Young offenders and the law: How the law responds to youth offending

Young Offenders and the Law: How the Law Responds to Youth Offending

Volumn , Issue , 2010, Pages 1-142

  Arthur, Raymond ^a  

^a TEESSIDE UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84909241738     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.4324/9780203878163     Document Type: Book

References (173)

1. Arenella, P. (1990) ‘Character, choice and moral agency: the relevance of character to our moral culpability judgements’, Social Philosophy and Policy, 7, 2, 67.
2. Aries, P. (1962) Centuries of Childhood, Harmondsworth: Penguin.
3. Arthur, R. (2004) ‘Young Offenders: Children in Need of Protection’, Law and Policy, 26, 3&4, 309–27.
4. Ashworth, A. (2003) ‘Is restorative justice the way forward for criminal justice?’, in McLaughlin, E., Fergusson, R., Hughes, G. and Westmarland, L., Restorative justice: critical issues, London: Sage.
5. Asquith, S. (1983) ‘Justice, Retribution and Children’, in Morris, A. and Giller, H., Providing Criminal Justice for Children, London: Edward Arnold.
6. Audit Commission (1996) Misspent Youth: Young People and Crime, London: Audit Commission.
7. Audit Commission (2004) Youth Justice 2004, A Review of the Reformed Youth Justice System, London: Audit Commission.
8. Bainham, A. (2005) Children: The Modern Law 3rd edn, Bristol: Family Law.
9. Bandalli, S. (1998) ‘Abolition of the presumption of doli incapax and the criminalisation of children’, Howard Journal of Criminal Justice, 37, 2, 114–23.
10. Bandalli, S. (2000) ‘Children, responsibility and the new youth justice’, in Goldson, B. (ed.) The New Youth Justice, Lyme Regis: Russell House.
11. Bateman, T. (2007) ‘Youth Rehabilitation Orders to replace all existing community orders’, Youth Justice, 7, 3, 241–43.
12. Bedingfield, D. (1998) The Child in Need: Children, The State and the Law, Bristol: Family Law.
13. Berlino, M. and Wansell, G. (1974) Caught in the Act, Harmondsworth: Penguin.
14. Black, T. (2005) ‘ASBOs and young people’, The Online Journal of the Law Society of Scotland, 9 March, www.journalonline.co.uk.
15. Blackstone, W. (1769) Blackstone’s Commentaries on the Law of England, Book IV, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
16. Bottoms, A. (1974) ‘On the decriminalisation of the English juvenile court’, in Hood, R. (ed.) Crime, Criminology and Public Policy, London: Heinemann.
17. Bracton, H. de (c. 1250) ‘De Legibus et Consuetudinibus Angliae’, in Woodbine, G. (1910) Four Thirteenth Century Law Tracts, Yale: Yale University Press.
18. Braithwaite, J. (1999) ‘Restorative justice: assessing optimistic and pessimistic accounts’, Crime and Justice: A Review of Research, 25, 1.
19. Buck, T. (2005) International Child Law, London: Routledge.
20. Campbell, S. (2002) Implementing Anti-social Behaviour Orders: Messages from Practitioners, Home Office Findings 160, London: HMSO.
21. Carlebach, J. (1970) Caring for children in trouble, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
22. Carpenter, M. (1853) Juvenile Delinquents: Social Evils, Their Causes and Their Cure, London: Cash.
23. Cavadino, M. and Dignan, J. (1992) The Penal System: An Introduction, London: Sage.
24. Cavadino, M. and Dignan, J. (2002) The Penal System: An Introduction, 3rd edn, London: Sage.
25. Chakrabarti, S. (2006) ‘Blurring the lines between civil and criminal justice’, in Shishman, B.(ed.) Social Justice: Criminal Justice, London: The Smith Institute.
26. Chief Inspector of HM Prisons (1999) HM Young Offenders Institution and Remand Centre Feltham: report of an unannounced full inspection (28–30 September), London: HM Inspector of Prisons.
27. Chief Inspector of HM Prisons (2009) Report of an unannounced inspection of HMYOI Cookham Wood (2–9 February), London: HM Inspector of Prisons.
28. Chief Secretary to the Treasury (2003) Every Child Matters, Cm 5860, London: HMSO.
29. Collins, D.M. (2001) ‘Anti-Social Behavioural Orders – A New False Dawn’, New Law Journal, 15 June, 876.
30. Commission on Families and Wellbeing of Children (2005) Families and the State: Two-way support and responsibilities. An inquiry into the relationship between the State and the Family in the upbringing of children, London: Policy Press.
31. Council of Europe (2004) Space 1, Council of Europe Annual Penal Statistics, Survey 2004, Strasbourg: Council of Europe.
32. Crawford, A. and Newburn, T. (2003) Youth Offending and Restorative Justice: Implementing reform in youth justice, Devon: Willan.
33. Cunneen, C. and White, R. (1995) Juvenile Justice: An Australian Perspective, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
34. Department for Education and Skills (2006) Working together to safeguard children: a guide to inter-agency working to safeguard and promote the welfare of children, London: The Stationery Office.
35. Department for Education and Skills (2008) Children Act 1989 Guidance and Regulations Vol. 1: Court Orders, London: The Stationery Office.
36. Department of Health (1991) The Children Act 1989 Guidance and Regulations Vol. 2: Family Support, Day Care and Educational Provision for Young Children, London: HMSO.
37. Dignan, J. (1999) ‘The Crime and Disorder Act and the Prospects for Restorative Justice’, Criminal Law Review, 48–60.
38. Donoghue, J. (2007) ‘The judiciary as a primary definer on Anti-Social Behaviour Orders’, Howard Journal of Criminal Justice, 46, 4, 417–30.
39. Downes, D. and Hansen, K. (2006) ‘Welfare and punishment in comparative perspec-tive’ in Armstrong, S. and McAra, L. (eds), Perspectives on Punishment: The Contours of Control, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
40. Eekelaar, J. (2002) ‘Beyond the welfare principle’, Child and Family Law Quarterly, 14, 3, 237.
41. European Commission (2005) Report by Mr Alvarao Gil-Robles Commissioner for Human Rights on his visit to the UK, Geneva: European Commission.
42. Evans, R. and Puech, K. (2001) ‘Reprimands and warnings: populist punitiveness or restorative justice?’, Criminal Law Review, 794–805.
43. Fergusson, R. (2002) ‘Making Sense of the Melting Pot: Multiple Discourses in Youth Justice Policy’, Youth Justice, 7, 3, 179–94.
44. Fergusson, R. (2007) ‘Making Sense of the Melting Pot: Multiple Discourses in Youth Justice Policy’, Youth Justice, 7, 3, 179–94.
45. Field, S. (2007) ‘Practice Cultures and the “New” Youth Justice in (England and) Wales’, British Journal of Criminology, 47, 311–30.
46. Fionda, J. (1999) ‘New Labour, Old Hat: Youth Justice and the Crime and Disorder Act 1998’, Criminal Law Review, 46.
47. Fox, D., Dhami, M.K. and Mantle, G. (2006) ‘Restorative Final Warnings: Policy and Practice’, Howard Journal of Criminal Justice, 45, 2, 129–40.
48. Fox, S.J. (1996) ‘The early history of the Court’, Future of Children, 6(3): 31–35.
49. Franklin, B. and Petley, J. (1996) ‘Killing the age of innocence: newspaper reporting of the death of James Bulger’, in Pilcher, J. and Wagg, S. (eds) Thatcher’s Children?, London: Falmer.
50. Gelsthorpe, L. and Morris, A. (1999) ‘Much ado about nothing – a critical comment on key provisions relating to children in the Crime and Disorder Act 1998’, Child and Family Law Quarterly, 11, 3, 209.
51. Ghate, D. and Ramella, M. (2002) Positive Parenting: The National Evaluation of the Youth Justice Board’s Parenting Programme, London: Youth Justice Board.
52. Gil-Robles, A. (2005) Report by the Commissioner for Human Rights on his visit to the UK, Strasbourg: Council of Europe.
53. Glover, J. and Hibbert, P. (2009) Locking up or giving up – why custody thresholds for teenagers aged 12, 13 and 14 need to be raised, Essex: Barnardo’s.
54. Goldson, B. (ed.) (2000a) The New Youth Justice, London: Russell House.
55. Goldson, B. (2000b) ‘Whither Diversion? Interventionism and the New Youth Justice’, in Goldson, B. (ed.) The New Youth Justice, Lyme Regis: Russell House.
56. Goldson, B. (2005) ‘Child imprisonment: a case for abolition’, Youth Justice, 5, 77.
57. Goldson, B. (2006) ‘Penal custody: intolerance, irrationality and indifference’, in Goldson, B. and Muncie, J., Youth Crime and Justice, London: Sage.
58. Goldson, B. and Jamieson, J. (2002) ‘Youth crime, the “parenting deficit” and state intervention: a contextual critique’, Youth Justice, 2, 2.
59. Goldson, B. and Muncie, J. (2006) Youth Crime and Justice: Critical Issues, London: Sage.
60. Goldson, B. and Peters, E. (2000) Tough justice, responding to children in trouble, London: Children’s Society.
61. Gray, P. (2005) ‘The Politics of Risk and Young Offenders’ Experiences of Social Exclusion and Restorative Justice’, British Journal of Criminology, 45, 6, 938–57.
62. Hagell, A. and Hazel, N. (2001) ‘Macro and micro patterns in the development of secure custodial institutions for serious and persistent young offenders in England and Wales’, Youth Justice, 1, 1, 3–16.
63. Haines, K. and O’Mahony, D. (2006) ‘Restorative approaches, young people and youth justice’, in Goldson, B. and Muncie, J. (eds) Youth Crime and Justice: Critical Issues, London: Sage, pp. 110–24.
64. Hale, M. (1736) Historia Placitorum Coronae, London: Nutt & Gosling.
65. Harris, R. (1991) ‘The Life and Death of the Care Order (Criminal)’, British Journal of Social Work, 21, 1–17.
66. Hayes, M. (1999) ‘Offending Behaviour and Children Under 10’, Family Law, May, 317.
67. Hine, J. (2007) ‘Young people’s perspective on final warnings’, Web Journal of Current Legal Issues, 2.
68. Hodgkinson, S. and Tilley, N. (2007) ‘Policing Anti-Social Behaviour: Constraints, Dilemmas and Opportunities’, Howard Journal of Criminal Justice, 46, 4, 385–400.
69. Hollingsworth, K. (2007a) ‘Judicial approaches to children’s rights in youth crime’, Child and Family Law Quarterly, 19, 1, 42.
70. Hollingsworth, K. (2007b) ‘Responsibility and Rights: Children and their Parents in the Youth Justice System’, International Journal of Law, Policy and the Family, 21, 2, 190–219.
71. Holt, A. (2008) ‘Room for resistance? Parenting orders, disciplinary power and the production of the “bad parent”’, in Squires, P. (ed.) ASBO Nation: the criminalisation of nuisance, Bristol: Policy Press.
72. Holt, A., (2009) ‘(En)Gendering Responsiblities: Experiences of Parenting a “Young Offender”’, Howard Journal of Criminal Justice, 48, 4, 344–56.
73. Home Office (1927) Report of the Departmental Committee on the Treatment of Young Offenders, London: HMSO.
74. Home Office (1946) The Care of Children, London: HMSO.
75. Home Office (1960) Report on the Committee on Children and Young Persons, London: HMSO.
76. Home Office (1990) Crime, Justice and Protecting the Public, London: The Stationery Office.
77. Home Office (1997a) No More Excuses: A New Approach to Tackling Youth Crime in England and Wales, London: The Stationery Office.
78. Home Office (1997b) Tackling Youth Crime, London: The Stationery Office.
79. Home Office (1998a) Youth Justice: Preventing Offending, London: The Stationery Office.
80. Home Office (1998b) Draft Guidance Document: Anti-Social Behaviour Orders, London: Home Office.
81. Home Office (1999) Antisocial Behaviour Orders: Guidance, London: Home Office.
82. Home Office (2000) The Final Warning Scheme – Guidance for Youth Offending Teams, London: Home Office.
83. Home Office (2001) Local Child Curfew: Guidance Documents: Working Draft, London: Home Office.
84. Home Office (2003) Youth Justice – the Next Steps, London: Home Office.
85. Home Office (2006) ‘The Reprimanding/Warning of Offenders’, Home Office Circular 14/2006, London: Home Office.
86. Home Office, Department of Health, Welsh Office, Department for Education and Employment (1998) Inter-departmental Circular on Establishing Youth Offending Teams, London: Home Office.
87. Home Office, Youth Justice Board (2002) Final Warning Scheme: Guidance for the Police and Youth Offending Teams, London: Home Office.
88. Howard, C. (1982) Criminal Law, 4th edn, Sydney: Law Book Company.
89. Howard League (2001) Children in prison: provision and practice at Castington, London: Howard League.
90. Inspector of Prisons (1836) ‘First Report of the Inspector of Prisons’, Parliamentary Papers (1836), 117, 35, 269.
91. Inspector of Prisons (1838) ‘First Report of the Inspector of Prisons’, Parliamentary Papers (1837–38), 30, 1.
92. Kemp, V., Soroby, A., Liddle, M. and Merrington, S. (2002) Assessing responses to youth offending in Northamptonshire, London: NACRO.
93. Kilbrandon, Lord (1964) Report of the Committee on Children and Young Persons, Edinburgh: HMSO.
94. King, M. (1997) A Better World for Children: Explorations in Morality and Authority, London: Routledge.
95. Littlechild, R. (1998) ‘An end to “inappropriate adults”?’, Childright, 8, 8–9.
96. Lord Chancellor’s Department, Crown Prosecution Service, Home Office (1999) Criminal Justice: Working Together, London: Stationery Office.
97. Mack, J.W. (1909) ‘The Juvenile Court’, Harvard Law Review, 23, 104–7.
98. Major, J. (1993) Mail on Sunday, 21 February, p. 8.
99. Manton, J. (1976) Mary Carpenter and the Children of the Streets, London: Heinemann.
100. Margo, J. and Stevens, A. (2008) Make me a criminal: preventing youth crime, London: Institute of Public Policy Research.
101. Marshall, T.F. (1999) Restorative justice: an overview, London: Home Office.
102. Mason, P. and Prior, D. (2008) ‘The Children’s Fund and the prevention of crime and anti-social behaviour’, Criminology and Criminal Justice, 8, 3, 279–96.
103. McClintock, F. (1963) Crimes of Violence, London: Macmillan.
104. McGhee, J. and Waterhouse, L. (2007) ‘Classification in youth justice and child welfare: in search of “the child”’, Youth Justice, 7, 2, 107–20.
105. Mennell, R.M. (1973) Thorns and Thistles: Juvenile Delinquents in the United States 1825–1940, Hanover: United Press of New England.
106. Miller, J. (1991) Last one over the wall: the Massachusetts experiment in closing reform school, Ohio: Ohio University Press.
107. Moore, M.S. (1990) ‘Choice, character and excuse’, Social Philosophy and Policy, 7, 2, 29.
108. Moore, S.A. and Mitchell, R. (2009) ‘Rights based restorative justice: evaluating compliance with international standards’, Youth Justice, 9, 1, 27–43.
109. Morgan, R. (2007) ‘Children and Young Persons’, in Jewkes, Y. (ed.) Handbook on Prisons, Cullompton: Willan.
110. Morris, A. (2002) ‘Critiquing the critics: a brief response to critics of restorative justice’, British Journal of Criminology, 42, 3, 596–615.
111. Morris, A. and Giller, H. (1987) Understanding Juvenile Justice, London: Croom Helm.
112. Muncie, J. (1999) Youth and Crime – A Critical Introduction, London: Sage.
113. Muncie, J. (2002) ‘A new deal for youth? Early intervention and correctionalism’, in Hughes, G., McLaughlin, E. and Muncie, J. (eds), Crime Prevention and Community Safety: New Directions, London: Sage.
114. Muncie, J. (2004) Youth and Crime, 2nd edn, London: Sage.
115. Muncie, J. (2005) ‘The globalization of crime control – the case of youth and juvenile justice: Neo-liberalism, policy convergence and international conventions’, Theoretical Criminology, 9, 1, 35–64.
116. Muncie, J. (2007) ‘Youth Justice and the Governance of Young People: Global, International, National and Local Contexts’, in Venkatesh, S.A. and Kassimir, R. (eds) Youth, Globalization, and the Law, California: Stanford University Press.
117. NACRO (2000a) Final Warnings – Implementation Issues. NACRO Briefing June 2000, London: NACRO.
118. NACRO(2000b) The detention and training order – NACRO briefing, London: NACRO.
119. NACRO(2003) Pre-Sentence Reports for Young People: A Good Practice Guide, 2nd edn, London: NACRO.
120. NACRO(2006) The dangerousness provisions of the Criminal Justice Act 2003 and subsequent case law, NACRO, London.
121. NCH Scotland (2004) Where’s Kilbrandon Now? Report and Recommendations from the Inquiry, Glasgow: NCH Scotland.
122. Newburn, T. (1997) ‘Youth, Crime and Justice’, in Maguire, M., Morgan, R. and Reiner, R. (eds) The Oxford Handbook of Criminology, 2nd edn, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
123. Newburn, T., Crawford, A., Earle, R., Goldie, S., Hale, C., Hallam, A., Masters, G., Netten, A., Saunders, R., Sharpe, K. and Uglow, S. (2002) The Introduction of Referral Orders into the Youth Justice System: Final Report, London: Home Office Research, Development and Statistics Directorate.
124. O’Donnell, I. and Edgar, K. (1996) Victimisation in prisons: Home Office Research Findings 37, London: Home Office.
125. Penal Affairs Consortium (1995) The Doctrine of ‘Doli Incapax’, London: Penal Affairs Consortium.
126. Pitts, J. (2001) The New Politics of Youth Crime, Basingstoke: Palgrave.
127. Radzinowicz, L. and Hood, R. (1990) The Emergence of Penal Policy in Victorian and Edwardian England, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
128. Reece, H. (1996), ‘The paramountcy principle: Consensus or Construct?’, Current Legal Problems, 267.
129. Rethinking Crime and Punishment and Children’s Rights Alliance for England (2002) Rethinking Child Imprisonment: A Report on Young Offenders Institutions, London: Children’s Rights Alliance.
130. Richardson, G.D. (1997) ‘Restorative justice: framework for the future of correc-tions’, Corrections Today, 59, 7, 20–21.
131. Ruggles-Brise, E.J. (1921) The English Prison System, London: Macmillan.
132. Rutherford, A. (1998) ‘A Bill to be Tough on Crime’, New Law Journal, 9 June, 13.
133. Rutter, M. and Giller, H. (1983) Juvenile Delinquency: trends and perspectives, London: Penguin.
134. Scott, S. (1907–08) Senate Debates, 1044.
135. Scott, S., O’Connor, T. and Futh, A. (2006) What makes parenting programmes work in disadvantaged areas?, York: Joseph Rowntree Foundation.
136. Scraton, P. and Haydon, D. (2002) ‘Challenging the Criminalisation of Children and Young People: Securing a Rights-based Agenda’, in Muncie, J., Hughes, G. and McLaughlin, E. Youth Justice Critical Readings, London: Sage.
137. Sereny, G. (1999) Cries Unheard: the story of Mary Bell, London: Macmillan.
138. Simon, J. (2001) ‘Entitlement to cruelty: neo-liberalism and the punitive mentality in the United States’, in Stenson, K. and Sullivan, R. (eds) Crime, Risk and Justice, Cullompton: Willan.
139. Smith, A. (1994) ‘Doli incapax under threat’, Cambridge Law Journal, 426.
140. Smith, R. (2006) ‘Actuarialism and Early Intervention in Contemporary Youth Justice’, in Goldson, B. and Muncie, J. (eds) Youth Crime and Justice, London: Sage.
141. Smith, R. (2007) Youth Justice: Ideas, Policy, Practice, Cullompton: Willan.
142. Social Exclusion Unit (2002) Reducing reoffending by ex-prisoners, London: Social Exclusion Unit.
143. Solomon, E. and Garside, R. (2008) Ten years of Labour’s youth justice reforms: an independent audit, London: Centre for Crime and Justice Studies.
144. Stone, N. (2001) ‘Custodial sentences: aims and principles in youth justice, disparity and other complexities’, Youth Justice, 1, 42.
145. Sutherland, A. (2009) ‘The Scaled Approach in Youth Justice: Fools Rush In... ’, Youth Justice, 9, 1, 44–60.
146. Templewood (1948) Parliamentary Debates, H.L. Deb. Vol. 1957, col. 39.
147. Turner, A. (2007) ‘The Criminal Justice Merry-Go-Round’, Justice of the Peace, 171, 729.
148. Turner, J. (1958) Outlines of Criminal Law, 17th edn, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
149. United Kingdom Children’s Commissioners (2008) Report to the United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child, www.11MILLION.org.uk.
150. United Kingdom Government (1999) Convention on the Rights of the Child: Second Periodic Report to the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child by the United Kingdom, Nottingham: Department for Children, Schools and Families.
151. United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child (2002) Consideration of Reports Submitted by State Parties under Article 44 of the Convention. Concluding observations: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, CRC/C/15/ Add.188, Geneva: Committee on the Rights of the Child.
152. United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child (2007) General Comment No. 10: Children’s Rights in Juvenile Justice, CRC/C/ GC/10, Vienna: UNCRC.
153. United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child (2008) Consideration of Reports Submitted by State Parties Under Article 44 of the Convention. Concluding observations: Great Britain and Northern Ireland, CRC/C/GBR/CO/4, Geneva: Committee on the Rights of the Child.
154. United Nations Office of Drugs and Crime (2006) Handbook of restorative justice programmes: criminal justice handbook series, Vienna: United Nations.
155. United Nations Secretary General (2006) Report of the Independent Expert for the United Nations Study on Violence Against Children, A/6199, Geneva: United Nations.
156. United States Government (1967) President’s Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice: Task force report, Washington: U. S. Govt. Print. Off.
157. Van Beuren, G. (1992) ‘Child Oriented Justice – An International Challenge to Europe’, International Journal of Law, Policy and the Family, 6, 3, 381–99.
158. Vaughan, B. (2000) ‘The Government of Youth: Disorder and Dependence’, Social and Legal Studies, 9, 3, 347.
159. Walker, N. (1999) Aggravation, Mitigation and Mercy in English Criminal Justice, London: Blackstone.
160. Weijers, I. (1999) ‘The double paradox of juvenile justice’, European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research, 7, 3, 329–51.
161. West, D.J (1982). Delinquency: Its Roots, Careers and Prospects, London: Heinemann.
162. Whyte, B. (2003) ‘Young and Persistent: Recent Developments in Youth Justice Policy and Practice in Scotland’, Youth Justice, 3, 74–85.
163. Whyte, B. (2009) ‘Youth “In Justice” in the UK – which way for Scotland’, Howard Journal of Criminal Justice, 48, 2, 200.
164. Wiles, P., Holdaway, S., Marsh, R., Hammersley, R., Dignan, J., Davidson, N. and Hine, J. (1999) Interim evaluation of Youth Offending Teams, Sheffield and Hull: Sheffield University and Hull University.
165. Williams, B. (2001) ‘Reparation orders for young offenders: coerced apology?’, Relational Justice, 9, 8.
166. Williams, G. (1954) ‘The Criminal Responsibility of Children’, Criminal Law Review 493.
167. Willow, C. (2005) ‘ASBO’s: not meeting children’s needs’, Howard League Magazine, 1, 7–8.
168. Youth Justice Board (2000) ‘Detention and training order – a better sentence for young offenders’, Youth Justice Board News, June.
169. Youth Justice Board (2002a) Corporate Plan 2002–03 to 2004–05 and Business Plan 2002–03, London: Youth Justice Board.
170. Youth Justice Board (2002b) Draft National Standards for Youth Justice, London: Youth Justice Board.
171. Youth Justice Board (2007) Youth Justice: The Scaled Approach, London: Youth Justice Board.
172. Youth Justice Board (2008a) Youth Justice Board Guidance, www.yjb.gov.uk/en-gb/practitioners/CourtsAndOrders/CriminalJusticeandImmigrationAct/
173. Youth Justice Board (2008b) Corporate Plan 2008–11, Business Plan 2008/09: Supporting Young People, Making Communities Safer, London: Youth Justice Board.