Central nervous system manifestations of Angiostrongylus cantonensis infection

Acta Tropica

Volumn 141, Issue Part A, 2015, Pages 46-53

  Martins, Yuri C ^a   Tanowitz, Herbert B ^a   Kazacos, Kevin R ^b  

^a ALBERT EINSTEIN COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b PURDUE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Angiostrongylus cantonensis; Eosinophilic meningitis; Parasitic encephalitis

Indexed keywords

ALBENDAZOLE; CORTICOSTEROID; PREDNISOLONE; STEROID;

DISEASE VECTOR; ENCEPHALITIS; MENINGITIS; NEMATODE; PARASITE;

ANGIOSTRONGYLIASIS; ANGIOSTRONGYLUS CANTONENSIS; ARTICLE; ATAXIA; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM INFECTION; CLINICAL FEATURE; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; CRANIAL NEUROPATHY; ENCEPHALITIS; ENCEPHALOMYELITIS; ENZYME LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY; EOSINOPHILIC MENINGITIS; EPIDEMIC; EYE DISEASE; HEADACHE; HUMAN; INFECTION PREVENTION; LASER SURGERY; LUMBAR PUNCTURE; MENINGITIS; NEMATODE LIFE CYCLE STAGE; NEUROPATHOLOGY; NONHUMAN; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; OCULAR ANGIOSTRONGYLIASIS; PARASITE CLEARANCE; PATHOGENESIS; PREVALENCE; PROGNOSIS; RADICULITIS; REAL TIME POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; SPECIES ENDEMICITY; STEROID THERAPY; VASCULAR HEADACHE; WESTERN BLOTTING; ANIMAL; ASIA; EOSINOPHILIA; INFECTIOUS ENCEPHALITIS; LARVA; LIFE CYCLE STAGE; PHYSIOLOGY; STRONGYLIDA INFECTIONS;

ASIA; CARIBBEAN ISLANDS; PACIFIC OCEAN;

ANGIOSTRONGYLUS CANTONENSIS;

ANGIOSTRONGYLUS CANTONENSIS; ANIMALS; ASIA; ENCEPHALOMYELITIS; EOSINOPHILIA; HUMANS; INFECTIOUS ENCEPHALITIS; LARVA; LIFE CYCLE STAGES; MENINGITIS; STRONGYLIDA INFECTIONS;

EID: 84908374538     PISSN: 0001706X     EISSN: 18736254     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2014.10.002     Document Type: Review

References (101)

1. Alicata J.E. Biology and distribution of the rat lungworm Angiostrongylus cantonensis, and its relationship to eosinophilic meningoencephalitis and other neurological disorders of man and animals. Adv. Parasitol. 1965, 3:223-248.
2. Ash L.R. The occurrence of Angiostrongylus cantonensis in frogs of New Caledonia with observations on paratenic hosts of metastrongyles. J. Parasitol. 1968, 54:432-436.
3. Ash L.R. Diagnostic morphology of the third-stage larvae of Angiostrongylus cantonensis, Angiostrongylus vasorum Aelurostrongylus abstrusus, and Anafilaroides rostratus (Nematoda: Metastrongyloidea). J. Parasitol. 1970, 56:249-253.
4. Bhaibulaya M. Comparative studies on the life history of Angiostrongylus mackerrasae Bhaibulaya, 1968 and Angiostrongylus cantonensis (Chen, 1935). Int. J. Parasitol. 1975, 5:7-20.
5. Caldeira R.L., Mendonca C.L., Goveia C.O., Lenzi H.L., Graeff-Teixeira C., Lima W.S., Mota E.M., Pecora I.L., Medeiros A.M., Carvalho Odos S. First record of molluscs naturally infected with Angiostrongylus cantonensis (Chen, 1935) (Nematoda: Metastrongylidae) in Brazil. Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz 2007, 102:887-889.
6. Campbell B.G., Little M.D. The finding of Angiostrongylus cantonensis in rats in New Orleans. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1988, 38:568-573.
7. Carney W.P., Stafford E.E. Angiostrongyliasis in Indonesia: a review. Studies on Angiostrongyliasis in Eastern Asia and Australia, Special Publication No. 2 (NAMRU-2-SP-44) 1979, 14-25. US Naval Medical Research Unit, Taipei. J.H. Cross (Ed.).
8. Chao D., Lin C.C., Chen Y.A. Studies on growth and distribution of Angiostrongylus cantonensis larvae in Ampullarium canaliculatus. Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health 1987, 18:248-252.
9. Chau T.T., Thwaites G.E., Chuong L.V., Sinh D.X., Farrar J.J. Headache and confusion: the dangers of a raw snail supper. Lancet 2003, 361:1866.
10. Chen A.L., Qiu X.Y., Wang W., Zhou C.L., Zeng X., Liu X.J., Qiu J.F., Wang Y. The quantitative and functional changes of NK cells in mice infected with Angiostrongylus cantonensis. Parasitol. Res. 2014, 113:2087-2094.
11. Chen H.T. A new pulmonary nematode of rats Pulmonema cantonesis ng, nsp from Canton. Ann. Parasitol. 1935, 13:5.
12. Chotmongkol V., Kittimongkolma S., Niwattayakul K., Intapan P.M., Thavornpitak Y. Comparison of prednisolone plus albendazole with prednisolone alone for treatment of patients with eosinophilic meningitis. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 2009, 81:443-445.
13. Chotmongkol V., Sawanyawisuth K., Thavornpitak Y. Corticosteroid treatment of eosinophilic meningitis. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2000, 31:660-662. (an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America).
14. Chotmongkol V., Yimtae K., Intapan P.M. Angiostrongylus eosinophilic meningitis associated with sensorineural hearing loss. J. Laryngol. Otol. 2004, 118:57-58.
15. Chuang C.C., Chen C.W., Huang Y.T., Du W.Y. Anti-ST2 monoclonal antibody inhibits eosinophil infiltration in Angiostrongylus cantonensis-infected mice. J. Microbiol. Immunol. Infect. 2014, 2:S1684-1182.
16. Chuang C.C., Su K.E., Chen C.W., Fan C.K., Lin F.K., Chen Y.S., Du W.Y. Anti-CCR3 monoclonal antibody inhibits eosinophil infiltration in Angiostrongylus cantonensis-infected ICR mice. Acta Trop. 2010, 113:209-213.
17. Cognato B.B., Morassutti A.L., Silva A.C., Graeff-Teixeira C. First report of Angiostrongylus cantonensis in Porto Alegre, State of Rio Grande do Sul Southern Brazil. Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop. 2013, 46:664-665.
18. Costa L.R.R., McClure J.J., Snider T.G., Stewart T.B. Verminous meningoencephalomyelitis by Angiostrongylus (=Parastrongylus) cantonensis in an American Miniature Horse. Equine Vet. Educ. 2000, 12:5.
19. Cowie R.H. Biology, systematics life cycle, and distribution of Angiostrongylus cantonensis, the cause of rat lungworm disease. Hawai'i J. Med. Public Health 2013, 72:6-9. (a journal of Asia Pacific Medicine & Public Health).
20. Cross J.H. Clinical manifestations and laboratory diagnosis of eosinophilic meningitis syndrome associated with angiostrongyliasis. Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health 1978, 9:161-170.
21. Cross J.H. Experimental studies on Angiostrongylus species and strains in monkeys and laboratory animals. Studies on Angiostrongyliasis in Eastern Asia and Australia, Special Publication No. 2 (NAMRU-2-SP-44) 1979, 118-137. US Naval Medical Research Unit, Taipei. J.H. Cross (Ed.).
22. Cross J.H. Angiostrongyliasis. Pathology of Infectious Diseases 1997, 1307-1314. Appleton & Lange, Stamford, CT. D.H. Connor, F.W. Chandler, D.A. Schwartz, H.J. Manz, E.E. Lack (Eds.).
23. Diao Z., Wang J., Qi H., Li X., Zheng X., Yin C. Human ocular angiostrongyliasis: a literature review. Trop. Doct. 2011, 41:76-78.
24. Diaz J.H. Recognizing and reducing the risks of helminthic eosinophilic meningitis in travelers: differential diagnosis, disease management, prevention, and control. J. Travel. Med. 2009, 16:267-275.
25. Dorta-Contreras A.J., Padilla-Docal B., Moreira J.M., Robles L.M., Aroca J.M., Alarcon F., Bu-Coifiu-Fanego R. Neuroimmunological findings of Angiostrongylus cantonensis meningitis in Ecuadorian patients. Arq. Neuropsiquiatr. 2011, 69:466-469.
26. Drozdz J. Revision of the classification of the genus Angiostrongylus Kamensky 1905 (Nematoda: Metastrongyloidea). Ann. Parasitol. Hum. Comp. 1970, 45:597-603.
27. Duffy M.S., Miller C.L., Kinsella J.M., de Lahunta A. Parastrongylus cantonensis in a nonhuman primate Florida. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2004, 10:2207-2210.
28. Feng Y., Nawa Y., Sawanyavisuth K., Lv Z., Wu Z.D. Comprehensive review of ocular angiostrongyliasis with special reference to optic neuritis. Korean J. Parasitol. 2013, 51:613-619.
29. Garcia J.S., Dos Santos Bonfim T.C., Junior A.M., Tunholi V.M., Tunholi-Alves V.M., Mota E.M., Simoes R.D., Santana A.C., Hooper C., Pinheiro J., Boia M.N. Hematological and histopathological changes in Rattus norvegicus (Wistar) experimentally infected by Angiostrongylus cantonensis (Chen, 1935). Parasitol. Int. 2014, 63:631-637.
30. Gardiner C.H., Wells S., Gutter A.E., Fitzgerald L., Anderson D.C., Harris R.K., Nichols D.K. Eosinophilic meningoencephalitis due to Angiostrongylus cantonensis as the cause of death in captive non-human primates. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1990, 42:70-74.
31. Gosnell W.L., Kramer K.J. The role of eosinophils in angiostrongyliasis: multiple roles for a versatile cell?. Hawai'i J. Med. Public Health 2013, 72:49-51. (a journal of Asia Pacific Medicine & Public Health).
32. Grisotti M., Avila-Pires F.D. Worms, slugs and humans: the medical and popular construction of an emerging infectious disease. Hist. Cienc. Saude Manguinhos 2011, 18:877-891.
33. Hwang K.P., Chen E.R. Clinical studies on angiostrongyliasis cantonensis among children in Taiwan. Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health 1991, 22(Suppl.):194-199.
34. Incani R.N., Caleiras E., Martin M., Gonzalez C. Human infection by Angiostrongylus costaricensis in Venezuela: first report of a confirmed case. Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. Sao Paulo 2007, 49:197-200.
35. Jin E., Ma D., Liang Y., Ji A., Gan S. MRI findings of eosinophilic myelomeningoencephalitis due to Angiostrongylus cantonensis. Clin. Radiol. 2005, 60:242-250.
36. Jitpimolmard S., Sawanyawisuth K., Morakote N., Vejjajiva A., Puntumetakul M., Sanchaisuriya K., Tassaneeyakul W., Tassaneeyakul W., Korwanich N. Albendazole therapy for eosinophilic meningitis caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis. Parasitol. Res. 2007, 100:1293-1296.
37. Kanchanaranya C., Prechanond A., Punyagupta S. Removal of living worm in retinal Angiostrongylus cantonensis. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 1972, 74:456-458.
38. Kanpittaya J., Jitpimolmard S., Tiamkao S., Mairiang E. MR findings of eosinophilic meningoencephalitis attributed to Angiostrongylus cantonensis. AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol. 2000, 21:1090-1094.
39. Kim D.Y., Stewart T.B., Bauer R.W., Mitchell M. Parastrongylus (=Angiostrongylus) cantonensis now endemic in Louisiana wildlife. J. Parasitol. 2002, 88:1024-1026.
40. Kim J.R., Hayes K.A., Yeung N.W., Cowie R.H. Diverse gastropod hosts of Angiostrongylus cantonensis, the Rat Lungworm, globally and with a focus on the Hawaiian Islands. PLoS One 2014, 9:e94969.
41. Kliks M.M., Kroenke K., Hardman J.M. Eosinophilic radiculomyeloencephalitis: an angiostrongyliasis outbreak in American Samoa related to ingestion of Achatina fulica snails. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1982, 31:1114-1122.
42. Kliks M.M., Palumbo N.E. Eosinophilic meningitis beyond the Pacific Basin: the global dispersal of a peridomestic zoonosis caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis, the nematode lungworm of rats. Soc. Sci. Med. 1992, 34:199-212.
43. Kuberski T. Eosinophils in cerebrospinal fluid: criteria for eosinophilic meningitis. Hawaii Med. J. 1981, 40:97-98.
44. Kuberski T., Bart R.D., Briley J.M., Rosen L. Recovery of Angiostrongylus cantonensis from cerebrospinal fluid of a child with eosinophilic meningitis. J. Clin. Microbiol. 1979, 9:629-631.
45. Li J.J., Zhang R.L., Fu Y.C., Wu W.P., Chen M.X., Geng Y.J., Huang D.N., Ai L., Yang F., Hu Z. Monoclonal antibody 12D5 inhibits eosinophil infiltration in the brain of Angiostrongylus cantonensis-infected BALB/c mice. Acta Trop. 2012, 121:118-124.
46. Lim B.L., Ramachandran C.P. Ecological studies of Angiostrongylus malaysiensis (Nematoda: Metastrongylidae) in Malaysia. Studies on Angiostrongyliasis in Eastern Asia and Australia, Special Publication No. 2 (NAMRU-2-SP-44) 1979, 26-48. US Naval Medical Research Unit, Taipei. J.H. Cross (Ed.).
47. Lindo J.F., Escoffery C.T., Reid B., Codrington G., Cunningham-Myrie C., Eberhard M.L. Fatal autochthonous eosinophilic meningitis in a Jamaican child caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 2004, 70:425-428.
48. Liu I.H., Chung Y.M., Chen S.J., Cho W.L. Necrotizing retinitis induced by Angiostrongylus cantonensis. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 2006, 141:577-579.
49. Lo Re V., Gluckman S.J. Eosinophilic meningitis. Am. J. Med. 2003, 114:217-223.
50. Mackerras M.J., Sandars D.F. Lifehistory of the rat lung-worm and its migration through the brain of its host. Nature 1954, 173:956-957.
51. Maleewong W., Sombatsawat P., Intapan P.M., Wongkham C., Chotmongkol V. Immunoblot evaluation of the specificity of the 29-kDa antigen from young adult female worms Angiostrongylus cantonensis for immunodiagnosis of human angiostrongyliasis. Asian Pac. J. Allergy Immunol. 2001, 19:267-273. (launched by the Allergy and Immunology Society of Thailand).
52. Malhotra S., Mehta D.K., Arora R., Chauhan D., Ray S., Jain M. Ocular angiostrongyliasis in a child-first case report from India. J. Trop. Pediatr. 2006, 52:223-225.
53. Mason K.V. Canine neural angiostrongylosis: the clinical and therapeutic features of 55 natural cases. Aust. Vet. J. 1987, 64:201-203.
54. Morassutti A.L., Levert K., Perelygin A., da Silva A.J., Wilkins P., Graeff-Teixeira C. The 31-kDa antigen of Angiostrongylus cantonensis comprises distinct antigenic glycoproteins. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2012, 12:961-968.
55. Morassutti A.L., Thiengo S.C., Fernandez M., Sawanyawisuth K., Graeff-Teixeira C. Eosinophilic meningitis caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis: an emergent disease in Brazil. Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz 2014, 109:399-407.
56. Morera P., Cespedes R. Angiostrongylus costaricensis n. sp. (Nematoda: Metastrongyloidea), a new lungworm occurring in man in Costa Rica. Rev. Biol. Trop. 1970, 18:173-185.
57. Murphy G.S., Johnson S. Clinical aspects of eosinophilic meningitis and meningoencephalitis caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis, the Rat Lungworm. Hawai'i J. Med. Public Health 2013, 72:35-40. (a journal of Asia Pacific Medicine & Public Health).
58. New D., Little M.D., Cross J. Angiostrongylus cantonensis infection from eating raw snails. N. Engl. J. Med. 1995, 332:1105-1106.
59. Nomura S., Lin H. First clinical case of Haemostrongylus ratti. Taiwan No Ikai 1945, 3:4.
60. Noskin G.A., McMenamin M.B., Grohmann S.M. Eosinophilic meningitis due to Angiostrongylus cantonensis. Neurology 1992, 42:1423-1424.
61. Nuamtanong S. The evaluation of the 29 and 31kDa antigens in female Angiostrongylus cantonensis for serodiagnosis of human angiostrongyliasis. Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health 1996, 27:291-296.
62. Orihel T.C., Ash L.R. Parasites in Human Tissues 1995, ASCP Press, Chicago, IL.
63. OuYang L., Wei J., Wu Z., Zeng X., Li Y., Jia Y., Ma Y., Zhan M., Lei W. Differences of larval development and pathological changes in permissive and nonpermissive rodent hosts for Angiostrongylus cantonensis infection. Parasitol. Res. 2012, 111:1547-1557.
64. Padilla-Docal B., Dorta-Contreras A.J., Moreira J.M., Martini-Robles L., Muzzio-Aroca J., Alarcon F., Magraner-Tarrau M.E., Bu-Coifiu-Fanego R. Comparison of major immunoglobulins intrathecal synthesis patterns in Ecuadorian and Cuban patients with angiostrongyliasis. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 2011, 84:406-410.
65. Padilla-Docal B., Iglesias-Gonzalez I., Bu-Coifiu-Fanego R., Socarras-Hernandez C.A., Dorta-Contreras A.J. Intrathecal activation as a typical immune response within the central nervous system in angiostrongyliasis. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 2013, 88:230-235.
66. Peng H., Sun R., Zhang Q., Zhao J., Wei J., Zeng X., Zheng H., Wu Z. Interleukin 33 mediates type 2 immunity and inflammation in the central nervous system of mice infected with Angiostrongylus cantonensis. J. Infect. Dis. 2013, 207:860-869.
67. Prociv P. Parasitic meningitis. Med. J. Aust. 1999, 170:517-518.
68. Prociv P., Spratt D.M., Carlisle M.S. Neuro-angiostrongyliasis: unresolved issues. Int. J. Parasitol. 2000, 30:1295-1303.
69. Prommindaroj K., Leelawongs N., Pradatsundarasar A. Human angiostrongyliasis of the eye in Bangkok. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1962, 1:759-761.
70. Punyagupta S., Bunnag T., Juttijudata P., Rosen L. Eosinophilic meningitis in Thailand Epidemiologic studies of 484 typical cases and the etiologic role of Angiostrongylus cantonensis. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1970, 19:950-958.
71. Punyagupta S., Juttijudata P., Bunnag T. Eosinophilic meningitis in Thailand Clinical studies of 484 typical cases probably caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1975, 24:921-931.
72. Qi H., Diao Z., Yin C. A case of optic nerve compression caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 2009, 81:4.
73. Qvarnstrom Y., da Silva A.C., Teem J.L., Hollingsworth R., Bishop H., Graeff-Teixeira C., da Silva A.J. Improved molecular detection of Angiostrongylus cantonensis in mollusks and other environmental samples with a species-specific internal transcribed spacer 1-based TaqMan assay. Applied and environmental microbiology 2010, 76:5287-5289.
74. Radomyos P., Tungtrongchitr A., Praewanich R., Khewwatchan P., Kantangkul T., Junlananto P., Ayudhya S.I. Occurrence of the infective stage of Angiostrongylus cantonensis in the yellow tree monitor (Varanus bengalensis) in five Provinces of Thailand. Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health 1994, 25:498-500.
75. Rebello K.M., Menna-Barreto R.F., Chagas-Moutinho V.A., Mota E.M., Perales J., Neves-Ferreira A.G., Oliveira-Menezes A., Lenzi H. Morphological aspects of Angiostrongylus costaricensis by light and scanning electron microscopy. Acta Trop. 2013, 127:191-198.
76. Rebello K.M., Siqueira C.R., Ribeiro E.L., Valente R.H., Mota E.M., Perales J., Neves-Ferreira A.G., Lenzi H.L. Proteolytic activity in the adult and larval stages of the human roundworm parasite Angiostrongylus costaricensis. Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz 2012, 107:752-759.
77. Rodriguez R., da Silva A.C., Muller C.A., Alves S.L., Graeff-Teixeira C., Fornari F. PCR for the diagnosis of abdominal angiostrongyliasis in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded human tissue. PLoS One 2014, 9:e93658.
78. Sawanyawisuth K., Chotmongkol V. Eosinophilic meningitis. Hand. Clin. Neurol. 2013, 114:207-215.
79. Sawanyawisuth K., Kitthaweesin K., Limpawattana P., Intapan P.M., Tiamkao S., Jitpimolmard S., Chotmongkol V. Intraocular angiostrongyliasis: clinical findings, treatments and outcomes. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 2007, 101:497-501.
80. Sawanyawisuth K., Limpawattana P., Busaracome P., Ninpaitoon B., Chotmongkol V., Intapan P.M., Tanawirattananit S. A 1-week course of corticosteroids in the treatment of eosinophilic meningitis. Am. J. Med. 2004, 117:802-803.
81. Sawanyawisuth K., Pugkhem A., Mitchai J., Intapan P.M., Anunnatsiri S., Limpawattana P., Chotmongkol V. Abdominal angiostrongyliasis caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis: a possible cause of eosinophilic infiltration in human digestive tract. Pathol. Res. Pract. 2010, 206:102-104.
82. Sawanyawisuth K., Takahashi K., Hoshuyama T., Sawanyawisuth K., Senthong V., Limpawattana P., Intapan P.M., Wilson D., Tiamkao S., Jitpimolmard S., Chotmongkol V. Clinical factors predictive of encephalitis caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 2009, 81:698-701.
83. Schmutzhard E., Boongird P., Vejjajiva A. Eosinophilic meningitis and radiculomyelitis in Thailand, caused by CNS invasion of Gnathostoma spinigerum and Angiostrongylus cantonensis. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 1988, 51:80-87.
84. Shih S.L., Hsu C.H., Huang F.Y., Shen E.Y., Lin J.C. Angiostrongylus cantonensis infection in infants and young children. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 1992, 11:1064-1066.
85. Slom T.J., Cortese M.M., Gerber S.I., Jones R.C., Holtz T.H., Lopez A.S., Zambrano C.H., Sufit R.L., Sakolvaree Y., Chaicumpa W., Herwaldt B.L., Johnson S. An outbreak of eosinophilic meningitis caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis in travelers returning from the Caribbean. N. Engl. J. Med. 2002, 346:668-675.
86. Sugaya H., Aoki M., Yoshida T., Takatsu K., Yoshimura K. Eosinophilia and intracranial worm recovery in interleukin-5 transgenic and interleukin-5 receptor alpha chain-knockout mice infected with Angiostrongylus cantonensis. Parasitol. Res. 1997, 83:583-590.
87. Tangchai P., Nye S.W., Beaver P.C. Eosinophilic meningoencephalitis caused by angiostrongyliasis in Thailand. Autopsy report. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1967, 16:454-461.
88. Teixeira C.G., Thiengo S.C., Thome J.W., Medeiros A.B., Camillo-Coura L., Agostini A.A. On the diversity of mollusc intermediate hosts of Angiostrongylus costaricensis Morera & Cespedes, 1971 in southern Brazil. Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz 1993, 88:487-489.
89. Thiengo S.C. Mode of Infection of Sarasinula marginata (Mollusca) with Larvae of Angiostrongylus costaricensis (Nematoda). Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz 1996, 91:2.
90. Thiengo S.C., de Oliveira Simoes R., Fernandez M.A., Junior A.M. Angiostrongylus cantonensis and Rat Lungworm disease in Brazil. Hawai'i J. Med. Public Health 2013, 72:18-22. (a journal of Asia Pacific Medicine & Public Health).
91. Thiengo S.C., Maldonado A., Mota E.M., Torres E.J., Caldeira R., Carvalho O.S., Oliveira A.P., Simoes R.O., Fernandez M.A., Lanfredi R.M. The giant African snail Achatina fulica as natural intermediate host of Angiostrongylus cantonensis in Pernambuco, northeast Brazil. Acta Trop. 2010, 115:194-199.
92. Tsai H.C., Liu Y.C., Kunin C.M., Lai P.H., Lee S.S., Chen Y.S., Wann S.R., Lin W.R., Huang C.K., Ger L.P., Lin H.H., Yen M.Y. Eosinophilic meningitis caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis associated with eating raw snails: correlation of brain magnetic resonance imaging scans with clinical findings. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 2003, 68:281-285.
93. Ubelaker J.E. Systematics of species referred to the genus Angiostrongylus. J. Parasitol. 1986, 72:237-244.
94. Wallace G.D., Rosen L. Studies on eosinophilic meningitis 2. Experimental infection of shrimp and crabs with Angiostrongylus cantonensis. Am. J. Epidemiol. 1966, 84:120-131.
95. Wallace G.D., Rosen L. Studies on eosinophilic meningitis IV. Experimental infection of fresh-water and marine fish with Angiostrongylus cantonensis. Am. J. Epidemiol. 1967, 85:395-402.
96. Wallace G.D., Rosen L. Studies on eosinophilic meningitis V. Molluscan hosts of Angiostrongylus cantonensis on Pacific Islands. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1969, 18:206-216.
97. Wang Q.P., Lai D.H., Zhu X.Q., Chen X.G., Lun Z.R. Human angiostrongyliasis. Lancet Infect. Dis. 2008, 8:621-630.
98. Wang Q.P., Wu Z.D., Wei J., Owen R.L., Lun Z.R. Human Angiostrongylus cantonensis: an update. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 2012, 31:389-395. (official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology).
99. Wei Y., Hong Q., Chen D., Liang C., Liu H., Luo X., Zhu X. Permissibility of Mongolian gerbil for Angiostrongylus cantonensis infection and utility of this animal model for anthelmintic studies. Parasitol. Res. 2014, 113:1687-1693.
100. Wu G.H. Angiostrongylus cantonensis. Nature-borne Diseases 2006, 1182-1189. Science Press, Beijing. J.Q. Tang (Ed.).
101. Yii C.Y. Clinical observations on eosinophilic meningitis and meningoencephalitis caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis on Taiwan. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1976, 25:233-249.