eds), Citizenship in Diverse Societies (Oxford: Oxford University Press 2000).
75. See Bhikhu Parekh, Rethinking Multiculturalism (London: Macmillan 2000); Tariq Modood, 'Anti-essentialism, multiculturalism and the "recognition" of religious groups', in Will Kymlicka and Wayne Norman (eds), Citizenship in Diverse Societies (Oxford: Oxford University Press 2000).
76. Yasemin Soysal, 'Changing parameters of citizenship and claims-making: organized Islam in European public spheres', Theory and Society, vol. 26, no. 4, 1997, 509-27.
77. Thomas H. Marshall, 'Citizenship and social class' [1950], in T. H. Marshall and Tom Bottomore, Citizenship and Social Class (London: Pluto 1992).
78. Randall Hansen and Patrick Weil (eds), Towards a European Nationality: Citizenship, Immigration and Nationality Law in the EU (London: Macmillan 2000).
79. Martin Schain, 'Minorities and immigrant incorporation in France', in Christian Joppkc and Steven Lukes (eds), Multicultural Questions (Oxford: Oxford University Press 1999), 199-223.
80. Russell King, 'From guestworkers to immigrants: labour migration from the Mediterranean periphery', in David Pinder (ed.), The New Europe: Economy, Society and Environment (London: Wiley 1998), 263-79; Russell King, 'Post-oil crisis, post-communism: new geographies of international migration', in Pinder (ed.), 281-304; Stephen Castles and Mark Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population and Movements in the Modern World, 2nd edn (London: Macmillan 1998).
81. Russell King, 'From guestworkers to immigrants: labour migration from the Mediterranean periphery', in David Pinder (ed.), The New Europe: Economy, Society and Environment (London: Wiley 1998), 263-79; Russell King, 'Post-oil crisis, post-communism: new geographies of international migration', in Pinder (ed.), 281-304; Stephen Castles and Mark Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population and Movements in the Modern World, 2nd edn (London: Macmillan 1998).
82. Russell King, 'From guestworkers to immigrants: labour migration from the Mediterranean periphery', in David Pinder (ed.), The New Europe: Economy, Society and Environment (London: Wiley 1998), 263-79; Russell King, 'Post-oil crisis, post-communism: new geographies of international migration', in Pinder (ed.), 281-304; Stephen Castles and Mark Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population and Movements in the Modern World, 2nd edn (London: Macmillan 1998).
83. Doug Massey et al., Worlds in Motion: Understanding International Migration at the End of the Millennium (Oxford: Clarendon Press 1998), ch. 4.
84. Colin Holmes, John Bull's Island: Immigration and British Society 1871-1971 (London: Macmillan 1988); Tony Kushner and Katherine Knox, Refugees in an Age of Genocide (London: Frank Cass 1999).
85. Colin Holmes, John Bull's Island: Immigration and British Society 1871-1971 (London: Macmillan 1988); Tony Kushner and Katherine Knox, Refugees in an Age of Genocide (London: Frank Cass 1999).
86. Saskia Sassen, The Global City: New York, London, Tokyo (Princeton: Princeton University Press 1991).
87. Alejandro Portes, 'Transnational communities: their emergence and their significance in the contemporary world-system', in Roberto Patricio Korzemewicz and William C. Smith (eds), Latin America in the World Economy (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press 1996), 151-68.
88. Andrew Geddes, Immigration and European Integration (Manchester: Manchester University Press 2000).
89. On this question, see Sarah Spencer (ed.), Strangers and Citizens. A Positive Approach to Migrants and Refugees (London: IPPR/Rivers Oram Press 1994).