Rich diversity, strong endemism, but poor protection: Addressing the neglect of sandy beach ecosystems in coastal conservation planning

Diversity and Distributions

Volumn 20, Issue 10, 2014, Pages 1120-1135

  Harris, Linda ^a   Campbell, Eileen E ^a   Nel, Ronel ^a   Schoeman, David ^a,b  

^a NELSON MANDELA METROPOLITAN UNIVERSITY   (South Africa)

^b UNIVERSITY OF THE SUNSHINE COAST   (Australia)

Author keywords

Biodiversity; MaxEnt; Protected areas; Sandy beaches; Spatial prioritization; Species distribution models

Indexed keywords

EID: 84908509238     PISSN: 13669516     EISSN: 14724642     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/ddi.12226     Document Type: Article

References (76)

1. Acker, J.G. & Leptoukh, G. (2007) Online analysis enhances use of NASA Earth science data. Eos, Transactions of the American Geophysical Union, 88, 14, 17.
2. Appeltans, W., Bouchet, P., Boxshall, G.A., De Broyer, C., de Voogd, N.J., Gordon, D.P., Hoeksema, B.W., Horton, T., Kennedy, M., Mees, J., Poore, G.C.B., Read, G., Stöhr, S., Walter, T.C. & Costello, M.J. (eds) (2012) World register of marine species. Available at: http://www.marinespecies.org. (accessed 19 July 2012).
3. Awad, A.A., Griffiths, C.L. & Turpie, J.K. (2002) Distribution of South African marine benthic invertebrates applied to the selection of priority conservation areas. Diversity and Distributions, 8, 129-145.
4. BirdLife International (2012) Spheniscus demersus. In: IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded on 15 November 2012.
5. Bisby, F., Roskov, Y., Culham, A., Orrell, T., Nicolson, D., Paglinawan, L., Bailly, N., Kirk, P., Bourgoin, T. & Baillargeon, G. (eds) (2012) Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life, 25th June 2012. Digital resource at www.catalogueoflife.org/col/. Species 2000: Reading, UK.
6. Bolton, J.J. & Stegenga, H. (2002) Seaweed species diversity in South Africa. South African Journal of Marine Science, 24, 9-18.
7. Branch, G.M., Griffiths, C.L., Branch, M.L. & Beckley, L.E. (2010) Two oceans: a guide to the marine life of southern Africa. Struik Nature, Cape Town.
8. Brown, A. (2000) Is the sandy-beach isopod Tylos granulatus an endangered species? South African Journal of Science, 96, 466-473.
9. Brown, A.C. & McLachlan, A. (2002) Sandy shore ecosystems and the threats facing them: some predictions for the year 2025. Environmental Conservation, 29, 62-77.
10. Bruce, N.L. & Soares, A.G. (1996) Taxonomy and ecology of sandy beach Eurydice (Crustacea, Isopoda, Cirolanidae) from the West coast of South Africa. Cahiers de Biologie Marine, 37, 77-98.
11. Caddy, J.F. & Defeo, O. (2003) Enhancing or restoring the productivity of natural populations of shellfish and other marine invertebrate resources. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper, 448, 1-159, IV.
12. Campbell, E.E. & Bate, G.C. (1991) Ground water in the Alexandria dune field and its potential influence on the adjacent surf zone. Water SA, 17, 155-160.
13. Campbell, E.E. & Bate, G.C. (1996) Groundwater as a possible controller of surf diatom biomass. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural, 69, 503-510.
14. Campbell, E.E. & Bate, G.C. (1997) Coastal features associated with diatom disoloration of surf-zones. Botanica Marina, 40, 179-185.
15. Celentano, E., Gutiérrez, N. & Defeo, O. (2010) Effects of morphodynamic and estuarine gradients on the demography and distribution of a sandy beach mole crab: implications for source-sink habitat dynamics. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 398, 193-205.
16. Crowder, L.B., Lyman, S.J., Figueira, W.F. & Priddy, J. (2000) Source-sink population dynamics and the problem of siting marine reserves. Bulletin of Marine Science, 66, 799-820.
17. Day, J.H. (1967a) A monograph on the polychaeta of Southern Africa. Part II: sedentaria. Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History), London.
18. Day, J.H. (1967b) A monograph on the polychaeta of Southern Africa. Part I: errantia. Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History), London.
19. Defeo, O. & McLachlan, A. (2013) Global patterns in sandy beach macrofauna: species richness, abundance, biomass and body size. Geomorphology, 199, 106-114.
20. Defeo, O., McLachlan, A., Schoeman, D.S., Schlacher, T.A., Dugan, J., Jones, A., Lastra, M. & Scapini, F. (2009) Threats to sandy beach ecosystems: a review. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 81, 1-12.
21. Dugan, J., Hubbard, D.M., McCrary, M.D. & Pierson, M.O. (2003) The response of macrofauna communities and shorebirds to macrophyte wrack subsidies on exposed sandy beaches of southern California. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 58S, 25-40.
22. Dugan, J.E. & Hubbard, D.M. (2010) Loss of coastal strand habitat in southern California: the role of beach grooming. Estuaries and Coasts, 33, 67-77.
23. Dugan, J., Hubbard, D.M., Rodil, I.F., Revell, D. & Schroeter, S. (2008) Ecological effects of coastal armouring on sandy beaches. Marine Ecology, 29, 160-170.
24. Dugan, J.E., Defeo, O., Jaramillo, E., Jones, A.P., Lastra, M., Nel, R., Peterson, C.H., Scapini, F., Schlacher, T.A. & Schoeman, D.S. (2010) Give beach ecosystems their day in the sun. Science, 329, 1146.
25. DWAF (Department of Water Affairs and Forestry). (2006) Groundwater resource assessment II: Task 3aE recharge. Final report, Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, Pretoria, 129 pp. Available at: http://www.dwaf.gov.za/Geohydrology/gra2/3aEFinalReportA.pdf (accessed 1 July 2012).
26. Edgar, G.J., Stuart-Smith, R.D., Willis, T.J. et al. (2014) Global conservation outcomes depend on marine protected areas with five key features. Nature, 506, 216-220.
27. Elith, J., Phillips, S.J., Hastie, T., Dudík, M., Chee, Y.E. & Yates, C.J. (2011) A statistical explanation of MaxEnt for ecologists. Diversity and Distributions, 17, 43-57.
28. Emanuel, B.P., Bustamante, R.H., Branch, G.M., Eekhout, S. & Odendaal, F.J. (1992) A zoogeographic and functional approach to the selection of marine reserves on the west coast of South Africa. South African Journal of Marine Science, 12, 341-354.
29. Griffiths, C.L. (1976) Guide to the benthic marine amphipods of Southern Africa. Trustees of the South African Museum, Cape Town.
30. Griffiths, C.L., Robinson, T.B., Lange, L. & Mead, A. (2010) Marine biodiversity in South Africa: an evaluation of current states of knowledge. PLoS ONE, 5, e12008.
31. Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2012) AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. Available at: http://www.algaebase.org; searched 9-13 July 2012.
32. Harris, L.R., Nel, R. & Schoeman, D.S. (2011a) Mapping beach morphodynamics remotely: a novel application tested on South African sandy shores. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science, 92, 78-89.
33. Harris, L.R., Nel, R., Smale, M. & Schoeman, D.S. (2011b) Swashed away? Storm impacts to sandy beach macrofaunal communities at Sardinia Bay, South Africa. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science, 94, 210-221.
34. Harris, L., Nel, R., Holness, S., Sink, K. & Schoeman, D. (in press) Setting Conservation Targets for Sandy Beach Ecosystems. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science. doi.10.1016/j.ecss.2013.05.016.
35. Hockey, P.A.R., Siegfried, W.R. & Crowe, A.A. (1983) Ecological structure and energy requirements of the sandy beach avifauna of southern Africa. Sandy beaches as ecosystems (ed. by A. Mclachlan and T. Erasmus ), pp. 501-506. Dr W Junk, The Hague.
36. Hubbard, D.M., Dugan, J.E., Schooler, N.K. & Viola, S.M. (in press) Local extirpations and regional declines of endemic upper beach invertebrates in southern California. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, doi.10.1016/j.ecss.2013.06.017.
37. IOC (Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission IOC of UNESCO) (2012) The Ocean Biogeographic Information System. Available at: http://www.iobis.org (Accessed 16-18/07/2012).
38. IUCN (2012) IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded on 15 November 2012.
39. Kensley, B. (1978) Guide to the marine isopods of Southern Africa. Trustees of the South African Museum, Cape Town.
40. Kirkman, S.P. (2010) The Cape Fur Seal: Monitoring and Management in the Benguela Current Ecosystem. PhD thesis. University of Cape Town, South Africa.
41. Kirkman, S.P., Yemane, D., Oosthuizen, W.H., Meÿer, M.A., Kotze, P.G.H., Skrypzeck, H., Vaz Velho, F. & Underhill, L.G. (2012) Spatio-temporal shifts of the dynamic Cape fur seal population in southern Africa, based on aerial censuses (1972-2009). Marine Mammal Science, 29, 497-524.
42. La Cock, G.D. & Burkinshaw, J.R. (1996) Management implications of development resulting in disruption of a headland bypass dunefield and its associated river, Cape St Francis, South Africa. Landscape and Urban Planning, 34, 373-381.
43. Malavasi, M., Santoro, R., Cutini, M., Acosta, A.T.R. & Carranza, M.L. (2013) What has happened to coastal dunes in the last half century? A multitemporal coastal landscape analysis in Central Italy. Landscape and Urban Planning, 119, 54-63.
44. McDonald, D. & Cowling, R. (1995) Towards a profile of an endemic mountain fynbos flora: implications for conservation. Biological Conservation, 72, 1-12.
45. McLachlan, A. (1980) Occurrence of ghost crabs, Ocypode spp., in the eastern Cape. South African Journal of Zoology, 15, 57-58.
46. McLachlan, A. & Brown, A.C. (2006) The ecology of sandy shores. Academic Press, Burlington, MA, USA.
47. McLachlan, A. & Burns, M. (1992) Headland bypass dunes on the South African coast: 100 years of mismanagement. Coastal dunes (eds by R.W.G. Carter, T.G.F. Curtis and M.J. Sheehy-Skeffington ), pp. 71-79. A.A. Balkema Publishers, The Netherlands.
48. McLachlan, A. & Dorvlo, A. (2005) Global patterns in sandy beach macrobenthic communities. Journal of Coastal Research, 21, 674-687.
49. McLachlan, A., Wooldridge, T. & Dye, A.H. (1981) The ecology of sandy beaches in southern Africa. South African Journal of Zoology, 16, 219-231.
50. McLachlan, A., Jaramillo, E., Donn, T. & Wessels, F. (1993) Sandy beach macrofauna communities and their control by the physical environment: a geographical comparison. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue, 15, 27-38.
51. Mucina, L., Adams, J.B., Knevel, I.C., Rutherford, M.C., Powrie, L.W., Bolton, J.J., van der Merwe, J.H., Anderson, R.J., Bornman, T.G., le Roux, A. & Janssen, J.A.M. (2006) Coastal Vegetation of South Africa. The Vegetation of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland (eds by L. Mucina and M.C. Rutherford ), pp. 659-696. Strelitzia 19. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria.
52. NASA GES DISC (2012) Analyses and visualizations used in this paper were produced with the Giovanni online data system, developed and maintained by the NASA GES DISC. Available at: http://disc.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov (accessed 1 July 2012).
53. Nel, R., Punt, A.E. & Hughes, G.R. (2013) Are coastal protected areas always effective in achieving population recovery for Nesting Sea Turtles? PLoS One, 8, e63525.
54. Noy-Meir, I. (1979) Structure and function of desert ecosystems. Israel Journal of Botany, 28, 1-19.
55. Odebrecht, C., Du Preez, D.R., Abreu, P.C. & Campbell, E.E. (in press) Surf zone diatoms: a review of the drivers, patterns and role in sandy beaches food chains. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science. doi.10.1016/j.ecss.2013.07.011.
56. Phillips, S.J. & Dudík, M. (2008) Modeling of species distributions with Maxent: new extensions and a comprehensive evaluation. Ecography, 31, 161-175.
57. Phillips, S.J., Dudík, M. & Schapire, R.E. (2004) A maximum entropy approach to species distribution modeling. Proceedings of the Twenty-first International Conference on Machine Learning, 655-662.
58. Phillips, S.J., Anderson, R.P. & Schapire, R.E. (2006) Maximum entropy modeling of species geographic distributions. Ecological Modelling, 190, 231-259.
59. Poloczanska, E.S., Brown, C.J., Sydeman, W.J., Kiessling, W., Schoeman, D.S., Moore, P.J., Brander, K., Bruno, J.F., Buckley, L.B., Burrows, M.T., Duarte, C.M., Halpern, B.S., Holding, J., Kappel, C.V., O'Connor, M.I., Pandolfi, J.M., Parmesan, C., Schwing, F., Thompson, S.A. & Richardson, A.J. (2013) Global imprint of climate change on marine life. Nature Climate Change, 3, 919-925.
60. R Development Core Team (2012) R: a language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. ISBN 3-900051-07-0. URL http://www.R-project.org/.
61. Reaka, M.L., Rodgers, P.J. & Kudla, A.U. (2008) Patterns of biodiversity and endemism on Indo-West Pacific coral reefs. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 105, 11474-11481.
62. Roberts, C.M., McClean, C.J., Veron, J.E., Hawkins, J.P., Allen, G.R., McAllister, D.E., Mittermeier, C.G., Schueler, F.W., Spalding, M. & Wells, F. (2002) Marine biodiversity hotspots and conservation priorities for tropical reefs. Science, 295, 1280-1284.
63. Rouault, M., Penven, P. & Pohl, B. (2009) Warming in the Agulhas Current system since the 1980's. Geophysical Research Letters, 36, L12602.
64. Schlacher, T.A., Dugan, J., Schoeman, D.S., Lastra, M., Jones, A., Scapini, F., McLachlan, A. & Defeo, O. (2007) Sandy beaches at the brink. Diversity and Distributions, 13, 556-560.
65. Schoeman, D.S., Schlacher, T.A. & Defeo, O. (2013) Climate-change impacts on sandy-beach biota: crossing a line in the sand. Global Change Biology, doi: 10.1111/gcb.12505.
66. Scott, R.J., Griffiths, C.L. & Robinson, T.B. (2012) Patterns of endemicity and range restriction among southern African coastal marine invertebrates. African Journal of Marine Science, 34, 341-347.
67. Short, A.D. (2006) Australian beach systems - nature and distribution. Journal of Coastal Research, 22, 11-27.
68. Sink, K., Holness, S., Harris, L. et al. (2012) National biodiversity assessment 2011: technical report. Volume 4: marine and coastal component. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria.
69. Stenton-Dozey, J. (1983) Stranded kelp - its fauna and influence on sandy beach energetics. MSc dissertation. University of Cape Town, South Africa.
70. Sunday, J.M., Bates, A.E. & Dulvy, N.K. (2012) Thermal tolerance and the global redistribution of animals. Nature Climate Change, 2, 686-690.
71. Tamaki, A. (1987) Comparison of resistivity to transport by wave action in several polychaete species on an intertidal sand flat. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 37, 181-189.
72. Tinley, K.L. (1985) Coastal Dunes of South Africa. A report for the Committee for Nature Conservation Research, National Programme for Ecosystem Research. South African National Scientific Programmes Report No 109. CSIR, Pretoria.
73. Turpie, J.K., Beckley, L.E. & Katua, S.M. (2000) Biogeography and the selection of priority areas for conservation of South African coastal fishes. Biological Conservation, 92, 59-72.
74. Van Teylingen, K., McLachlan, A., Rickard, C. & Kerley, G. (1993) Conservation status of the vertebrate fauna of the coastal dunes in South Africa. Biodiversity Series Report No. 1. Department of Environmental Affairs and the Foundation for Research Development, Pretoria.
75. Wright, L.D. & Short, A.D. (1983) Morphodynamics of beaches and surf zones in Australia. CRC handbook of coastal processes and erosion (ed. by P.D. Komar ), pp. 35-64. CRC Press, Boca Raton.
76. Wright, L.D. & Short, A.D. (1984) Morphodynamic variability of surf zones and beaches: a synthesis. Marine Geology, 50, 93-118.