The real negro: The question of authenticity in twentieth-century African American literature

The Real Negro: The Question of Authenticity in Twentieth-Century African American Literature

Volumn , Issue , 2004, Pages 1-101

  Eversley, Shelly ^a  

^a CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84909239844     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.4324/9780203498392     Document Type: Book

References (159)

1. Adorno, Theodor, et al. The Authoritarian Personality. New York and London: W.W.Norton and Company, 1982.
2. Adorno, Theodor, et al. The Jargon of Authenticity. Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 1973.
3. Anderson, Benedict. Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. New York: Verso Press, 1983.
4. Anderson, Sherwood. Winesburg, Ohio: Text and Criticism. John H.Ferres. Ed. New York: Penguin, 1977.
5. Anon. "Paul Laurence Dunbar: Negro Poet Laureate." Watchword. March 6, 1906.
6. Archdeacon, Thomas J. Becoming American: An Ethnic History. New York: The Free Press, 1983.
7. Baker, Houston A., Jr. Blues, Ideology and Afro-American Literature. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1984.
8. Baker, Houston A., Jr. Modernism and the Harlem Renaissance. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987.
9. Baker, Houston A., Jr. "Paul Laurence Dunbar, An Evaluation." In Singers of Daybreak: Studies in Black American Literature. District of Columbia: Howard University Press, 1974.
10. Baker, Houston A., Jr. and Redmond, Patricia, eds. Afro-American Literary Studies in the 1990s. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1989.
11. Baraka, Amiri. The Leroi Jones/Amiri Baraka Reader. New York: Thunder's Mouth Press, 1991.
12. Baraka, Amiri. The Autobiography of Leroi Jones/Amiri Baraka. New York: Freundlich Books, 1984.
13. Barkan, Elazar and Bush, Ronald, eds. Prehistories of the Future: The Primitivist Project and the Culture of Modernism. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1995.
14. Bassett, John E. Harlem in Review: Critical Reactions to Black American Writers, 1917- 1939. Selinsgrove: Susquehanna University Press and London and Toronto: Associated University Presses, 1992.
15. Bell, Michael Davitt. The Problem of American Realism: Studies in the Cultural History of an Idea. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993.
16. Bennett, Lerone Jr. Before the Mayflower: A History of Black America, Fifth Edition. New York: Penguin Books, 1984.
17. Beyerman, Keith E. "Hearts of Darkness: Narrative Voices in The Souls of Black Folk." American Literary Realism, 1870-1910. 14:1 Spring 1981.
18. Bhabha, Homi, ed. Nation and Narration. New York: Routledge Press, 1990.
19. Blount, Marcellus. "The Preacherly Text: African American Poetry and Vernacular Performance." PMLA 107:3, May 1992.
20. Blunt, Alison and Rose, Gillian. Writing Women and Space: Colonial and Postcolonial Geographies. New York: Basic Books, 1988.
21. Boas, Franz. Handbook of American Indian Languages. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Bureau of American Ethnology, 1911.
22. Bone, Robert. Down Home: Origins of the Afro-American Short Story. New York: Columbia University Press, 1988.
23. Brawley, Benjamin. Paul Laurence Dunbar. Port Washington, NY: Kennikat Press, 1936.
24. Brooks, Gwendolyn. Maud Martha. Chicago: Third World Press, 1993.
25. Brooks, Gwendolyn. Report From Part One. Detroit: Broadside Press, 1972.
26. Brooks, Gwendolyn. Report From Part Two. Chicago: Third World Press, 1996.
27. Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka Kansas. 347 US 483. May 17, 1954.
28. Butler, Judith. Bodies That Matter: On the Discursive Limits of "Sex." New York: Routledge, 1993.
29. Callahan, John F. In the African-American Grain: The Pursuit of Voice in Twentieth Century Black Fiction. Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1988.
30. Carmichael, Stokeley. "Black Power." In Black Protest: History, Documents, and Analyses, 1619 to the Present. Joanne Grant, ed. Greenwich, CT: Fawcett Publications, 1972.
31. Chafe, William H. and Sitkof, Harvard, eds. A History of Our Time: Readings in Postwar America. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1983.
32. Chandler, Nahum. "Between." In Assemblage: A Critical Journal of Architecture and Design Culture. 20 April 1993.
33. Christian, Barbara. "Nuance and the Novella: A Study of Gwendolyn Brooks's Maud Martha." In A Life Distilled: Gwendolyn Brooks Her Poetry and Fiction. Maria K.Mootry and Gary Smith, eds. Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1987.
34. Clark, Kenneth B. "Effect of Prejudice and Discrimination on Personality Development." Midcentury White House Conference on Children and Youth, 1950.
35. Cleaver, Eldridge. Soul on Ice. New York: Delta Publishing, 1968.
36. Clark, Kenneth B. and Clark, Maime P. "Racial Identification and Preference in Negro Children." In Readings in Social Psychology. Theodore M.Newcomb and Eugene Hartley, eds. New York: Henry Holt, 1947.
37. Corkin, Stanley. Realism and the Birth of the Modern United States. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1996.
38. Cunard, Nancy. Negro: An Anthology. New York: Continuum, 1996.
39. Cunningham, Virginia. Paul Laurence Dunbar and His Song. New York: Dodd, Mead and Company, 1947.
40. Davidoff, Lenore and Hall, Catherine. Family Fortunes: Men and Women of the English Middle Class 1780-1850. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1978.
41. Davis, Arthur P. From the Dark Tower. Washington, DC: Howard University Press, 1982.
42. DeJongh, James. Vicious Modernism: Black Harlem and the Literary Imagination. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990.
43. Dimock, Wai Chee. Residues of Justice: Literature, Law, Philosophy. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1996.
44. Du Bois, William E.B. The Souls of Black Folk. Three Negro Classics. New York: Avon Books, 1965.
45. Du Bois, William E.B. "Conservation of the Races." In W.E.B.Du Bois Speaks: Speeches and Addresses, 1890-1919. Philip S.Foner, ed. New York: Pathfinder, 1970.
46. Dunbar, Paul Laurence. In Old Plantation Days. New York: Dodd, Mead and Company, 1903.
47. Dunbar, Paul Laurence. Lyrics of Lowly Life. New York: Dodd, Mead and Company, 1896.
48. Dunbar, Paul Laurence. The Complete Poems of Paul Laurence Dunbar. New York: Dodd, Mead and Company, 1913.
49. Early, Gerald, ed. Speech and Power: The African American Essay and Its Cultural Content, from Polemics to the Pulpit, vol. 2. Hopewell, NJ: The Ecco Press, 1993.
50. Ellison, Ralph. Invisible Man. New York: Vintage, 1995.
51. Erenberg, Lewis A. and Hirsch, Susan E., eds. The War in American Culture. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996.
52. Fabre, Genevieve and O'Meally, Robert, eds. History and Memory in African American Culture. New York: Oxford University Press, 1994.
53. Fanon, Frantz. Black Skin, White Masks. New York: Grove Press, 1967.
54. Foucault, Michel. Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. New York: Vintage Books, 1977.
55. Frazier, E.Franklin.The Negro in the United States. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1949.
56. Frederickson, George M. The Black Image in the White Mind: The Debate on Afro-American Character and Destiny, 1817-1914. Hanover, NH: Wesleyan University Press, 1971.
57. Gates, Henry Louis, Jr. Figures in Black: Words, Signs, and the Racial Self. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987.
58. Gates, Henry Louis, Jr. The Signifying Monkey: A Theory of Afro-American Literary Criticism. New York: Oxford University Press, 1988.
59. Gayle, Addison. The Black Aesthetic. Garden City, NY: Anchor Books, 1972.
60. Gilroy, Paul. The Black Atlantic: Modernity and Double-Consciousness. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1993.
61. Giovanni, Nikki. Black Feeling/Black Talk. New York: William Morrow and Company, 1969.
62. Giovanni, Nikki. Gemini: An Extended Autobiographical Statement on My First TwentyFive Years of Being a Black Poet. New York: Penguin, 1971.
63. Gossett, Thomas F. Race: The History of an Idea in America. Dallas: Southern Methodist University Press, 1963.
64. Grier, William H. and Cobbs, Price. Black Rage. New York: HarperCollins, 1968.
65. Harper, Phillip Brian. Framing the Margins: The Social Logic of Postmodern Culture. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994.
66. Harper, Phillip Brian. "Nationalism and Social Division in Black Arts Poetry of the 1960s." Critical Inquiry. 19 Winter 1993.
67. Harris, Cheryl I. "Whiteness as Property." In Critical Race Theory: The Key Writings That Formed The Movement. Kimberle Crenshaw, et al. New York: The New Press, 1995.
68. Hemenway, Robert E. Zora Neale Hurston: A Literary Biography. Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1977.
69. Henderson, Stephen. Understanding the New Black Poetry. New York: William Morrow and Compant, 1972.
70. Higginbotham, Evelyn Brooks. "African American Women's History and the Metalanguage of Race." Feminism and History. Joan Wallach Scott, ed. New York: Oxford University, 1996.
71. Hilfer, Channell. The Revolt from the Village, 1915-1930. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1969.
72. Hill, Lynda Marion. Social Rituals and the Verbal Art of Zora Neale Hurston. Washington, DC: Howard University Press, 1996.
73. Hine, Darlene Clark. "Rape and the Inner Lives of Black Women in the Middle West: Preliminary Thoughts on the Culture of Dissemblance." Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 14:4 1989.
74. Holloway, Karla F.C. The Character of the Word: The Texts of Zora Neale Hurston. New York: Greenwood Press, 1987.
75. Hooks, bell. "Postmodern Blackness." In The Truth About The Truth: De-confusing and Re-constructing the Postmodern World. Walter Truett Anderson, ed. New York: Putnam Books, 1995.
76. Howells, William Dean. Criticism and Fiction and Other Essays. Clara Marburg Kirk and Rudolph Kirk, eds. New York: New York University Press, 1959.
77. Huggins, Nathan Irvin. Harlem Renaissance. New York: Oxford University Press, 1971.
78. Hughes, Langston and Hurston, Zora Neale. Mulebone: A Comedy of Negro Life. George Houston Bass and Henry Louis Gates, Jr., eds. New York: HarperCollins, 1991.
79. Hughes, Langston. The Big Sea: An Autobiography. New York and London: Alfred A.Knopf, 1940.
80. Hurston, Zora Neale. Dust Tracks on the Road: An Autobiography, Second Edition. Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1984.
81. Hurston, Zora Neale. I Love Myself When I'm Laughing... Alice Walker, ed. New York: The Feminist Press, 1979.
82. Hurston, Zora Neale. The Sanctified Church. Berkeley: Turtle Island Press, 1981.
83. Jameson, Frederic. The Political Unconscious: Narrative as a Socially Symbolic Act. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1981.
84. Johnson, Barbara. "Thresholds of Difference: Structures of Address in Zora Neale Hurston." "Race," Writing, and Difference. Henry Louis Gates, ed. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1986.
85. Jones, Leroi. Black Magic Poetry. New York: William Morrow and Company, 1970.
86. Jones, Leroi. Home: Social Essays. New York: William Morrow and Company, 1966.
87. Jones, Leroi and Neal, Larry, eds. Black Fire: An anthology of Afro-American Writing. New York: William Morrow and Company, 1968.
88. Kaplan, Amy. The Social Construction of American Realism. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988.
89. Kent, George. A Life of Gwendolyn Brooks. Lexington: The University Press of Kentucky, 1990.
90. Keppel, Ben. The Work of Democracy: Ralph Bunche, Kenneth B.Clark, Lorainne Hansberry, and the Cultural Politics of Race. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1995.
91. Kerber, Linda K. "Separate Spheres, Female Worlds, Woman's Place: The Rhetoric of Women's History." The Journal of American History 75:1 June 1988.
92. Kolb, Harold. The Illusion of Life: American Realism as Literary Form. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1969.
93. Kozol, Wendy. Life's America: Family and Nation in Postwar Photojournalism. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1994.
94. Lake, Marilyn. Female Desires: The Meaning of World War II. Joan Wallach Scott, ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996.
95. Lewis, David Levering. When Harlem Was In Vogue. New York: Alfred A.Knopf, 1981.
96. Locke, Alain, ed. The New Negro: An Interpretation. New York: Albert and Charles Boni, Inc, 1925.
97. Lott, Eric. Love and Theft: Blackface Minstrelsy and the American Working Class. New York: Oxford University Press, 1993.
98. Lowe, John. "From Mule Bones to Funny Bones: The Plays of Zora Neale Hurston." The Southern Quarterly: A Journal of Arts in the South. 33:2-3, Winter-Spring 1995.
99. Lukacs, Georg. The Theory of the Novel. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 1971.
100. Marx, Karl. Capital: A Cultural Analysis of Capitalist Production, Volume One. New York: International Publishers, 1967.
101. Masters, Edgar Lee. Spoon River Anthology. Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1992.
102. May, Elaine Tyler. Homeward Bound: American Families in the Cold War Era. New York: Basic Books, 1988.
103. Melham, D.H. "Revolution: The Constancy of Change: An Interview with Amiri Baraka." Black American Literature Forum. 16:3 Fall 1992.
104. Mercer, Kobena. Welcome to the Jungle. New York: Routledge, 1994.
105. Michaels, Walter Benn. The Gold Standard and the Logic of Naturalism. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1987.
106. Michaels, Walter Benn. Our America: Nativism, Modernism, and Pluralism. Durham and London: Duke University Press, 1995.
107. Moon, Michael and Davidson, Cathy N. Subjects and Citizens: Nation, Race, and Gender From Oroonoko to Anita Hill. Durham and London: Duke University Press, 1995.
108. Morrison, Toni. Playing in the Dark: Whiteness and the Literary Imagination. New York: Vintage, 1993.
109. Moynihan, Daniel P. The Negro Family: A Case for National Action. Washington, DC: Government Printing, 1965.
110. Mullen, Harryette. "Optic White: Blackness and the Production of Whiteness." Diacritics 24:2-3, 1994.
111. Myrdal, Gunnar. An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy. New York: Pantheon Books, 1944.
112. Nelson, Richard. A Culture of Confidence: Politics, Performance and the Idea of America. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 1996.
113. Nettels, Elsa. Language, Race and Social Class in Howells America. Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 1988.
114. Nora, Pierre. "Between Memory and History: Les Lieux de Memoire." History and Memory in African American Culture. Genevieve Fabre and Robert O'Meally, eds. New York: Oxford University Press, 1994.
115. North, Michael. The Dialect of Modernism: Race, Language and TwentiethCentury Literature. New York: Oxford University Press, 1994.
116. Orvell, Miles. The Real Thing: Imitation and Authenticity in American Culture, 1880- 1940. Chapel Hill and London: University of North Carolina Press, 1989.
117. Perkins, George. The Theory of the American Novel. New York: Rhinehart, 1970.
118. Phylon. Special Issue, "The Negro in Literature: The Current Scene." Fourth Quarter, 1950.
119. Pizer, Donald. Realism and Naturalism in Nineteenth-Century American Literature. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1966.
120. Plant, Deborah G. Every Tub Must Sit on Its Bottom: The Philosophy and Politics of Zora Neale Hurston. Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1995.
121. Posnock, Ross. Color and Culture: Black Writers and the Making of the Modern Intellectual. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1998.
122. Rampersad, Arnold. The Life of Langston Hughes, Volume 1. New York: Oxford University Press, 1986.
123. Rampersad, Arnold. "Slavery and the Literary Imagination: W.E.B.Du Bois's The Souls of Black Folk." In Slavery and the Literary Imagination. Deborah McDowell and Arnold Rampersad, eds. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1989.
124. Report of the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders, New York Times Edition. New York: E.P.Dutton and Company, 1968.
125. Sartre, Jean Paul. Anti-Semite and Jew. New York: Shocken Books, 1948.
126. Schwartz, Hillel. The Culture of the Copy: Striking Likenesses, Unreasonable Facsimilies. New York: Zone Books, 1996.
127. Sollors, Werner and Diedrich, Maria. The Black Columbiad: Defining Moments in African American Literature and Culture. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1994.
128. Sollors, Werner. "The Idea of Ethnicity." In The Truth About The Truth: De-confusing and Re-constructing the Postmodern World. Walter Truett Anderson, ed. New York: Putnam Books, 1995.
129. Spillers, Hortense. "'An Order of Constancy': Notes on Brooks and the Feminine." In Reading Black, Reading Feminist: A Critical Anthology. Henry Louis Gates, Jr., ed. New York: Penguin, 1990.
130. Spillers, Hortense. Black, White and in Color: Essays on American Literature and Culture. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 2003.
131. Stanford, Ann Folwell. "An Epic with a Difference: Sexual Politics in Gwendolyn Brooks's The Anniad" American Literature 67:2 June 1995.
132. Stuckey, Sterling. Slave Culture: Nationalist Theory and Foundations of Black America. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1993.
133. Sundquist, Eric. American Realism: New Essays. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1982.
134. Sundquist, Eric. To Wake the Nations: Race in the Making of American Literature. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1993.
135. Survey Graphic: Harlem Mecca of the New Negro. New York: Survey Associates, 1925.
136. Tate, Claudia. Domestic Allegories of Political Desire: The Black Heroine's Text at the Turn of the Century. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992.
137. Thurman, Wallace, ed. Fire!! Devoted to Younger Negro Artists. New York: The Fire!! Press, 1926.
138. Toll, Robert C. Blacking Up: the Minstrel Show in Nineteenth-Century America. New York: Oxford University Press, 1974.
139. Turner, Darwin. "Paul Laurence Dunbar: The Rejected Symbol." The Journal of Negro History. 52:1 January 1967.
140. Van Notten, Eleanor. Wallace Thurman's Harlem Renaissance. Atlanta: Rodopi B.V., 1994.
141. Van Vechten, Carl. Nigger Heaven. New York: Alfred A.Knopf, 1926.
142. Wald, Priscilla. Constituting Americans: Cultural Anxiety and Narrative Form. Durham and London: Duke University Press, 1995.
143. Wall, Cheryl A. Women of the Harlem Renaissance. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1995.
144. Wall, Cheryl A., ed. Changing Our Own Words: Essays on Criticism, Theory, and Writing by Black Women. New Brunswick and London: Rutgers University Press, 1989.
145. Warren, Kenneth, Black and White Strangers: Race and American Literary Realism. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993.
146. Washington, Booker T. et al. The Negro Problem. New York: James Pott and Company, 1903.
147. Washington, Mary Helen. "Plain, Black, and Decently Wild: The Heroic Possibilities of Maud Martha." In The Voyage In: Fictions of Female Development. Elizabeth Abel, et al., eds. Hanover, NH: Dartmouth University Press, 1983.
148. Washington, Mary Helen. "Taming All That Anger Down: Rage and Silence in Gwendolyn Brooks's Maud Martha." Black Literature and Literary Theory. Henry Louis Gates, Jr., ed. New York: Methuen, 1984.
149. Wallace, Michelle. Black Macho and the Myth of the Superwoman. New York: The Dial Press, 1979.
150. Watson, Steven. The Harlem Renaissance: Hub of African-American Culture, 1920- 1930. New York: Pantheon Books, 1995.
151. Wiegman, Robyn. American Anatomies: Theorizing Race and Gender. Durham and London: Duke University Press, 1995.
152. Wiggins, Lida Keck. The Life and Works of Paul Laurence Dunbar. Naperville, IL: J.C.Nichols and Company, 1907.
153. Williamson, Joel. A Rage for Order: Black-White Relations in the American South Since Emancipation. New York: Oxford University Press, 1986.
154. Wintz, Cary D. Black Culture and the Harlem Renaissance. Houston: Rice University Press, 1988.
155. Wintz, Cary D. The Politics and Aesthetics of "New Negro Literature." New York: Garland Publishing, Inc., 1996.
156. Wittke, Carl. Tambo and Bones: A History of the American Minstrel Stage. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1968.
157. Wonham, Henry B. Criticism and the Color-Line: Desegregation American Literary Studies. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1996.
158. Woodward, C.Vann. The Strange Career of Jim Crow, Third Edition. New York: Oxford University Press, 1974.
159. Ziff, Larzer. The American 1890s: The Life and Times of a Lost Generation. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 1966.