Test characteristics of faecal immunochemical tests (FIT) compared with optical colonoscopy

Journal of Medical Screening

Volumn 21, Issue 3, 2014, Pages 133-143

  Levy, Barcey T ^a,b   Bay, Camden ^a,b   Xu, Yinghui ^a   Daly, Jeanette M ^a   Bergus, George ^a   Dunkelberg, Jeffrey ^a   Moss, Carol ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF IOWA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF IOWA   (United States)

Author keywords

Colonoscopy; Colorectal cancer; Colorectal cancer screening; Fecal immunochemical test; Sensitivity; Specificity; Test characteristics

Indexed keywords

ADENOMATOUS POLYP; ARTICLE; COLON POLYP; COLONOSCOPY; COLORECTAL CANCER; COLORECTAL CANCER SCREENING; COLORECTAL TUMOR; COMPARATIVE STUDY; EARLY DIAGNOSIS; FECAL IMMUNOCHEMICAL TEST; FEMALE; HUMAN; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; OCCULT BLOOD; SENSITIVITY; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; SPECIFICITY; TEST CHARACTERISTICS;

COLONOSCOPY; COLORECTAL CANCER; COLORECTAL CANCER SCREENING; FECAL IMMUNOCHEMICAL TEST; SENSITIVITY; SPECIFICITY; TEST CHARACTERISTICS;

ADENOMATOUS POLYPS; COLONIC POLYPS; COLONOSCOPY; COLORECTAL NEOPLASMS; EARLY DETECTION OF CANCER; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; OCCULT BLOOD; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY;

EID: 84908486218     PISSN: 09691413     EISSN: 14755793     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0969141314541109     Document Type: Article

References (60)

1. What are the key statistics about colorectal cancer? http://www.cancer.org/cancer/colonandrectumcancer/detailedguide/colorectal-cancer-key-statistics (2013, accessed 30 August 2013).
2. Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program. Cancer Stat Fact Sheet Database-SEER 9 Regs Research Data, http://www.seer.cancer.gov/(2013, accessed 13 June 2014).
3. Smith RA, Cokkinides V, Brawley OW. Cancer screening in the United States, 2009: a review of current American Cancer Society guidelines and issues in cancer screening. CA Cancer J Clin 2009; 59(1): 27–41.
4. Levin B, Lieberman DA, McFarland B, Andrews KS, Brooks D, Bond JH, et al. Screening and surveillance for the early detection of colorectal cancer and adenomatous polyps, 2008: a joint guideline from the American Cancer Society, the US Multi-Society Task Force on Colorectal Cancer, and the American College of Radiology. Gastroenterology 2008; 134(5): 1570–1595.
5. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for colorectal cancer: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. Ann Intern Med 2008; 149(9): 627–637.
6. Woodrow C, Watson E, Hewitson P, Austoker, J. (Cancer Research UK Primary Care Education Research Group). The NHS Bowel Cancer Screening Programme Information for Primary Care, http://www.cancerscreening.nhs.uk/bowel/bowel-ipc-booklet.pdf (2013, accessed 14 March 2014).
7. Lansdorp-Vogelaar I, von Karsa L, International Agency for Research on Cancer. European guidelines for quality assurance in colorectal cancer screening and diagnosis. First Edition–Introduction. Endoscopy 2012; 44(Suppl 3):SE15–30.
8. Park DI, Ryu S, Kim YH, Lee SH, Lee CK, Eun CS, et al. Comparison of guaiac-based and quantitative immunochemical fecal occult blood testing in a population at average risk undergoing colorectal cancer screening. Am J Gastroenterol 2010; 105(9): 2017–2025.
9. Levi Z, Birkenfeld S, Vilkin A, Bar-Chana M, Lifshitz I, Chared M, et al. A higher detection rate for colorectal cancer and advanced adenomatous polyp for screening with immunochemical fecal occult blood test than guaiac fecal occult blood test, despite lower compliance rate. A prospective, controlled, feasibility study. Int J Cancer 2011; 128(10): 2415–2424.
10. Faivre J, Dancourt V, Denis B, Dorval E, Piette C, Perrin P, et al. Comparison between a guaiac and three immunochemical faecal occult blood tests in screening for colorectal cancer. Eur J Cancer 2012; 48(16): 2969–2976.
11. Segnan N, Senore C, Andreoni B, Azzoni A, Bisanti L, Cardelli A, et al. Comparing attendance and detection rate of colonoscopy with sigmoidoscopy and FIT for colorectal cancer screening. Gastroenterology 2007; 132(7): 2304–2312.
12. Hoffman RM, Steel SR, Yee EF, Massie L, Schrader RM, Moffett ML, et al. A system–based intervention to improve colorectal cancer screening uptake. Am J Manag Care 2011; 17(1): 49–55.
13. Wilschut JA, Habbema JD, van Leerdam ME, Hol L, Lansdorp-Vogelaar I, Kuipers EJ, et al. Fecal occult blood testing when colonoscopy capacity is limited. J Natl Cancer Inst 2011; 103(23): 1741–1751.
14. Winawer SJ, Krabshuis J, Lambert R, O’Brien M, Fried M World Gastroenterology Organization Guidelines Committee. Cascade colorectal cancer screening guidelines: a global conceptual model. J Clin Gastroenterol 2011; 45(4): 297–300.
15. Zauber AG, Lansdorp-Vogelaar I, Knudsen AB, Wilschut J, van Ballegooijen M, Kuntz KM. Evaluating test strategies for colorectal cancer screening: a decision analysis for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med 2008; 149(9): 659–669.
16. Khalid-de Bakker CA, Jonkers DM, Sanduleanu S, de Bruine AP, Meijer GA, Janssen JB, et al. Test performance of immunologic fecal occult blood testing and sigmoidoscopy compared with primary colonoscopy screening for colorectal advanced adenomas. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2011; 4(10): 1563–1571.
17. de Wijkerslooth TR, Stoop EM, Bossuyt PM, Meijer GA, van Ballegooijen M, van Roon AH, et al. Immunochemical fecal occult blood testing is equally sensitive for proximal and distal advanced neoplasia. Am J Gastroenterol 2012; 107(10): 1570–1578.
18. Hundt S, Haug U, Brenner H. Comparative evaluation of immunochemical fecal occult blood tests for colorectal adenoma detection. Ann Intern Med 2009; 150(3): 162–169.
19. Morikawa T, Kato J, Yamaji Y, Wada R, Mitsushima T, Shiratori Y. A comparison of the immunochemical fecal occult blood test and total colonoscopy in the asymptomatic population. Gastroenterology 2005; 129(2): 422–428.
20. Terhaar sive Droste JS, van Turenhout ST, Oort FA, van der Hulst RW, Steeman VA, Coblijn U, et al. Faecal immunochemical test accuracy in patients referred for surveillance colonoscopy: a multi-centre cohort study. BMC Gastroenterol 2012; 24:12–94.
21. Quintero E, Castells A, Bujanda L, Cubiella J, Salas D, Lanas A, et al. Colonoscopy versus fecal immunochemical testing in colorectal-cancer screening. N Engl J Med 2012; 366(8): 697–706.
22. Chiu HM, Lee YC, Tu CH, Chen CC, Tseng PH, Liang JT, et al. Association between early stage colon neoplasms and false-negative results from the fecal immunochemical test. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013; 11(7): 832–838.
23. Khalid-de Bakker C, Jonkers D, Smits K, Mesters I, Masclee A, Stockbrugger R. Participation in colorectal cancer screening trials after first-time invitation: a systematic review. Endoscopy 2011; 43(12): 1059–1086.
24. Hoffman RM, Steel S, Yee EF, Massie L, Schrader RM, Murata GH. Colorectal cancer screening adherence is higher with fecal immunochemical tests than guaiac-based fecal occult blood tests: a randomized, controlled trial. Prev Med 2010; 50(5-6): 297–299.
25. van Rossum LG, van Rijn AF, Laheij RJ, van Oijen MG, Fockens P, van Krieken HH, et al. Random comparison of guaiac and immunochemical fecal occult blood tests for colorectal cancer in a screening population. Gastroenterology 2008; 135(1): 82–90.
26. Levy BT, Daly JM, Luxon B, Merchant ML, Xu Y, Levitz C, et al. The ‘‘Iowa Get Screened’’ colon cancer screening program. J Prim Care Com Health 2010; 1(1): 43–49.
27. Daly JM, Levy BT, Merchant ML, Wilbur J. Mailed fecalimmunochemical test for colon cancer screening. J Community Health 2010; 35(3): 235–239.
28. Fraser CG, Allison JE, Halloran SP, Young GP, Expert Working Group on Fecal Immunochemical Tests for Hemoglobin, Colorectal Cancer Screening Committee, World Endoscopy Organization. A proposal to standardize reporting units for fecal immunochemical tests for hemoglobin. J Natl Cancer Inst 2012; 104(11): 810–814.
29. Levy BT, Dawson J, Hartz AJ, James PA. Colorectal cancer testing among patients cared for by Iowa family physicians. Am J Prev Med 2006; 31(3): 193–201.
30. Daly JM, Levy BT, Joshi M, Xu Y, Jogerst GJ. Patient clock drawing and accuracy of self-report compared with chart review for colorectal cancer (CRC) screening. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2010; 50(3): 341–344.
31. Levy BT, Daly JM, Xu Y, Ely JW. Mailed fecal immunochemical tests plus education materials to improve colon cancer screening rates in Iowa Research Network (IRENE) practices. J Am Board Fam Med 2012; 25(1): 73–82.
32. Levy BT, Xu Y, Daly JM, Ely JW. A randomized controlled trial to improve colon cancer screening in rural family medicine: an Iowa Research Network (IRENE) study. J Am Board Fam Med 2013; 26(5): 486–497.
33. Hamilton SR, Vogelstein B, Kudo S, Riboli E, Nakamura S, Hainaut P, et al. Tumours of the Colon and Rectum. In: Hamilton SR, Aaltonen LA, editors. World Health Organization Classification of Tumours. Pathology and Genetics of Tumours of the Digestive System. 4th ed. Lyon, France: IARC Press; 2000. p. 104.
34. Hiraoka S, Kato J, Fujiki S, Kaji E, Morikawa T, Murakami T, et al. The presence of large serrated polyps increases risk for colorectal cancer. Gastroenterology 2010; 139(5): 1503-10–1510.e1-3.
35. Winawer SJ, Zauber AG, Fletcher RH, Stillman JS, O’Brien MJ, Levin B, et al. Guidelines for Colonoscopy Surveillance After Polypectomy: a Consensus Update by the US Multi-Society Task Force on Colorectal Cancer and the American Cancer Society. Gastroenterology 2006; 130(6): 1872–1885.
36. Imperiale TF, Ransohoff DF, Itzkowitz SH, Levin TR, Lavin P, Lidgard GP, et al. Multitarget stool DNA testing for colorectal-cancer screening. N Engl J Med 2014; 370:1287–1297.
37. Kim DH, Pickhardt PJ, Taylor AJ, Leung WK, Winter TC, Hinshaw JL, et al. CT colonography versus colonoscopy for the detection of advanced neoplasia. N Engl J Med 2007; 357(14): 1403–1412.
38. Simel DL, Samsa GP, Matchar DB. Likelihood ratios with confidence: sample size estimation for diagnostic test studies. J Clin Epidemiol 1991; 44(8): 763–770.
39. Altman DG, Machin D, Bryant TN, Gardner MJ. Statistics with confidence: Confidence intervals and statistical guidelines. 2nd ed.: Wiley-Blackwell, 2000.
40. Allison JE. FIT: a valuable but underutilized screening test for colorectal cancer-it’s time for a change. Am J Gastroenterol 2010; 105(9): 2026–2028.
41. Daly JD, Levy BT, Moss CA, Bay CP. System strategies for colorectal cancer screening at federally qualified health centers. Am J Public Health 2014. [Epub ahead of print].
42. Levin TR. Editorial: It’s time to make organized colorectal cancer screening convenient and easy for patients. Am J Gastroenterol 2009; 104(4): 939–941.
43. Flitcroft KL, Irwig LM, Carter SM, Salkeld GP, Gillespie JA. Colorectal cancer screening: why immunochemical fecal occult blood tests may be the best option. BMC Gastroenterol 2012; 12:183.
44. Hewitson P, Glasziou P, Watson E, Towler B, Irwig L. Cochrane systematic review of colorectal cancer screening using the fecal occult blood test (hemoccult): an update. Am J Gastroenterol 2008; 103(6): 1541–1549.
45. Pickhardt PJ, Choi JR, Hwang I, Butler JA, Puckett ML, Hildebrandt HA, et al. Computed tomographic virtual colonoscopy to screen for colorectal neoplasia in asymptomatic adults. N Engl J Med 2003; 349(23): 2191–2200.
46. Liedenbaum MH, van Rijn AF, de Vries AH, Dekker HM, Thomeer M, van Marrewijk CJ, et al. Using CT colonography as a triage technique after a positive faecal occult blood test in colorectal cancer screening. Gut 2009; 58(9): 1242–1249.
47. Regge D, Laudi C, Galatola G, Della Monica P, Bonelli L, Angelelli G, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of computed tomographic colonography for the detection of advanced neoplasia in individuals at increased risk of colorectal cancer. JAMA 2009; 301(23): 2453–2461.
48. Dancourt V, Lejeune C, Lepage C, Gailliard MC, Meny B, Faivre J. Immunochemical faecal occult blood tests are superior to guaiac-based tests for the detection of colorectal neoplasms. Eur J Cancer 2008; 44(15): 2254–2258.
49. Liles EG, Perrin N, Rosales AG, Feldstein AC, Smith DH, Mosen DM, et al. Change to FIT increased CRC screening rates: evaluation of a US screening outreach program. Am J Manag Care 2012; 18(10): 588–595.
50. Rabeneck L, Rumble RB, Thompson F, Mills M, Oleschuk C, Whibley A, et al. Fecal immunochemical tests compared with guaiac fecal occult blood tests for population-based colorectal cancer screening. Can J Gastroenterol 2012; 26(3): 131–147.
51. Levi Z, Rozen P, Hazazi R, Vilkin A, Waked A, Maoz E, et al. A quantitative immunochemical fecal occult blood test for colorectal neoplasia. Ann Intern Med 2007; 146(4): 244–255.
52. Itoh M, Takahashi K, Nishida H, Sakagami K, Okubo T. Estimation of the optimal cut off point in a new immunological faecal occult blood test in a corporate colorectal cancer screening programme. J Med Screen 1996; 3(2): 66–71.
53. Cheng TI, Wong JM, Hong CF, Cheng SH, Cheng TJ, Shieh MJ, et al. Colorectal cancer screening in asymptomaic adults: comparison of colonoscopy, sigmoidoscopy and fecal occult blood tests. J Formos Med Assoc 2002; 101(10): 685–690.
54. Lansdorp-Vogelaar I, van Ballegooijen M, Boer R, Zauber A, Habbema JD. A novel hypothesis on the sensitivity of the fecal occult blood test: Results of a joint analysis of 3 randomized controlled trials. Cancer 2009; 115(11): 2410–2419.
55. Tannous B, Lee-Lewandrowski E, Sharples C, Brugge W, Bigatello L, Thompson T, et al. Comparison of conventional guaiac to four immunochemical methods for fecal occult blood testing: implications for clinical practice in hospital and outpatient settings. Clin Chim Acta 2009; 400(1–2): 120–122.
56. Crotta S, Segnan N, Paganin S, Dagnes B, Rosset R, Senore C. High rate of advanced adenoma detection in 4 rounds of colorectal cancer screening with the fecal immunochemical test. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012; 10(6): 633–638.
57. van Rossum LG, van Rijn AF, van Oijen MG, Fockens P, Laheij RJ, Verbeek AL, et al. False negative fecal occult blood tests due to delayed sample return in colorectal cancer screening. Int J Cancer 2009; 125(4): 746–750.
58. van Roon AH, Hol L, van Vuuren AJ, Francke J, Ouwendijk M, Heijens A, et al. Are fecal immunochemical test characteristics influenced by sample return time? A population-based colorectal cancer screening trial. Am J Gastroenterol 2012; 107(1): 99–107.
59. Daly JM, Bay CP, Levy BT. Evaluation of fecal immunochemical tests for colorectal cancer screening. J Prim Care Community Health 2013; 4(4): 245–250.
60. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. CLIAClinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments, http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfClia/clia.cfm (2013, accessed 12 September 2013).