Engaging in violence on American television: A comparison of child, teen, and adult perpetrators

Journal of Communication

Volumn 52, Issue 1, 2002, Pages 36-60

  Wilson, Barbara J ^a   Colvin, Carolyn M ^b   Smith, Stacy L ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA CHAMPAIGN   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^c MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

TELEVISION; VIOLENCE;

EID: 0036104415     PISSN: 00219916     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/joc/52.1.36     Document Type: Article

References (64)

1. Alwitt, L. F., Anderson, D. R., Lorch, E. P., & Levin, S. R. (1980). Preschool children's visual attention to attributes of television. Human Communication Research, 7, 52-67.
2. American Academy of Pediatrics. (2000). Television in the family. [Online]. Available: http://www.aap.org/family/tv1.htm
3. Anderson, W. H., & Williams, B. M. (1983). TV and the black child: What black children say about the shows they watch. Journal of Black Psychology, 9, 27-42.
4. Ascione, F. R., & Sanok, R. L. (1982). The role of peer and adult models in facilitating and inhibiting children's prosocial behavior. Genetic Psychology Monographs, 106, 239-259.
5. Atkin, C. (1983). Effects of realistic TV violence vs. fictional violence on aggression. Journalism Quarterly, 60, 615-621.
6. Bandura, A. (1965). Influence of models' reinforcement contingencies on the aquisition of imitative responses. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1, 589-595.
7. Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
8. Bandura, A., Ross, D., & Ross, S. (1961). Transmission of aggression through imitation of aggressive models. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 63, 575-582.
9. Bandura, A., Ross, D., & Ross, S. (1963). Imitation of film-mediated aggressive models. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 66, 3-11.
10. Baron, R. A. (1978). The influence of hostile and nonhostile humor upon physical aggression. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 4, 77-80.
11. Berkowitz, L. (1970). Aggressive humor as a stimulus to aggressive responses. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 16, 710-717.
12. Berkowitz, L., & Powers, P. C. (1979). Effects of timing and justification of witnessed aggression on the observers' punitiveness. Journal of Research in Personality, 13, 71-80.
13. Berman, M., Gladue, B., & Taylor, S. (1993). The effects of hormones, Type A behavior pattern, and provocation on aggression in men. Motivation and Emotion, 17, 125-138.
14. Berndt, T. J., & Berndt, E. G. (1975). Children's use of motives and intentionality in person perception and moral judgment. Child Development, 46, 904-912.
15. Boyatzis, C. J., Matillo. G. M., & Nesbitt, K. M, (1995). Effects of "Mighty Morphin Power Rangers" on children's aggression with peers. Child Study Journal, 25, 45-55.
16. Brody, G. H., & Stoneman, Z. (1981). Selective imitation of same-age, older, and younger peer models. Child Development, 52, 717-720.
17. Carlson, M., Marcus-Newhall, A., & Miller, N. (1990). Effects of situational aggressive cues: A quantitative review. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 58, 622-633.
18. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (1997). 1997 Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS). [Online]. Available: http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dash/yrbs/
19. Cohen, J. (1999). Favorite characters of teenage viewers of Israeli serials. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 43, 327-345.
20. Dates, J. (1980). Race, racial attitudes, and adolescent perceptions of black characters. Journal of Broadcasting, 24, 549-560.
21. Dorr, A. (1983). No shortcuts to judging reality. In J. Bryant & D. R. Anderson (Eds.), Children's understanding of television (pp. 199-220). New York: Academic Press.
22. Elkins, P. D., & Roberts, M. C. (1985). Reducing medical fears in a general population of children: A comparison of three audiovisual modeling procedures. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 10, 65-75.
23. Friedrich, L. K., & Stein, A. H. (1973). Aggressive and prosocial television programs and the natural behavior of preschool children. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 38(4, Serial No. 151), 1-63.
24. Gerbner, G., Gross, L., Signorielli, N., Morgan, M., & Jackson-Beeck (1979). The demonstration of power: Violence profile no. 10. Journal of Communication, 29(3), 177-196.
25. Greenberg, B. S. (1972). Children's reactions to TV blacks. Journalism Quarterly, 49, 5-14.
26. Greenberg, B. S. (1988). Some uncommon television messages and the drench hypothesis. In S. Oskamp (Ed.), Television as a social issue: Applied social psychology annual 8 (pp. 88-102). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
27. Greenberg, B. S., Edison, N., Korzenny, F., Fernandez-Collado, C., & Atkin, C. K. (1980). Antisocial and prosociai behaviors on television. In B. S. Greenberg (Ed.), Life on television: Content analyses of U.S. TV drama (pp. 99-128). Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
28. Harwood, J. (1997). Viewing age: Lifespan identity and television viewing choices. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 41, 203-213.
29. Harwood, J. (1999). Age identification, social identity gratifications, and television viewing. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 43, 123-136.
30. Hicks, D. (1965). Imitation and retention of film-mediated aggressive peer and adult models. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2, 97-100.
31. Hoffner, C. (1996). Children's wishful identification and parasocial interaction with favorite television characters. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 40, 389-402.
32. Hoffner, C., & Cantor, J. (1985). Developmental differences in responses to a television character's appearance and behavior. Developmental Psychology 21, 1065-1074.
33. Hoffner, C., & Cantor, J. (1991). Perceiving and responding to mass media characters. In J. Bryant & D. Zillmann (Eds.), Responding to the screen: Reception and reaction processes (pp. 63-101). Hillsdale, j NJ: Erlbaum.
34. Huesmann, L. R. (1988). An information processing model for the development of aggression. Aggressive Behavior, 14, 13-24.
35. Huesmann, L. R. (1998). The role of social information processing and cognitive schema in the acquisition and maintenance of habitual aggressive behavior. In R. G. Geen & E. Donnerstein (Eds.), Human aggression: Theories, research, and implications for social policy (pp. 73-109). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
36. Huesmann, L. R., Eron, L. D., Lefkowitz, M. M., & Walder, L. O. (1984). The stability of aggression over time and generations. Developmental Psychology, 20, 1120-1134.
37. Jablonski, C., & Zillmann, D. (1995). Humor's role in the trivialization of violence. Medienpsyschologie: Zeitschrift fur Individual- & Massenkommunikation, 7, 122-133.
38. Jensen, E. (1999, July 23). Diversity proves the norm in Nickelodeon programming. Los Angeles Times, F24.
39. Jose, P. E., & Brewer, W. F. (1984). Development of story liking: Character identification, suspense, and outcome resolution. Developmental Psychology, 20, 911-924.
40. Lefkowitz, M. M., Eron, L. D., Walder, L. O., & Huesmann, L. R. (1972). Television violence and child aggression: A follow-up study. In G. A. Comstock & E. A. Rubinstein (Eds.), Television and social behavior, Vol. 3: Television and adolescent aggressiveness (pp. 35-135). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
41. Leyens, J. P., & Picus, S. (1973). Identification with the winner of a fight and name mediation: Their differential effects upon subsequent aggressive behavior. British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 12, 374-377.
42. Lichtblau, E. (1999, October 18). Juvenile arrests in U.S. decline, belying fears. Los Angeles Times, A1.
43. Liss, M. B., Reinhart, L. C., & Fredriksen, S. (1983). TV heroes: The impact of rhetoric and deeds. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 4, 175-187.
44. McKenna, M., & Ossoff, E. (1998). Age differences in children's comprehension of a popular television program. Child Study Journal, 28, 53-68.
45. Meyer, T. P. (1972). Effects of viewing justified and unjustified real film violence on aggressive behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 23, 21-29.
46. Miles, D. R., & Carey, G. (1997). The genetic and environmental architecture of human aggression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, 207-217.
47. Moffitt, T. E. (1990). Juvenile delinquency and attention-deficit disorder: Developmental trajectories from age 3 to 15. Child Development, 61, 893-910.
48. Nikken, P., & Peeters, A. L. (1988). Children's perceptions of television reality. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 32, 441-452.
49. Potter, W. J., & Levine-Donnerstein, D. (1999). Rethinking validity and reliability in content analysis. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 27, 258-284.
50. Potter, W. J., Vaughn, M., Warren, R., Howley, K., Land, A., & Hagemayer, J. (1995). How real is thje portrayal of aggression in television entertainment programming? Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 39, 496-516.
51. Roberts, D. F., Foehr, U. G., Rideout, V. J., & Broadie, M. (1999). Kids & media the new millennium. Menlo Park, CA: Kaiser Family Foundation.
52. Sanders, G. S., & Baron, R. S. (1975). Pain cues and uncertainty as determinants of aggression in a situation involving repeated instigation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 32, 495-502.
53. Schmitt, K. L., Anderson, D. R., & Collins, P. A. (1999). Form and content: Looking at Visual features of television. Developmental Psychology, 35, 1156-1167.
54. Schmutte, G. T., & Taylor, S. P. (1980). Physical aggression as a function of alcohol and pain feedback. Journal of Social Psychology, 110, 235-244.
55. Signorielli, N. (1990a). Children, television, and gender roles: Messages and impact. Journal of Adolescent Health Care, 11, 50-58.
56. Signorielli, N. (1990b). Television's mean and dangerous world: A continuation of the cultural indicators perspective. In N. Signorielli & M. Morgan (Eds.), Cultivation analysis: New directions in media effects research (pp. 85-106). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
57. Snyder, H. N., & Sickmund, M. (1999). Juvenile offenders and victims: 1999 national report. Washington, DC: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.
58. Steuer, F. B., Applefield, J. M., & Smith, R. (1971). Televised aggression and the interpersonal aggression of preschool children. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 11, 442-447.
59. Strauss, S. S. (1978). The influence of peer and adult models upon object oriented children's performance of a task. Dissertation Abstracts International, 39(6-A), 3484.
60. Taylor, B. J., & Howell, R. J. (1973). The ability of three-, four-, and five year-old children to distinguish fantasy from reality. Journal of Genetic Psychology 122, 315-318.
61. Turner, C. W., & Berkowitz, L. (1972). Identification with film aggressor (covert role taking) and reactions to film violence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 21, 256-264.
62. Wilson, B. J., Kunkel, D., Linz, D., Potter, W. J., Donnerstein, E., Smith, S. L., Blumenthal, E., & Berry, M. (1998). Violence in television programming overall: University of California, Santa Barbara study. In National television violence study, Vol. 2 (pp. 3-204). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
63. Wilson, B. J., Kunkel, D., Linz, D., Potter, W. J., Donnerstein, E., Smith, S. L., Blumenthal, E., & Gray, T. (1997). Violence in television programming overall: University of California, Santa Barbara study. In National television violence study Vol. 1 (pp. 3-268). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
64. Zillmann, D., & Cantor, J. R. (1977). Affective responses to the emotions of a protagonist. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 13, 155-165.