Regulating media violence: Why, how, and by whom?

The Faces of Televisual Media: Teaching, Violence, Selling to Children: Second Edition

Volumn , Issue , 2003, Pages 249-274

  Huesmann, L Rowell ^a   Skoric, Marko M ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84909293324     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.4324/9781410607829     Document Type: Chapter

References (74)

1. American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU). (1996). TV ratings scheme is government-coerced censorship; "Don't let big brother take over the remote control." Retrieved June 12, 2002, from http://www.aclu.org/news/n121996a.html.
2. Anderson, B., Mead, N., & Sullivan, S. (1986). Television: What do national assessment results tell us? Princeton, NJ: Educational Testing Service.
3. Anderson, C.A., & Bushman, B.J. (2001). Effects of violent video games on aggressive behavior, aggressive cognition, aggressive affect, physiological arousal, and prosocial behavior: A meta-analytic review of the scientific literature. Psychological Science, 12, 353-359.
4. Andison, F.S. (1977). TV violence and viewer aggression: A cumulation of study results 1956-1976. Public Opinion Quarterly, 41, 314-331.
5. Baker, R., & Ball, S. (1969). Mass media and violence: A report to the National Commission on the Causes and Prevention of Violence. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
6. Bandura, A. (1977). Social learning theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice- Hall.
7. Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A socialcognitive theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
8. Bandura, A., Ross, D., & Ross, S.A. (1961). Transmission of aggression through imitation of aggressive models. Journal of Abnormal Social Psychology, 63, 575-582.
9. Belson, W. (1978). Television violence and the adolescent boy. Hampshire, UK: Saxon House.
10. Berkowitz, L. (1993). Aggression: Its causes, consequences, and control. New York: McGraw-Hill.
11. Bjorkqvist, K. (1985). Violent films, anxiety and aggression. Helsinki: Finnish Society of Sciences and Letters.
12. Brown, J.A. (2001). Media literacy and critical television viewing in education. In D.G.Singer & J.L. Singer (Eds.), Handbook of children and the media (pp. 681-697). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
13. Bushman, B.J. (1998). Priming effects of violent media on the accessibility of aggressive constructs in memory. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 24, 537-545.
14. Bushman, B.J. & Anderson C.A. (2001). Media violence and the American public. American Psychologist, 56, 477-489.
15. Bushman, B.J., & Stack, A.D. (1996). Forbidden fruit versus tainted fruit: Effects of warning labels on attraction to television violence. Journal of Experiment Psychology: Applied, 2, 207-226.
16. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 47, Volume 4. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
17. Comstock, G.A., & Paik, H. (1991). Television and the American child. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
18. Comstock, G.A., Murray, J.P., & Rubinstein, E.A. (1972). Television and social behavior: A technical report to the Surgeon General's Scientific Advisory Committee on television and social behavior. Rockville, MD: National Institute of Mental Health.
19. Cooper, C.A. (1996). Violence on television: Congressional inquiry, public criticism and industry response: A policy analysis. Lanham, MD: University Press of America.
20. Dorr, A., Graves, S.B., & Phelps, E. (1980). Television literacy for young children. Journal of Communication, 30(3), 71-83.
21. Eron, L.D. (1963). Relationship of TV viewing habits and aggressive behavior in children. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 67(2), 193-196.
22. Eron, L.D., Huesmann, L.R., Lefkowitz, M.M., & Walder, L.O. (1972). Does television violence cause aggression? American Psychologist, 27, 253-263.
23. Federal Communications Commission (FCC). (2002). EB-obscene & indecent broadcasts. Retrieved June 12, 2002, from http://www.fcc.gov/eb/broadcast/obscind.html.
24. Gerbner, G., & Signorielli, N. (1990). Violence profile, 1967 through 1988- 1989: Enduring patterns. Unpublished manuscript, University of Pennsylvania, Annenberg School of Communication.
25. Hamilton, J.T. (1998a). Channeling violence: The economic market for violent television programming. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
26. Hamilton, J.T. (1998). Media violence and public policy. In J.T.Hamilton (Ed.), Television violence and public policy (pp. 1-12). Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
27. Hoerrner, K. (1999). Symbolic politics: Congressional interest in television violence from 1950 to 1996. Journalism of Mass Communication Quarterly, 76, 684-698.
28. Hoffner, C., Plotkin, R.S., Buchanan, M., & Anderson, J.D. (2001). The third person effect in perceptions of the influence of television violence. Journal of Communication, 51(2), 283-299.
29. Huesmann, L.R. (1982). Television violence and aggressive behavior. In D.Pearl, L.Bouthilet, & J. Lazar (Eds.), Television and behavior: Ten years of scientific programs and implications for the 80s (vol. 2, pp. 126-137). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
30. Huesmann, L.R. (1988). An information processing model for the development of aggression. Aggressive Behavior, 14, 13-24.
31. Huesmann, L.R. (1998). The role of social information processing and cognitive schemas in the acquisition and maintenance of habitual aggressive behavior. In R.G.Geen & E.Donnerstein (Eds.), Human aggression: Theories, research, and implications for policy (pp. 73-109). New York: Academic Press.
32. Huesmann, L.R., & Eron, L.D. (1986). Television and the aggressive child: A cross-national comparison. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
33. Huesmann, L R., Eron, L.D., Klein, R., Brice, P., & Fischer, P. (1983). Mitigating the imitation of aggressive behaviors by children's attitudes about media violence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44, 899-910.
34. Huesmann, L.R., & Miller, L.S. (1994). Long-term effects of repeated exposure to media violence in childhood. In L.R. Huesmann (Ed.), Aggressive behavior: Current perspectives (pp. 153-186). New York: Plenum.
35. Huesmann, L.R., Moise, J.F., & Podolski, C.P. (1997). The effects of media violence on the development of antisocial behavior. In D. Stoff, J. Breiling, & J. Maser (Eds.), Handbook of antisocial behavior (pp. 181-193). New York: Wiley.
36. Huesmann, L.R., Moise, J., Podolski, C. & Eron, L. (2003). Longitudinal relations between childhood exposure to media violence and adult aggression and violence. Developmental Psychology, 39(2), 201-221.
37. Johnson, J.D., Adams, M.S., & Ashburn, L. (1995). Differential gender effects of exposure to rap music on African American adolescents acceptance of teen dating violence. Sex Roles, 33(7/8), 597-605.
38. Katz, J. (1999). Are V-chips and content ratings necessary? No. In A. Alexander & H. Hanson (Eds.), Taking sides: Clashing views on controversial issues in mass media and society (pp. 236-296). Guilford, CT: Dushkin/McGraw-Hill.
39. Kunkel, D., & Wilcox, B, (2001). Children and media policy. In D.G.Singer & J.L.Singer (Eds.), Handbook of children and the media (pp. 589-604). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
40. Lazarsfeld, P.F. (1955). Why is so little known about the effects of television on children and what can be done? Public Opinion Quarterly, 19, 243-251.
41. Lefkowitz, M.M., Eron, L.D., Walder, L.O., & Huesmann, L.R. (1977). Growing up to be violent: A longitudinal study of the development of aggression. New York: Pergamon.
42. Malamuth, N.M., & Donnerstein, E. (1982). The effects of aggressive and pornographic mass media stimuli. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (vol. 15, pp. 103-136). New York: Academic Press.
43. McLeod, J.M., Atkin, C.K., & Chaffee, S.H. (1972). Adolescents, parents and television use: Adolescent self-report measures from Maryland and Wisconsin samples. In G.A.Comstock & E.A. Rubinstein (Eds.), Television and social behavior: A technical report to the Surgeon General's Scientific Advisory Committee on television and social behavior, Vol 3. Television and adolescent aggressiveness (DHEW Publication No. HSM 72-9058; pp. 173- 238). Rockville, MD: National Institute of Mental Health.
44. Metropolitan Area Child Study Research Group. [In alphabetical order: Eron, L.D., Guerra, N.G., Henry, D., Huesmann, L.R., Tolan, P., & VanAcker, R.]. (2002). A cognitive/ecological approach to preventing aggression in urban settings: Initial outcomes for high-risk children. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 70, 179-194.
45. Milavsky, J.R., Kessler, R., Stipp, H., & Rubens, W.S. (1982). Television and aggression: A panel study. New York: Academic Press.
46. Miller v. California, 413 U.S. 15 (1973).
47. Miron, D., Bryant, J., & Zillmann, D. (2001). Creating vigilance for better learning from television. In D.Singer & J.Singer (Eds.), Handbook of children and the media (pp. 153-182). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
48. Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA). (2002). Movie ratings. Retrieved June 12, 2002, from http://www.mpaa.org/.
49. Nathanson, A.I. (1999). Identifying and explaining the relationship between parent mediation and children's aggression. Communication Research, 26(2), 124-143.
50. Nathanson, A.I., & Cantor, J. (2000), Reducing the aggression-promoting effect of violent cartoons by increasing children's fictional involvement with the victim: A study of active mediation. Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, 44(1), 125-142.
51. Newton, D.E. (1996). Violence and the media: A reference handbook. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO.
52. Paik, H. (2001). The history of children's use of electronic media. In D.G.Singer & J.L.Singer (Eds.), Handbook of children and the media (pp. 7-28). Thousand Oaks, CA: Academic Press.
53. Paik, H., & Comstock, G.A. (1994). The effects of television violence on antisocial behavior: A meta-analysis. Communication Research, 21, 516-546.
54. Parental Choice in Television Act of 1955, 104th Congress.
55. Potter, W.J. (1999). On media violence. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
56. Ryan, A.M. (1999). Don't touch that V-chip: A constitutional defense of the television program ratings provisions of the Telecommunications Act of 1996. Georgetown Law Journal, 87, 823-848.
57. Saunders, K.W. (1996). Violence as obscenity: Limiting the media's First Amendment protection. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
58. Schramm, W., Lyle, J., & Parker, E. (1961). Television in the lives of our children. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
59. Signorielli, N. (1991). A sourcebook on children and television. Westport, CT: Greenwood.
60. Singer, J.L., & Singer, D.G. (1983). Psychologists look at television: Cognitive, developmental, personality, and social policy implications. American Psychologist, 38, 826-834.
61. Spitzer, M.L. (1998), A first look at the constitutionality of the V-chip rating system. In J.T.Hamilton (Ed), Television violence and public policy (pp. 335- 383). Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
62. Sunstein, C. (2001). Republic.com. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
63. Surgeon General's Scientific Advisory Committee on Television and Social Behavior (1972). Television and growing up: The impact of televised violence. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
64. TV Parental Guidelines. (2002). Understanding the TV ratings. Retrieved June 12,2002, from http://www.tvguidelines.org/default.asp.
65. United States Code, Title 18, Section 1464 (Broadcasting Obscene Language). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
66. U.S. Senate Committee on Commerce. (1972). Serial No. 92-52.
67. Valenti, J. (2000). A response to the FTC report offered by Jack Valenti, president & chief executive officer, Motion Picture Association of America, on behalf of The Walt Disney Company, Dreamworks SKG, Metro-Goldwyn- Mayer Studios, Paramount Pictures, Sony Pictures Entertainment, Twentieth Century Fox Film Corporation, Universal Studios, Warner Bros. Retrieved June 12, 2002, from http://www.mpaa.org/jack/2000/0000_09_26.htm.
68. Webster, J.G., Pearson, J.C., & Webster, D.B. (1986). Children's television viewing as affected by contextual variables in the home. Communication Research Reports, 3, 1-8.
69. Wilson, B., Colvin, C., & Smith, S. (2002). Engaging in violence on American television: A comparison of child, teen and adult perpetrators. Journal of Communication, 52, 36-60.
70. Wilson, B.J., Kunkel, D., Linz, D., Potter, J., Donnerstein, E., Smith, S.L., Blumenthal, E., & Gray, T. (1997). Violence in television programming overall: University of California, Santa Barbara study. In M.Seawall (Ed.), National television violence study (vol. 1, pp. 3-184). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
71. Wilson, B.J., Kunkel, D., Linz, D., Potter, J., Donnerstein, E., Smith, S.L., Blumenthal, E., & Berry, M. (1998). Violence in television programming overall: University of California, Santa Barbara study. In M.Seawall (Ed.), National television violence study (vol. 2, pp. 3-204). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
72. Wilson, B., Smith, S., Potter, W.J., Kunkel, D., Linz, D., Colvin, C., & Donnerstein, E. (2002). Violence in children's television programming: Assessing the risks. Journal of Communication, 52(1), 5-35.
73. Zillmann, D. (1979). Hostility and aggression. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
74. Zillmann, D. (1983). Transfer of excitation in emotional behavior. In J.T.Cacioppo & R.E.Petty (Eds.), Social psychophysiology: A sourcebook (pp. 215-240). New York: Guilford.