Americanization historical and conceptual issues

German and Japanese Business in the Boom Years

Volumn , Issue , 2003, Pages 1-29

  Kudo, Akira ^a   Kipping, Matthias ^b   Schröter, Harm G ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TOKYO   (Japan)

^b UNIVERSITAT POMPEU FABRA   (Spain)

^c UNIVERSITY OF BERGEN   (Norway)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84909098468     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.4324/9780203644423     Document Type: Chapter

References (72)

1. A. Kudo, 'Americanization or Europeanization? The Globalization of the Japanese Economy', in G.D. Hook and H. Hasegawa (eds), The Political Economy of Japanese Globalization, London: Routledge, 2001, pp. 120-136.
2. See for example R. Whitley (ed.), The Changing European Firm: Limits to Convergence, London: Routledge, 1996
3. D. Held et al., Global Transformations. Politics, Economics and Culture, Oxford: Polity Press, 1999.
4. H.G. Schröter, 'What is Americanisation? Or About the Use and Abuse of the Americanisation-Concept', in D. Barjot, I. Lescent-Giles, M. de Ferrière le Vayer (eds), L'Américanisation en Europe au XXe siècle: Économie, culture, politique. Americanisation in 20th Century Europe: Economics, Culture, Politics, vol. 1, Lille:CRHEN-O, Université Charles de Gaulle-Lille 3, 2002, pp. 41-57.
5. M. Albert, Capitalisme contre Capitalisme, Paris: Seuil, 1991;
6. Y. Fukada and R. Dore, Nihongata shihonshugi nakushite nanno nihon ka (What Japan without Japanese Style of Capitalism?), Tokyo: Kobunsha, 1993. Dore later modified his tone in his book: Stock Market Capitalism: Welfare Capitalism. Japan and Germany versus the Anglo-Saxons, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.
7. K.S. Molony, 'Japanese and Germans as Business Partners: Should America Care?', USJP Occasional Paper 94-07, Harvard University, 1994.
8. See, for example, D. Yui, M. Nakamura and N. Toyoshita (eds), Senryo kaikaku no kokusai hikaku: Nihon ajia yoroppa (International Comparison of Reform under Occupation), Tokyo: Sansei Do, 1994.
9. See, for example, K. Demizu, Nichidoku keizai hikaku ron (Comparative Studies on Japanese and German Economy), Tokyo: Yuhikaku, 1981.
10. See, for example, A. Forsberg, America and the Japanese Miracle. The Cold War Context of Japan's Postwar Economic Revival, 1950-1960, Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 2000;
11. L. Lindlar, Das mißverstandene Wirtschaftswunder. Westdeutschland und die westeuropäische Nachkriegsprosperität, Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 1997.
12. V.R. Berghahn, Unternehmer und Politik in der Bundesrepublik, Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 1985;
13. The Americanisation of West German Industry 1945-1973, Leamington Spa: Berg, 1986;
14. V.R. Berghahn and D. Karsten, Industrial Relations in Germany, Leamington Spa: Berg, 1987;
15. V.R. Berghahn, 'Wiederaufbau und Umbau der westdeutschen Industrie nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg', Tel Aviver Jahrbuch für deutsche Geschichte, 1990, vol. XIX, pp. 261-282;
16. 'Technology and the Export of Industrial Culture: Problems of the German-American Relationship 1900-1960', in P. Mathias and J.A. Davis (eds), Innovation and Technology in Europe: From the Eighteenth Century to the Present Day, Oxford: Blackwell, 1991, pp. 142-161;
17. 'Deutschland im "American Century", 1942-1992. Einige Argumente zur Amerikanisierungsfrage', in M. Frese and P. Michael (eds), Politische Zäsuren und gesellschaftlicher Wandel im 20. Jahrhundert. Regionale und vergleichende Perspektiven, Paderborn: Schöningh, 1996, pp. 789-800.
18. H. Hartmann, Authority and Organization in German Management, Princeton:Princeton University Press, 1959;
19. Amerikanische Firmen in Deutschland, Köln:Westdeutscher Verlag, 1963.
20. W. Link, Deutsche und amerikanische Gewerkschaften und Geschäftsleute 1945-1975. Eine Studie über transnationale Beziehungen, Düsseldorf: Droste, 1978.
21. M. Kipping and O. Bjarnar (eds), The Americanisation of European Business. The Marshall Plan and the Transfer of US Management Models, London: Routledge, 1998;
22. M.-L. Djelic, Exporting the American Model. The Postwar Transformation of European Business, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998;
23. H.G. Schröter and E. Moen (eds), 'Americanization as a Concept for a Deeper Understanding of Economic Changes, 1945-1970', Entreprises et Histoire, 1999, no. 19, pp. 5-13;
24. J. Zeitlin and G. Herrigel (eds), Americanization and its Limits. Reworking US Technology and Management in Post-War Europe and Japan, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000;
25. M. Kipping and N. Tiratsoo (eds), Americanisation in 20th Century Europe: Business, Culture, Politics, vol. 2, Lille: CRHEN-O, Université Charles de Gaulle-Lille 3, 2002.
26. J. Hashimoto (ed.), Nihon kigyo shisutemu no sengoshi ( Japanese Enterprise System since 1945), Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press, 1996;
27. J. Hashimoto, S. Hasegawa and H. Miyajima, Gendai nihon keizai (Modern Japanese Economy), Tokyo: Yuhikaku, 1998.
28. A first interesting attempt was made for the steel industry by G. Herrigel, 'American Occupation, Market Order, and Democracy: Reconfiguring the Steel Industry in Japan and Germany after the Second World War', in Zeitlin and Herrigel (eds), Americanization and its Limits, pp. 340-399;
29. see also for the similarities between Germany and Japan, compared to France and South Korea, on the one hand, and the USA on the other, M. Kipping, 'How Unique is East Asian Development? Comparing Steel Producers and Users in East Asia and Western Europe', Asia Pacific Business Review, Autumn 1997, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 1-23.
30. D.A. Hounshell, From the American System to Mass Production, 1800-1932: The Development of Manufacturing Technology in the United States, Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1984;
31. N. Suzuki, 'Universal and Specific Character of Mass-production System: With Special Consideration of American Automobile Industry', in University of Tokyo, Institute of Social Science (ed.), 20 seiki shisutemu: 2 keizai seicho I kijiku (The 20th Century Global System: 2 Economic Growth I Core System), Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press, 1998, pp. 122-156.
32. F. Blaich, Amerikanische Firmen in Deutschland 1890-1918. US-Direktinvestitionen im deutschen Maschinenbau, Wiesbaden: Steiner, 1984;
33. Der Trustkampf (1901-1915). Ein Beitrag zum Verhalten der Ministerialbürokratie gegenüber Verbandsinteressen im Wilhelmischen Deutschland, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, 1975;
34. H. Kiesewetter, 'Beasts or Beagles? Amerikanische Unternehmen in Deutschland', in H. Pohl (ed.), Der Einfluss ausländischer Unternehmen auf die deutsche Wirtschaft vom Spätmittelalter bis zur Gegenwart, Stuttgart: Steiner, 1992, pp. 165-196;
35. R. Koda, Doitsu kosaku kikai kogyo seiritushi (An Emergence History of German Machine Tool Industry), Tokyo: Taga Shuppan, 1994;
36. W. Fischer, 'American Influence on German Manufacturing before World War I: The Case of Ludwig Löwe Company', in Barjot et al. (eds), L'Américanisation en Europe, pp. 59-70.
37. H. Homburg, Rationalisierung und Industriearbeiterschaft: Arbeitsmarkt, Management, Arbeiterschaft im Siemens-Konzern Berlin 1900-1939, Berlin: Haude & Spener, 1991.
38. G. Feldman, 'Foreign Penetration of German Enterprises after the First World War: the Problem of "Überfremdung"', in A. Teichova, M. Lévy-Leboyer and H. Nussbaum (eds), Historical Studies in International Corporate Business, Cambridge/Paris, 1989, pp. 87-110;
39. S.A. Marin, 'L'américanisation du monde? Étude des peurs allemandes face au "danger américain" (1897-1907)', in Barjot et al. (eds), L'Américanisation en Europe, pp. 71-92;
40. Kiesewetter, 'Beasts or Beagles?', pp. 166-167.
41. For American direct investment in Germany in the inter-war period, see M. Wilkins, The Maturing of Multinational Enterprise: American Business Abroad from 1914 to 1970, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1974;
42. T. Abo, Senkanki amerika no taigai toshi: Kin'yu sangyo no kokusaika katei (American Foreign Investment in the Inter-war Period: The Process of Internationalization of Finance and Industry), Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press, 1984.
43. Berghahn, The Americanisation, pp. 146-149;
44. R. Koda and M. Ito, 'The Development of Scientific Management in Germany', in T. Hara (ed.), Kagakuteki kanriho no donyu to tenkai: Sono rekishiteki kokusai hikaku (Introduction and Development of Scientific Management: an Historical International Comparison), Kyoto: Showado, 1990, pp. 161-181;
45. M. Kipping, 'Consultancies, Institutions and the Diffusion of Taylorism in Britain, Germany and France, 1920s to 1950s', Business History, October 1997, vol. 39, no. 4, pp. 67-83.
46. It remains an open debate, however, whether these large German combines ever achieved the same level of integration as their US counterparts, see T. Welskopp and C. Kleinschmidt, 'Zu viel "Scale" - zu wenig "Scope" '. Eine Auseinandersetzung mit Alfred D. Chandlers Analyse der deutschen Eisenund Stahlindustrie in der Zwischenkriegszeit, Jahrbuch für Wirtschaftsgeschichte, 1993, vol. 2, pp. 251-297.
47. On cartelization see A. Kudo and T. Hara (eds), International Cartels in Business History, Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press, 1992;
48. M. Kipping, Zwischen Kartellen und Konkurrenz, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, 1996;
49. H.G. Schröter, 'Cartelization and Decartelization in Europe, 1870-1995: Rise and Decline of an Economic Institution', Journal of European Economic History, 1996, vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 129-153.
50. On the introduction of the Taylor system into Japan, see S. Sasaki and I. Nonaka, 'The Introduction and Development of Scientific Management in Japan', in Hara (ed.), Kagakuteki kanriho, pp. 235-238, 241-245, 258;
51. S. Sasaki, Kagakuteki kanriho no nihonteki tenkai ( Japanese Development of Scientific Management), Tokyo: Yuhikaku, 1998, chaps. 1-3;
52. W.M. Tsutsui, Manufacturing Ideology: Scientific Management in Twentieth-Century Japan, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1998.
53. J. Hashimoto and H. Takeda (eds), Ryotaisen kanki nihon no karuteru (Cartels in the Inter-war Japan), Tokyo: Ochanomizu Shobo, 1985.
54. The anti-cartel law in Germany met resistance from managers and politicians; see Berghahn, Unternehmer und Politik, pp. 155-181;
55. Schröter, 'Cartelization and Decartelization in Europe'. In Japan, it was early in enactment, although it was revised as early as in 1953;
56. Committee on the Compilation of a History of International Trade and Industrial Policy (ed.), Tsusho sangyo seisaku shi (A History of International Trade and Industry Policy), vol. 5, Tokyo: Tsusho Sangyo Chosa Kai, 1989, pp. 243-347 (written by H. Miyajima). Management purges seem to have been more rigorous in Japan than in Germany;
57. see Berghahn, Unternehmer und Politik, p. 17;
58. P. Erker and T. Pierenkemper (eds), Deutsche Unternehmer zwischen Kriegswirtschaft und Wiederaufbau. Studien zur Erfahrungsbildung von Industrie-Eliten, Munich: Oldenbourg, 1999;
59. H. Joly, Patrons d'Allemagne, Sociologie d'une élite industrielle 1933-1989, Paris: Presses de Sciences Po, 1996;
60. H. Miyajima, 'Establishment of professional managers', in H. Yamazaki and T. Kikkawa (eds), 'Nihonteki' keiei no renzoku to danzetsu (Continuity and Discontinuity of 'Japanese' Management), Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, 1995, pp. 96-105.
61. For reforms in Japan during the occupation period in general, see R. Miwa, Nihon senryo no keizai seisakushi teki kenkyu (Historical Studies of Economic Policy in Occupied Japan), Tokyo: Nihon Keizai Hyoron Sha, 2002;
62. for the dissolution of large enterprises in particular, see Mitsui Bunko (ed.), Mitsui jigyo shi: Honpen dai 3-kan ge (History of Mitsui Business Activities: Main parts, vol. 3, no. 2) (written by K. Suzuki), Tokyo: Mitsui Bunko, 2001, chap. 3.
63. See, for example, P. Kennedy, The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers: Economic Change and Military Conflict from 1500 to 2000, New York: Random House, 1987.
64. See M. Kipping, 'Consultancies, Institutions' and also his chapter 2 in this volume.
65. M. Kipping and N. Tiratsoo, 'The "Americanisation" of European Companies, Consumers and Cultures: Contents, Processes and Outcomes', in Kipping and Tiratsoo (eds), Americanisation in 20th Century Europe, pp. 7-23.
66. H. Kiesewetter, 'Amerikanische Unternehmen in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland 1950-1974', in H. Kaelble (ed.), Der Boom 1848-1973. Gesellschaftliche und wirtschaftliche Folgen in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland und in Europa, Opladen:Westdeutscher Verlag, 1992, pp. 63-81.
67. For the case of automation in the car industry, see D.A. Hounshell, 'Planning and Executing "Automation" at Ford Motor Company, 1945-65: The Cleveland Engine Plant and its Consequences', in H. Shiomi and K. Wada (eds), Fordism Transformed: The Development of Methods in the Automobile Industry, Oxford:Oxford University Press, 1996, pp. 49-86.
68. A parallel case, Sovietization pressed upon East Germany (GDR), showed the same mechanisms and the same ends, see H.G. Schröter, 'Zur Übertragbarkeit sozialhistorischer Konzepte in die Wirtschaftsgeschichte. Amerikanisierung und Sowjetisierung in deutschen Betrieben 1945-1975', in K.H. Jarausch and H. Siegrist (eds), Amerikanisierung und Sowjetisierung in Deutschland 1945-1970, Frankfurt am Main: Campus, 1996, pp. 147-165.
69. See D. Granick, The European Executive, London: Weidenfeld & Nicholson, 1962.
70. On American firms in Japan, see M. Mason, American Multinationals and Japan. The Political Economy of Japanese Capital Controls, 1899-1980, Cambridge, Mass.:Council on East Asian Studies, Harvard University, 1992.
71. Berghahn, Unternehmer und Politik, pp. 249-251;
72. This argument was made most forcefully by R.R. Locke, The Collapse of the American Management Mystique, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996.