Neglect: Failure to Thrive and Obesity

Pediatric Clinics of North America

Volumn 61, Issue 5, 2014, Pages 937-957

  Harper, Nancy S ^a  

^a DRISCOLL CHILDREN S HOSPITAL   (United States)

Author keywords

Failure to thrive; Medical neglect; Neglect; Obesity; Pediatrics

Indexed keywords

BODY MASS; BODY WEIGHT; CHILD NEGLECT; CHILD NUTRITION; CHILDHOOD OBESITY; CLINICAL ASSESSMENT; FAILURE TO THRIVE; FOOD SECURITY; HEALTH EDUCATION; HEALTH PROMOTION; HELP SEEKING BEHAVIOR; HUMAN; NUTRITIONAL ASSESSMENT; NUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCY; NUTRITIONAL STATUS; OBESITY; PREVALENCE; PREVENTION AND CONTROL; PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL BEING; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; UNDERWEIGHT; WEIGHT GAIN; ADOLESCENT; CHILD; CHILD ABUSE; PEDIATRIC OBESITY; PRESCHOOL CHILD;

ADOLESCENT; CHILD; CHILD ABUSE; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; FAILURE TO THRIVE; HUMANS; NUTRITIONAL STATUS; PEDIATRIC OBESITY; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 84908506811     PISSN: 00313955     EISSN: 15578240     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.pcl.2014.06.006     Document Type: Review

References (122)

1. Mehta N.M., Corkins M.R., Lyman B., et al. Defining pediatric malnutrition: a paradigm shift toward etiology-related definitions. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2013, 37:460-481.
2. Berkowitz C.D. Fatal child neglect. Adv Pediatr 2001, 48:331-361.
3. Block R.W., Krebs N.F., American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Child Abuse and Neglect, et al. Failure to thrive as a manifestation of child neglect. Pediatrics 2005, 116:1234-1237.
4. Baker J.L., Olsen L.W., Sorensen T.I. Childhood body-mass index and the risk of coronary heart disease in adulthood. NEngl J Med 2007, 357:2329-2337.
5. Allen D.B., Fost N. Obesity and neglect: it's about the child. JPediatr 2012, 160:898-899.
6. Cheng J.K. Confronting the social determinants of health-obesity, neglect, and inequity. NEngl J Med 2012, 367:1976-1977.
7. Jones D.J., Gonzalez M., Ward D.S., et al. Should child obesity be an issue for child protective services? A call for more research on this critical public health issue. Trauma Violence Abuse 2014, 15:113-125.
8. Siegel R.M., Inge T.H. Life-threatening childhood obesity and legal intervention. JAMA 2011, 306:1763.
9. Grummer-Strawn L.M., Reinold C., Krebs N.F., Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Use of World Health Organization and CDC growth charts for children aged 0-59 months in the United States. MMWR Recomm Rep 2010, 59:1-15.
10. Meyers A., Joyce K., Coleman S.M., et al. Health of children classified as underweight by CDC reference but normal by WHO standard. Pediatrics 2013, 131:E1780-E1787.
11. Nash A., Secker D., Corey M., et al. Field testing of the 2006 World Health Organization growth charts from birth to 2 years: assessment of hospital undernutrition and overnutrition rates and the usefulness of BMI. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2008, 32:145-153.
12. Mei Z., Grummer-Strawn L.M. Comparison of changes in growth percentiles of US children on CDC 2000 growth charts with corresponding changes on WHO 2006 growth charts. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 2011, 50:402-407.
13. Bithoney W.G., Dubowitz H., Egan H. Failure to thrive/growth deficiency. Pediatr Rev 1992, 13:453-460.
14. Jaffe A.C. Failure to thrive: current clinical concepts. Pediatr Rev 2011, 32:100-107.
15. Krugman S.D., Dubowitz H. Failure to thrive. Am Fam Physician 2003, 68:879-884.
16. Mei Z., Grummer-Strawn L.M., Thompson D., et al. Shifts in percentiles of growth during early childhood: analysis of longitudinal data from the California Child Health and Development Study. Pediatrics 2004, 113:E617-E627.
17. Barlow S.E. Expert committee recommendations regarding the prevention, assessment, and treatment of child and adolescent overweight and obesity: summary report. Pediatrics 2007, 120:S164-S192.
18. United Nations Children's Fund, World Health Organization, The World Bank UNICEF-WHO-World Bank joint child malnutrition estimates 2012, UNICEF; WHO; The World Bank, New York; Washington (DC); Geneva (Switzerland).
19. Fryar CD, Ogden CL. Division of Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. Prevalence of underweight among adults aged 20 and over: United States, 1960-1962 through 2007-2010. Health E-Stat 2012. Available at: . Accessed January 22, 2014. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hestat/underweight_adult_07_10/underweight_adult_07_10.pdf.
20. Ogden C.L., Carroll M.D. Division of Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. Prevalence of overweight, obesity, and extreme obesity among adults: United States, trends 1960-1962 through 2007-2008 2010, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (GA), Available at:, Accessed January 23, 2014. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hestat/obesity_adult_07_08/obesity_adult_07_08.pdf.
21. Whitaker R.C., Wright J.A., Pepe M.S., et al. Predicting obesity in young adulthood from childhood and parental obesity. NEngl J Med 1997, 337:869-873.
22. Whitlock E.P., Williams S.B., Gold R., et al. Screening and interventions for childhood overweight: a summary of evidence for the US Preventive Services Task Force. Pediatrics 2005, 116:E125-E144.
23. Flegal K.M., Carroll M.D., Kit B.K., et al. Prevalence of obesity and trends in the distribution of body mass index among US adults, 1999-2010. JAMA 2012, 307:491-497.
24. Ogden C.L., Carroll M.D., Kit B.K., et al. Prevalence of obesity and trends in body mass index among US children and adolescents, 1999-2010. JAMA 2012, 307:483-490.
25. Skelton J.A., Cook S.R., Auinger P., et al. Prevalence and trends of severe obesity among US children and adolescents. Acad Pediatr 2009, 9:322-329.
26. Ogden C.L., Carroll M.D., Flegal K.M. High body mass index for age among US children and adolescents, 2003-2006. JAMA 2008, 299:2401-2405.
27. Park M.K., Menard S.W., Schoolfield J. Prevalence of overweight in a triethnic pediatric population of San Antonio, Texas. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2001, 25:409-416.
28. Division of Nutrition Physical Activity and Obesity. National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. Overweight and obesity. 2013. Available at: . Accessed January 23, 2014. http://www.cdc.gov/obesity/data/adult.html.
29. Black M.M., Hager E.R. Commentary: pediatric obesity: systems science strategies for prevention. JPediatr Psychol 2013, 38:1044-1050.
30. Nader P.R., Huang T.T., Gahagan S., et al. Next steps in obesity prevention: altering early life systems to support healthy parents, infants, and toddlers. Child Obes 2012, 8:195-204.
31. Ogden C.L., Lamb M.M., Carroll M.D., et al. Obesity and socioeconomic status in adults: United States, 2005-2008. NCHS Data Brief 2010, (50):1-8.
32. Ogden C.L., Lamb M.M., Carroll M.D., et al. Obesity and socioeconomic status in children and adolescents: United States, 2005-2008. NCHS Data Brief 2010, (51):1-8.
33. Luby J., Belden A., Botteron K., et al. The effects of poverty on childhood brain development: the mediating effect of caregiving and stressful life events. JAMA Pediatr 2013, 167:1135-1142.
34. Rose-Jacobs R., Black M.M., Casey P.H., et al. Household food insecurity: associations with at-risk infant and toddler development. Pediatrics 2008, 121:65-72.
35. Hunger in American. Hunger & poverty statistics. Available at: . Accessed December 27, 2013. http://feedingamerica.org/hunger-in-america/hunger-facts/hunger-and-poverty-statistics.aspx.
36. Cook J.T., Black M., Chilton M., et al. Are food insecurity's health impacts underestimated in the U.S. population? Marginal food security also predicts adverse health outcomes in young U.S. children and mothers. Adv Nutr 2013, 4:51-61.
37. Cook J.T., Frank D.A., Casey P.H., et al. Abrief indicator of household energy security: associations with food security, child health, and child development in US infants and toddlers. Pediatrics 2008, 122:E867-E875.
38. Morrissey T.W., Jacknowitz A., Vinopal K. Local food prices and their associations with children's weight and food security. Pediatrics 2014, 133:422-430.
39. Casey P.H., Simpson P.M., Gossett J.M., et al. The association of child and household food insecurity with childhood overweight status. Pediatrics 2006, 118:E1406-E1413.
40. United States Department of Agriculture. Food deserts. Available at: . Accessed December 27, 2013. http://apps.ams.usda.gov/fooddeserts/foodDeserts.aspx.
41. DeMartini T.L., Beck A.F., Kahn R.S., et al. Food insecure families: description of access and barriers to food from one pediatric primary care center. JCommunity Health 2013, 38:1182-1187.
42. Newman C., Scherpf E. Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) access at the state and county levels: evidence from Texas SNAP administrative records and the American Community Survey, ERR-156 2013, US Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, Washington, DC.
43. Black M.M. Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and children participation and infants' growth and health: a Multisite Surveillance Study. Pediatrics 2004, 114:169-176.
44. Frongillo E.A., Jyoti D.F., Jones S.J. Food Stamp Program participation is associated with better academic learning among school children. JNutr 2006, 136:1077-1080.
45. Leung C.W., Blumenthal S.J., Hoffnagle E.E., et al. Associations of food stamp participation with dietary quality and obesity in children. Pediatrics 2013, 131:463-472.
46. Dubowitz H., Giardino A., Gustavson E. Child neglect: guidance for pediatricians. Pediatr Rev 2000, 21:111-116.
47. Hager E.R., Quigg A.M., Black M.M., et al. Development and validity of a 2-item screen to identify families at risk for food insecurity. Pediatrics 2010, 126:E26-E32.
48. Christoffel K.K., Forsyth B.W. Mirror image of environmental deprivation: severe childhood obesity of psychosocial origin. Child Abuse Negl 1989, 13:249-256.
49. Dubowitz H., Kim J., Black M.M., et al. Identifying children at high risk for a child maltreatment report. Child Abuse Negl 2011, 35:96-104.
50. Huang J.S., Becerra K., Oda T., et al. Parental ability to discriminate the weight status of children: results of a survey. Pediatrics 2007, 120:E112-E119.
51. Huang J.S., Donohue M., Golnari G., et al. Pediatricians' weight assessment and obesity management practices. BMC Pediatr 2009, 9:19.
52. O'Brien S.H., Holubkov R., Reis E.C. Identification, evaluation, and management of obesity in an academic primary care center. Pediatrics 2004, 114:E154-E159.
53. Klein J.D., Sesselberg T.S., Johnson M.S., et al. Adoption of body mass index guidelines for screening and counseling in pediatric practice. Pediatrics 2010, 125:265-272.
54. Sabin M.A., Werther G.A., Kiess W. Genetics of obesity and overgrowth syndromes. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011, 25:207-220.
55. D'Angelo C.S., Koiffmann C.P. Copy number variants in obesity-related syndromes: review and perspectives on novel molecular approaches. JObes 2012, 2012:1-15.
56. Manco M., Dallapiccola B. Genetics of pediatric obesity. Pediatrics 2012, 130:123-133.
57. Ficicioglu C., An Haack K. Failure to thrive: when to suspect inborn errors of metabolism. Pediatrics 2009, 124:972-979.
58. Liu J., Raine A., Venables P.H., et al. Malnutrition at age 3 years and lower cognitive ability at age 11 years: independence from psychosocial adversity. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2003, 157:593-600.
59. Krombholz H. Motor and cognitive performance of overweight preschool children. Percept Mot Skills 2013, 116:40-57.
60. Klok M.D., Jakobsdottir S., Drent M.L. The role of leptin and ghrelin in the regulation of food intake and body weight in humans: a review. Obes Rev 2007, 8:21-34.
61. Korbonits M., Blaine D., Elia M., et al. Metabolic and hormonal changes during the refeeding period of prolonged fasting. Eur J Endocrinol 2007, 157:157-166.
62. Kelly A.S., Metzig A.M., Schwarzenberg S.J., et al. Hyperleptinemia and hypoadiponectinemia in extreme pediatric obesity. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2012, 10:123-127.
63. Bascietto C., Giannini C., D'Adamo E., et al. Implications of gastrointestinal hormones in the pathogenesis of obesity in prepubertal children. JPediatr Endocrinol Metab 2012, 25:255-260.
64. Grover Z., Ee L.C. Protein energy malnutrition. Pediatr Clin North Am 2009, 56:1055-1068.
65. Suskind D.L. Nutritional deficiencies during normal growth. Pediatr Clin North Am 2009, 56:1035-1053.
66. Misra M., Pacaud D., Petryk A., et al. Vitamin D deficiency in children and its management: review of current knowledge and recommendations. Pediatrics 2008, 122:398-417.
67. Kirby M., Danner E. Nutritional deficiencies in children on restricted diets. Pediatr Clin North Am 2009, 56:1085-1103.
68. Lee B.Y., Hogan D.J., Ursine S., et al. Personal observation of skin disorders in malnutrition. Clin Dermatol 2006, 24:222-227.
69. Crook M.A., Hally V., Panteli J.V. The importance of the refeeding syndrome. Nutrition 2001, 17:632-637.
70. Fuentebella J., Kerner J.A. Refeeding syndrome. Pediatr Clin North Am 2009, 56:1201-1210.
71. Stanga Z., Brunner A., Leuenberger M., et al. Nutrition in clinical practice-the refeeding syndrome: illustrative cases and guidelines for prevention and treatment. Eur J Clin Nutr 2008, 62:687-694.
72. Boateng A.A., Sriram K., Meguid M.M., et al. Refeeding syndrome: treatment considerations based on collective analysis of literature case reports. Nutrition 2010, 26:156-167.
73. Panteli J.V., Crook M.A. Refeeding syndrome still needs to be recognized and managed appropriately. Nutrition 2009, 25:130-131.
74. Kohn M.R., Golden N.H., Shenker I.R. Cardiac arrest and delirium: presentations of the refeeding syndrome in severely malnourished adolescents with anorexia nervosa. JAdolesc Health 1998, 22:239-243.
75. Isner J.M., Roberts W.C., Heymsfield S.B., et al. Anorexia nervosa and sudden death. Ann Intern Med 1985, 102:49-52.
76. Kellogg N.D., Lukefahr J.L. Criminally prosecuted cases of child starvation. Pediatrics 2005, 116:1309-1316.
77. Knight L.D., Collins K.A. A25-year retrospective review of deaths due to pediatric neglect. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 2005, 26:221-228.
78. Solarino B., Grattagliano I., Catanesi R., et al. Child starvation and neglect: a report of two fatal cases. JForensic Leg Med 2012, 19:171-174.
79. Trokel M., Discala C., Terrin N.C., et al. Patient and injury characteristics in abusive abdominal injuries. Pediatr Emerg Care 2006, 22:700-704.
80. Afzal N.A., Addai S., Fagbemi A., et al. Refeeding syndrome with enteral nutrition in children: a case report, literature review and clinical guidelines. Clin Nutr 2002, 21:515-520.
81. La Ganga M. For obese girl, battle of blame comes too late. Los Angeles Times 1997, Available at:, Accessed April 22, 2014. http://articles.latimes.com/1997/dec/26/news/mn-2357.
82. Freedman D.S., Mei Z., Srinivasan S.R., et al. Cardiovascular risk factors and excess adiposity among overweight children and adolescents: the Bogalusa Heart Study. JPediatr 2007, 150:12-17.
83. Nguyen Q.M., Srinivasan S.R., Xu J.H., et al. Changes in risk variables of metabolic syndrome since childhood in pre-diabetic and type 2 diabetic subjects: the Bogalusa Heart Study. Diabetes Care 2008, 31:2044-2049.
84. Varness T., Allen D.B., Carrel A.L., et al. Childhood obesity and medical neglect. Pediatrics 2009, 123:399-406.
85. Marcus C.L., Brooks L.J., Draper K.A., et al. Diagnosis and management of childhood obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Pediatrics 2012, 130:576-584.
86. Rhodes S.K., Shimoda K.C., Waid L.R., et al. Neurocognitive deficits in morbidly obese children with obstructive sleep apnea. JPediatr 1995, 127:741-744.
87. Schwimmer J.B., Burwinkle T.M., Varni J.W. Health-related quality of life of severely obese children and adolescents. JAMA 2003, 289:1813-1819.
88. Puhl R.M., Peterson J.L., Luedicke J. Weight-based victimization: bullying experiences of weight loss treatment-seeking youth. Pediatrics 2013, 131:E1-E9.
89. Lumeng J.C., Forrest P., Appugliese D.P., et al. Weight status as a predictor of being bullied in third through sixth grades. Pediatrics 2010, 125:E1301-E1307.
90. Lowen D.E. Failure to thrive. Child abuse and neglect: diagnosis, treatment and evidence 2011, 547-562. Elsevier Saunders, St Louis (MO). C. Jenny (Ed.).
91. Council on Communications and Media, Strasburger V.C. Children, adolescents, obesity, and the media. Pediatrics 2011, 128:201-208.
92. Gortmaker S.L., Must A., Sobol A.M., et al. Television viewing as a cause of increasing obesity among children in the United States, 1986-1990. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1996, 150:356-362.
93. Vandewater E.A., Shim M.S., Caplovitz A.G. Linking obesity and activity level with children's television and video game use. JAdolesc 2004, 27:71-85.
94. Phillips S.M., Bandini L.G., Naumova E.N., et al. Energy-dense snack food intake in adolescence: longitudinal relationship to weight and fatness. Obes Res 2004, 12:461-472.
95. Fulton J.E., Wang X., Yore M.M., et al. Television viewing, computer use, and BMI among U.S. children and adolescents. JPhys Act Health 2009, 6:S28-S35.
96. Kong A.S., Williams R.L., Smith M., et al. Acanthosis nigricans and diabetes risk factors: prevalence in young persons seen in southwestern US primary care practices. Ann Fam Med 2007, 5:202-208.
97. Sills R.H. Failure to thrive. The role of clinical and laboratory evaluation. Am J Dis Child 1978, 132:967-969.
98. Southard A.E., Edelmann L.J., Gelb B.D. Role of copy number variants in structural birth defects. Pediatrics 2012, 129:755-763.
99. American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition The A.S.P.E.N. Pediatric nutrition support core curriculum 2010, American Society for Parental and Enteral Nutrition, Silver Spring (MD).
100. Rogers V.W., Hart P.H., Motyka E., et al. Impact of let's go! 5-2-1-0: a community-based, multisetting childhood obesity prevention program. JPediatr Psychol 2013, 38:1010-1020.
101. May A.L., Dietz W.H. The Feeding Infants and Toddlers Study 2008: opportunities to assess parental, cultural, and environmental influences on dietary behaviors and obesity prevention among young children. JAm Diet Assoc 2010, 110:S11-S15.
102. Butte N.F., Fox M.K., Briefel R.R., et al. Nutrient intakes of US infants, toddlers, and preschoolers meet or exceed dietary reference intakes. JAm Diet Assoc 2010, 110:S27-S37.
103. Dwyer J.T., Butte N.F., Deming D.M., et al. Feeding Infants and Toddlers Study 2008: progress, continuing concerns, and implications. JAm Diet Assoc 2010, 110:S60-S67.
104. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Administration on Children, Youth and Families, Children's Bureau. Child maltreatment 2012. Available at: . Accessed April 23, 2014. http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/cb/research-data-technology/statistics-research/child-maltreatment.
105. Dubowitz H. Neglect in children. Pediatr Ann 2013, 42:73-77.
106. Jenny C. Recognizing and responding to medical neglect. Pediatrics 2007, 120:1385-1389.
107. Brotman L.M., Dawson-McClure S., Huang K.Y., et al. Early childhood family intervention and long-term obesity prevention among high-risk minority youth. Pediatrics 2012, 129:E621-E628.
108. Nader P.R., O'Brien M., Houts R., et al. Identifying risk for obesity in early childhood. Pediatrics 2006, 118:E594-E601.
109. Cunningham S.A., Kramer M.R., Narayan K.M. Incidence of childhood obesity in the United States. NEngl J Med 2014, 370:403-411.
110. Gibbs B.G., Forste R. Socioeconomic status, infant feeding practices and early childhood obesity. Pediatr Obes 2014, 9(2):135-146.
111. Institute of Medicine Early childhood obesity prevention policies 2011, The National Academies Press, Washington, DC.
112. Young K.L., Demeule M., Stuhlsatz K., et al. Identification and treatment of obesity as a standard of care for all patients in children's hospitals. Pediatrics 2011, 128:S47-S50.
113. Perez A., Reininger B.M., Aguirre Flores M.I., et al. Physical activity and overweight among adolescents on the Texas-Mexico border. Rev Panam Salud Publica 2006, 19:244-252.
114. French G.M., Nicholson L., Skybo T., et al. An evaluation of mother-centered anticipatory guidance to reduce obesogenic infant feeding behaviors. Pediatrics 2012, 130:E507-E517.
115. Anderson S.E., Whitaker R.C. Household routines and obesity in US preschool-aged children. Pediatrics 2010, 125:420-428.
116. Shin S.H., Miller D.P. Alongitudinal examination of childhood maltreatment and adolescent obesity: results from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (AddHealth) Study. Child Abuse Negl 2012, 36:84-94.
117. Bentley T., Widom C.S. A30-year follow-up of the effects of child abuse and neglect on obesity in adulthood. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2009, 17:1900-1905.
118. Dubowitz H., Lane W.G., Semiatin J.N., et al. The safe environment for every kid model: impact on pediatric primary care professionals. Pediatrics 2011, 127:E962-E970.
119. Gomez F., Galvan R.R., Cravioto J., et al. Malnutrition in infancy and childhood, with special reference to kwashiorkor. Adv Pediatr 1955, 7:131-169.
120. Waterlow J.C. Classification and definition of protein-calorie malnutrition. Br Med J 1972, 3(5826):566-569.
121. World Health Organization (WHO) WHO child growth standards and the identification of severe acute malnutrition in infants and children 2009, World Health Organization and UNICEF, Geneva (Switzerland).
122. Cole T.J., Flegal K.M., Nicholls D., et al. Body mass index cut offs to define thinness in children and adolescents: international survey. BMJ 2007, 335(7612):194.