메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 42, Issue 2, 2014, Pages 88-99

A brief review and clinical application of heart rate variability biofeedback in sports, exercise, and rehabilitation medicine

Author keywords

Biofeedback; Heart rate variability; Noncommunicable disease; Psychosocial stress

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE LUNG DISEASE; CHRONIC RESPIRATORY FAILURE; CHRONIC RESPIRATORY TRACT DISEASE; EXERCISE; FEEDBACK SYSTEM; HEART MUSCLE ISCHEMIA; HEART RATE VARIABILITY; HEART REHABILITATION; HUMAN; HYPERLIPIDEMIA; HYPERTENSION; LIFESTYLE; MENTAL STRESS; METABOLIC SYNDROME X; MORBIDITY; MORTALITY; NON COMMUNICABLE DISEASE; REHABILITATION MEDICINE; RESPIRATORY SINUS ARRHYTHMIA; RR INTERVAL; SPORT; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; VAGUS TONE; CHRONIC DISEASE; HEART RATE; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY; PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY; REHABILITATION; REVIEW; SPORTS MEDICINE;

EID: 84908333186     PISSN: 00913847     EISSN: 23263660     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3810/psm.2014.05.2061     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (78)

References (165)
  • 1
    • 84863752444 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Global Status Report on Noncommunicable Diseases 2010
    • World Health Organization. Global Status Report on Noncommunicable Diseases 2010. G eneva: WHO; 2011.
    • (2011) G Eneva: WHO
  • 2
    • 82955165835 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sport physicians should practice the full gamut of their profession: Moving from sports medicine to sports and exercise medicine
    • Derman WE. Sport physicians should practice the full gamut of their profession: moving from sports medicine to sports and exercise medicine. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2011;10(6):316–317.
    • (2011) Curr Sports Med Rep , vol.10 , Issue.6 , pp. 316-317
    • Derman, W.E.1
  • 3
    • 34548670283 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The cardiovascular toll of stress
    • Brotman DJ, Golden SH, Wittstein IS. The cardiovascular toll of stress. Lancet. 2007;370(9592):1089–1100.
    • (2007) Lancet , vol.370 , Issue.9592 , pp. 1089-1100
    • Brotman, D.J.1    Golden, S.H.2    Wittstein, I.S.3
  • 4
    • 40849127039 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Psychological stress and cardiovascular disease
    • Dimsdale JE. Psychological stress and cardiovascular disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;51(13):1237–1246.
    • (2008) J am Coll Cardiol , vol.51 , Issue.13 , pp. 1237-1246
    • Dimsdale, J.E.1
  • 5
    • 84876856802 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A global perspective on psychosocial risk factors for cardiovascular disease
    • Neylon A, Canniffe C, Anand S, et al. A global perspective on psychosocial risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2013;55(6):574–581.
    • (2013) Prog Cardiovasc Dis , vol.55 , Issue.6 , pp. 574-581
    • Neylon, A.1    Canniffe, C.2    Anand, S.3
  • 6
    • 33644904316 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chronic stress at work and the metabolic syndrome: Prospective study
    • Chandola T, Brunner E, Marmot M. Chronic stress at work and the metabolic syndrome: prospective study. BMJ. 2006;332(7540):521–525.
    • (2006) BMJ , vol.332 , Issue.7540 , pp. 521-525
    • Chandola, T.1    Brunner, E.2    Marmot, M.3
  • 7
    • 75149151977 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stressful life events and the metabolic syndrome: The prevalence, prediction and prevention of diabetes (PPP)-Botnia Study
    • Pyykkonen AJ, Raikkonen K, Tuomi T, Eriksson JG, Groop L, Isomaa B. Stressful life events and the metabolic syndrome: the prevalence, prediction and prevention of diabetes (PPP)-Botnia Study. Diabetes Care. 2010;33(2):378–384.
    • (2010) Diabetes Care , vol.33 , Issue.2 , pp. 378-384
    • Pyykkonen, A.J.1    Raikkonen, K.2    Tuomi, T.3    Eriksson, J.G.4    Groop, L.5    Isomaa, B.6
  • 8
    • 80052361940 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Metabolic syndrome: Links to social stress and socioeconomic status
    • Tamashiro KL. Metabolic syndrome: links to social stress and socioeconomic status. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2011;1231:46–55.
    • (2011) Ann N Y Acad Sci , vol.1231 , pp. 46-55
    • Tamashiro, K.L.1
  • 9
    • 84871768459 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Job strain and incident metabolic syndrome over 5 years of follow-up: The coronary artery risk development in young adults study
    • Edwards EM, Stuver SO, Heeren TC, Fredman L. Job strain and incident metabolic syndrome over 5 years of follow-up: the coronary artery risk development in young adults study. J Occup Environ Med 2012;54(12):1447–1452.
    • (2012) J Occup Environ Med , vol.54 , Issue.12 , pp. 1447-1452
    • Edwards, E.M.1    Stuver, S.O.2    Heeren, T.C.3    Fredman, L.4
  • 11
    • 85027943183 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Perceived stress and risk of adult-onset asthma and other atopic disorders: A longitudinal cohort study
    • Rod NH, Kristensen TS, Lange P, Prescott E, Diderichsen F. Perceived stress and risk of adult-onset asthma and other atopic disorders: A longitudinal cohort study. Allergy. 2012;67(11):1408–1414.
    • (2012) Allergy , vol.67 , Issue.11 , pp. 1408-1414
    • Rod, N.H.1    Kristensen, T.S.2    Lange, P.3    Prescott, E.4    Diderichsen, F.5
  • 12
    • 34447636571 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of stress in asthma: Insight from studies on the effect of acute and chronic stressors in models of airway inflammation
    • Vig RS, Forsythe P, Vliagoftis H. The role of stress in asthma: insight from studies on the effect of acute and chronic stressors in models of airway inflammation. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2006;1088:65–77.
    • (2006) Ann N Y Acad Sci , vol.1088 , pp. 65-77
    • Vig, R.S.1    Forsythe, P.2    Vliagoftis, H.3
  • 13
    • 0029988782 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Heart rate variability. Standards of measurement, physiological interpretation, and clinical use
    • Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology. Heart rate variability. Standards of measurement, physiological interpretation, and clinical use. Eur Heart J. 1996;17(3):354–381.
    • (1996) Eur Heart J , vol.17 , Issue.3 , pp. 354-381
  • 14
    • 58149503774 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reduced heart rate variability and vagal tone in anxiety: Trait versus state, and the effects of autogenic training
    • Miu AC, Heilman RM, Miclea M. Reduced heart rate variability and vagal tone in anxiety: trait versus state, and the effects of autogenic training. Auton Neurosci-Basic. 2009;145(1–2):99–103.
    • (2009) Auton Neurosci-Basic , vol.145 , Issue.1-2 , pp. 99-103
    • Miu, A.C.1    Heilman, R.M.2    Miclea, M.3
  • 16
    • 44949183335 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Work stress and coronary heart disease: What are the mechanisms?
    • Chandola T, Britton A, Brunner E, et al. Work stress and coronary heart disease: What are the mechanisms? Eur Heart J. 2008;29(5):640–648.
    • (2008) Eur Heart J , vol.29 , Issue.5 , pp. 640-648
    • Chandola, T.1    Britton, A.2    Brunner, E.3
  • 17
    • 17244373455 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Filter properties of root mean square successive difference (RMSSD) for heart rate
    • Berntson GG, Lozano DL, Chen YJ. Filter properties of root mean square successive difference (RMSSD) for heart rate. Psychophysiology. 2005;42(2):246–252.
    • (2005) Psychophysiology , vol.42 , Issue.2 , pp. 246-252
    • Berntson, G.G.1    Lozano, D.L.2    Chen, Y.J.3
  • 18
    • 0343416365 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Heart rate variability: Origins, methods, and interpretive caveats
    • Berntson GG, Bigger JT Jr, Eckberg DL, et al. Heart rate variability: origins, methods, and interpretive caveats. Psychophysiology. 1997;34(6):623–648.
    • (1997) Psychophysiology , vol.34 , Issue.6 , pp. 623-648
    • Berntson, G.G.1    Bigger, J.T.2    Eckberg, D.L.3
  • 19
    • 0035012677 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Time domain, geometrical and frequency domain analysis of cardiac vagal outflow: Effects of various respiratory patterns
    • Penttila J, Helminen A, Jartti T, et al. Time domain, geometrical and frequency domain analysis of cardiac vagal outflow: Effects of various respiratory patterns. Clin Physiol. 2001;21(3):365–376.
    • (2001) Clin Physiol , vol.21 , Issue.3 , pp. 365-376
    • Penttila, J.1    Helminen, A.2    Jartti, T.3
  • 20
    • 0030851683 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spontaneous skin temperature oscillations in normal human subjects
    • Shusterman V, Anderson KP, Barnea O. Spontaneous skin temperature oscillations in normal human subjects. Am J Physiol. 1997;273(3 Pt 2): R1173–R1181.
    • (1997) Am J Physiol , vol.273 , Issue.3 , pp. 1173-1181
    • Shusterman, V.1    Erson, K.P.2    Barnea, O.3
  • 21
    • 0036229510 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Heart rate variability biofeedback as a method for assessing baroreflex function: A preliminary study of resonance in the cardiovascular system
    • Vaschillo E, Lehrer P, Rishe N, Konstantinov M. Heart rate variability biofeedback as a method for assessing baroreflex function: A preliminary study of resonance in the cardiovascular system. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback. 2002;27(1):1–27.
    • (2002) Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback , vol.27 , Issue.1 , pp. 1-27
    • Vaschillo, E.1    Lehrer, P.2    Rishe, N.3    Konstantinov, M.4
  • 22
    • 0032508373 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mechanisms underlying very-low-frequency RR-interval oscillations in humans
    • Taylor JA, Carr DL, Myers CW, Eckberg DL. Mechanisms underlying very-low-frequency RR-interval oscillations in humans. Circulation. 1998;98(6):547–555.
    • (1998) Circulation , vol.98 , Issue.6 , pp. 547-555
    • Taylor, J.A.1    Carr, D.L.2    Myers, C.W.3    Eckberg, D.L.4
  • 24
    • 65849370276 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Methods derived from nonlinear dynamics for analysing heart rate variability
    • Voss A, Schulz S, Schroeder R, Baumert M, Caminal P. Methods derived from nonlinear dynamics for analysing heart rate variability. Philos T R Soc A. 2009;367(1887):277–296.
    • (2009) Philos T R Soc A , vol.367 , Issue.1887 , pp. 277-296
    • Voss, A.1    Schulz, S.2    Schroeder, R.3    Baumert, M.4    Caminal, P.5
  • 25
    • 84887212563 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chaotic signatures of heart rate variability and its power spectrum in health, aging and heart failure
    • Wu GQ, Arzeno NM, Shen LL, et al. Chaotic signatures of heart rate variability and its power spectrum in health, aging and heart failure. PLoS One. 2009;4(2):e4323.
    • (2009) Plos One , vol.4 , Issue.2 , pp. 4323
    • Wu, G.Q.1    Arzeno, N.M.2    Shen, L.L.3
  • 26
    • 77952555106 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Characterizing nonlinear heartbeat dynamics within a point process framework
    • Chen Z, Brown EN, Barbieri R. Characterizing nonlinear heartbeat dynamics within a point process framework. IEEE T Bio-Med Eng. 2010;57(6):1335–1347.
    • (2010) IEEE T Bio-Med Eng , vol.57 , Issue.6 , pp. 1335-1347
    • Chen, Z.1    Brown, E.N.2    Barbieri, R.3
  • 27
    • 0030823340 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Decrease of cardiac chaos in congestive heart failure
    • Poon CS, Merrill CK. Decrease of cardiac chaos in congestive heart failure. Nature. 1997;389(6650):492–495.
    • (1997) Nature , vol.389 , Issue.6650 , pp. 492-495
    • Poon, C.S.1    Merrill, C.K.2
  • 28
    • 0031754651 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Demonstration of nonlinear components in heart rate variability of healthy persons
    • Braun C, Kowallik P, Freking A, Hadeler D, Kniffki KD, Meesmann M. Demonstration of nonlinear components in heart rate variability of healthy persons. Am J Physiol. 1998;275(5 Pt 2): H1577–H1584.
    • (1998) Am J Physiol , vol.275 , Issue.5 , pp. 1577-1584
    • Braun, C.1    Kowallik, P.2    Freking, A.3    Hadeler, D.4    Kniffki, K.D.5    Meesmann, M.6
  • 29
    • 16444377933 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Heart rate variability: Measurement and clinical utility
    • Kleiger RE, Stein PK, Bigger JT Jr. Heart rate variability: measurement and clinical utility. Ann Noninvas Electro. 2005;10(1):88–101.
    • (2005) Ann Noninvas Electro , vol.10 , Issue.1 , pp. 88-101
    • Kleiger, R.E.1    Stein, P.K.2    Bigger, J.T.3
  • 30
    • 42949111471 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessment of autonomic function in cardiovascular disease: Physiological basis and prognostic implications
    • Lahiri MK, Kannankeril PJ, Goldberger JJ. Assessment of autonomic function in cardiovascular disease: physiological basis and prognostic implications. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;51(18):1725–1733.
    • (2008) J am Coll Cardiol , vol.51 , Issue.18 , pp. 1725-1733
    • Lahiri, M.K.1    Kannankeril, P.J.2    Goldberger, J.J.3
  • 32
    • 0028097097 scopus 로고
    • Lowfrequency spontaneous fluctuations of R-R interval and blood pressure in conscious humans: A baroreceptor or central phenomenon?
    • Bernardi L, Leuzzi S, Radaelli A, Johnston JA, Sleight P. Lowfrequency spontaneous fluctuations of R-R interval and blood pressure in conscious humans: A baroreceptor or central phenomenon? Clin Sci (Lond). 1994;87(6):649–654.
    • (1994) Clin Sci (Lond) , vol.87 , Issue.6 , pp. 649-654
    • Bernardi, L.1    Leuzzi, S.2    Radaelli, A.3    Johnston, J.A.4    Sleight, P.5
  • 33
    • 0028812076 scopus 로고
    • Physiology and pathophysiology of heart rate and blood pressure variability in humans: Is power spectral analysis largely an index of baroreflex gain?
    • Sleight P, La Rovere MT, Mortara A, et al. Physiology and pathophysiology of heart rate and blood pressure variability in humans: Is power spectral analysis largely an index of baroreflex gain? Clin Sci (Lond). 1995;88(1):103–109.
    • (1995) Clin Sci (Lond) , vol.88 , Issue.1 , pp. 103-109
    • Sleight, P.1    La Rovere, M.T.2    Mortara, A.3
  • 34
    • 0000154536 scopus 로고
    • Baroreceptor and chemoreceptor afferent processing in the solitary tract nucleus
    • In: Barraco IRA, ed
    • Felder RB, Mifflin SW. Baroreceptor and chemoreceptor afferent processing in the solitary tract nucleus. In: Barraco IRA, ed. Nucleus of the Solitary Tract. CRC Press; 1994:169–185.
    • (1994) Nucleus of the Solitary Tract. CRC Press , pp. 169-185
    • Felder, R.B.1    Mifflin, S.W.2
  • 35
    • 0021891174 scopus 로고
    • Respiratory modulation of muscle sympathetic and vagal cardiac outflow in man
    • Eckberg DL, Nerhed C, Wallin BG. Respiratory modulation of muscle sympathetic and vagal cardiac outflow in man. J Physiol 1985;365:181–196.
    • (1985) J Physiol , vol.365 , pp. 181-196
    • Eckberg, D.L.1    Nerhed, C.2    Wallin, B.G.3
  • 36
    • 0017252945 scopus 로고
    • Systemic arterial baroreceptor reflexes
    • Kirchheim HR. Systemic arterial baroreceptor reflexes. Physiol Rev. 1976;56(1):100–177.
    • (1976) Physiol Rev , vol.56 , Issue.1 , pp. 100-177
    • Kirchheim, H.R.1
  • 37
    • 0023622017 scopus 로고
    • Hemodynamic fluctuations and baroreflex sensitivity in humans: A beat-to-beat model
    • deBoer RW, Karemaker JM, Strackee J. Hemodynamic fluctuations and baroreflex sensitivity in humans: A beat-to-beat model. Am J Physiol. 1987;253(3 Pt 2):H680–H689.
    • (1987) Am J Physiol. , vol.253 , Issue.3 , pp. 680-689
    • Deboer, R.W.1    Karemaker, J.M.2    Strackee, J.3
  • 38
    • 0025327294 scopus 로고
    • Heart rate and muscle sympathetic nerve variability during reflex changes of autonomic activity
    • Saul JP, Rea RF, Eckberg DL, Berger RD, Cohen RJ. Heart rate and muscle sympathetic nerve variability during reflex changes of autonomic activity. Am J Physiol. 1990;258(3 Pt 2):H713–H721.
    • (1990) Am J Physiol , vol.258 , Issue.3 , pp. 713-721
    • Saul, J.P.1    Rea, R.F.2    Eckberg, D.L.3    Berger, R.D.4    Cohen, R.J.5
  • 39
    • 33645046092 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The enigma of Mayer waves: Facts and models
    • Julien C. The enigma of Mayer waves: Facts and models. Cardiovasc Res. 2006;70(1):12–21.
    • (2006) Cardiovasc Res , vol.70 , Issue.1 , pp. 12-21
    • Julien, C.1
  • 40
    • 77958169316 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Supine low-frequency power of heart rate variability reflects baroreflex function, not cardiac sympathetic innervation
    • Moak JP, Goldstein DS, Eldadah BA, et al. Supine low-frequency power of heart rate variability reflects baroreflex function, not cardiac sympathetic innervation. Cleve Clin J Med. 2009;76(Suppl 2):S51–S59.
    • (2009) Cleve Clin J Med , vol.76 , pp. 51-59
    • Moak, J.P.1    Goldstein, D.S.2    Eldadah, B.A.3
  • 41
    • 0036686899 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Short-term cardiovascular oscillations in man: Measuring and modelling the physiologies
    • Cohen MA, Taylor JA. Short-term cardiovascular oscillations in man: measuring and modelling the physiologies. J Physiol. 2002;542(Pt 3): 669–683.
    • (2002) J Physiol , vol.542 , pp. 669-683
    • Cohen, M.A.1    Taylor, J.A.2
  • 42
    • 0030983718 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Does low-frequency variability of heart period reflect a specific parasympathetic mechanism?
    • Grasso R, Schena F, Gulli G, Cevese A. Does low-frequency variability of heart period reflect a specific parasympathetic mechanism? J Auton Nerv Syst. 1997;63(1–2):30–38.
    • (1997) J Auton Nerv Syst , vol.63 , Issue.1-2 , pp. 30-38
    • Grasso, R.1    Schena, F.2    Gulli, G.3    Cevese, A.4
  • 43
    • 0032922823 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Low-frequency component of the heart rate variability spectrum: A poor marker of sympathetic activity
    • Houle MS, Billman GE. Low-frequency component of the heart rate variability spectrum: A poor marker of sympathetic activity. Am J Physiol. 1999;276(1 Pt 2):H215–H223.
    • (1999) Am J Physiol , vol.276 , Issue.1 , pp. 215-223
    • Houle, M.S.1    Billman, G.E.2
  • 44
    • 6344256686 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Heartbeat synchronizes with respiratory rhythm only under specific circumstances
    • Author reply 1386–1387
    • V aschillo E, Vaschillo B, Lehrer P. Heartbeat synchronizes with respiratory rhythm only under specific circumstances. Chest. 2004;126(4):1385–1386; Author reply 1386–1387.
    • (2004) Chest , vol.126 , Issue.4 , pp. 1385-1386
    • V Aschillo, E.1    Vaschillo, B.2    Lehrer, P.3
  • 45
    • 0028799591 scopus 로고
    • Respiratory sinus arrhythmia in humans: An obligatory role for vagal feedback from the lungs
    • Taha BH, Simon PM, Dempsey JA, Skatrud JB, Iber C. Respiratory sinus arrhythmia in humans: An obligatory role for vagal feedback from the lungs. J Appl Physiol. 1995;78(2):638–645.
    • (1995) J Appl Physiol , vol.78 , Issue.2 , pp. 638-645
    • Taha, B.H.1    Simon, P.M.2    Dempsey, J.A.3    Skatrud, J.B.4    Iber, C.5
  • 47
    • 0029091972 scopus 로고
    • Sympathetic predominance followed by functional denervation in the progression of chronic heart failure
    • Guzzetti S, Cogliati C, Turiel M, Crema C, Lombardi F, Malliani A. Sympathetic predominance followed by functional denervation in the progression of chronic heart failure. Eur Heart J. 1995;16(8):1100–1107.
    • (1995) Eur Heart J , vol.16 , Issue.8 , pp. 1100-1107
    • Guzzetti, S.1    Cogliati, C.2    Turiel, M.3    Crema, C.4    Lombardi, F.5    Malliani, A.6
  • 48
    • 0027459493 scopus 로고
    • Within-breath modulation of left ventricular function during normal breathing and positive-pressure ventilation in man
    • Innes JA, De Cort SC, Kox W, Guz A. Within-breath modulation of left ventricular function during normal breathing and positive-pressure ventilation in man. J Physiol. 1993;460:487–502.
    • (1993) J Physiol , vol.460 , pp. 487-502
    • Innes, J.A.1    De Cort, S.C.2    Kox, W.3    Guz, A.4
  • 49
    • 0027729937 scopus 로고
    • Respiration-synchronous fluctuations in stroke volume, heart rate and arterial pressure in humans
    • Toska K, Eriksen M. Respiration-synchronous fluctuations in stroke volume, heart rate and arterial pressure in humans. J Physiol. 1993;472:501–512.
    • (1993) J Physiol , vol.472 , pp. 501-512
    • Toska, K.1    Eriksen, M.2
  • 50
    • 0028157514 scopus 로고
    • Blood pressure modulation by central venous pressure and respiration. Buffering effects of the heart rate reflexes
    • Triedman JK, Saul JP. Blood pressure modulation by central venous pressure and respiration. Buffering effects of the heart rate reflexes. Circulation. 1994;89(1):169–179.
    • (1994) Circulation , vol.89 , Issue.1 , pp. 169-179
    • Triedman, J.K.1    Saul, J.P.2
  • 52
    • 0021451534 scopus 로고
    • Assessment of parasympathetic control of heart rate by a noninvasive method
    • Fouad FM, Tarazi RC, Ferrario CM, Fighaly S, Alicandri C. Assessment of parasympathetic control of heart rate by a noninvasive method. Am J Physiol. 1984;246(6 Pt 2):H838–H842.
    • (1984) Am J Physiol , vol.246 , Issue.6 , pp. 838-842
    • Fouad, F.M.1    Tarazi, R.C.2    Ferrario, C.M.3    Fighaly, S.4    Alicandri, C.5
  • 53
    • 33644857477 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intraindividual validation of heart rate variability indexes to measure vagal effects on hearts
    • Martinmaki K, Rusko H, Kooistra L, Kettunen J, Saalasti S. Intraindividual validation of heart rate variability indexes to measure vagal effects on hearts. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2006;290(2):H640–H647.
    • (2006) Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol , vol.290 , Issue.2 , pp. 640-647
    • Martinmaki, K.1    Rusko, H.2    Kooistra, L.3    Kettunen, J.4    Saalasti, S.5
  • 54
    • 0030900602 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relationship between spectral components of cardiovascular variabilities and direct measures of muscle sympathetic nerve activity in humans
    • Pagani M, Montano N, Porta A, et al. Relationship between spectral components of cardiovascular variabilities and direct measures of muscle sympathetic nerve activity in humans. Circulation. 1997;95(6):1441–1448.
    • (1997) Circulation , vol.95 , Issue.6 , pp. 1441-1448
    • Pagani, M.1    Montano, N.2    Porta, A.3
  • 55
    • 0026072787 scopus 로고
    • Transfer function analysis of the circulation: Unique insights into cardiovascular regulation
    • Saul JP, Berger RD, Albrecht P, Stein SP, Chen MH, Cohen RJ. Transfer function analysis of the circulation: unique insights into cardiovascular regulation. Am J Physiol. 1991;261(4 Pt 2):H1231–H1245.
    • (1991) Am J Physiol , vol.261 , Issue.4 , pp. 1231-1245
    • Saul, J.P.1    Berger, R.D.2    Albrecht, P.3    Stein, S.P.4    Chen, M.H.5    Cohen, R.J.6
  • 56
    • 0034984909 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sympathetic restraint of respiratory sinus arrhythmia: Implications for vagal-cardiac tone assessment in humans
    • Taylor JA, Myers CW, Halliwill JR, Seidel H, Eckberg DL. Sympathetic restraint of respiratory sinus arrhythmia: implications for vagal-cardiac tone assessment in humans. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2001;280(6):H2804–H2814.
    • (2001) Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol , vol.280 , Issue.6 , pp. 2804-2814
    • Taylor, J.A.1    Myers, C.W.2    Halliwill, J.R.3    Seidel, H.4    Eckberg, D.L.5
  • 57
    • 84934177971 scopus 로고
    • Power spectral analysis of heart rate and arterial pressure variabilities as a marker of sympatho-vagal interaction in man and conscious dog
    • Pagani M, Lombardi F, Guzzetti S, et al. Power spectral analysis of heart rate and arterial pressure variabilities as a marker of sympatho-vagal interaction in man and conscious dog. Circ Res. 1986;59(2):178–193.
    • (1986) Circ Res , vol.59 , Issue.2 , pp. 178-193
    • Pagani, M.1    Lombardi, F.2    Guzzetti, S.3
  • 58
    • 0035112257 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relationship between pulse interval and respiratory sinus arrhythmia: A time- and frequency-domain analysis of the effects of atropine
    • Medigue C, Girard A, Laude D, Monti A, Wargon M, Elghozi JL. Relationship between pulse interval and respiratory sinus arrhythmia: A time- and frequency-domain analysis of the effects of atropine. Pflugers Arch. 2001;441(5):650–655.
    • (2001) Pflugers Arch , vol.441 , Issue.5 , pp. 650-655
    • Medigue, C.1    Girard, A.2    Laude, D.3    Monti, A.4    Wargon, M.5    Elghozi, J.L.6
  • 59
    • 0025783230 scopus 로고
    • Cardiovascular neural regulation explored in the frequency domain
    • Malliani A, Pagani M, Lombardi F, Cerutti S. Cardiovascular neural regulation explored in the frequency domain. Circulation. 1991;84(2):482–492.
    • (1991) Circulation , vol.84 , Issue.2 , pp. 482-492
    • Malliani, A.1    Pagani, M.2    Lombardi, F.3    Cerutti, S.4
  • 60
    • 0036082829 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neural influences on cardiovascular variability: Possibilities and pitfalls
    • Malpas SC. Neural influences on cardiovascular variability: possibilities and pitfalls. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2002;282(1):H6–H20.
    • (2002) Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol , vol.282 , Issue.1 , pp. 6-20
    • Malpas, S.C.1
  • 61
    • 0030071494 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Respiratory sinus arrhythmia and central respiratory drive in humans
    • Al-Ani M, Forkins AS, Townend JN, Coote JH. Respiratory sinus arrhythmia and central respiratory drive in humans. Clin Sci (Lond). 1996;90(3):235–241.
    • (1996) Clin Sci (Lond) , vol.90 , Issue.3 , pp. 235-241
    • Al-Ani, M.1    Forkins, A.S.2    Townend, J.N.3    Coote, J.H.4
  • 62
    • 33845716829 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An autonomic flexibility-neurovisceral integration model of anxiety and cardiac vagal tone
    • Friedman BH. An autonomic flexibility-neurovisceral integration model of anxiety and cardiac vagal tone. Biol Psychol. 2007;74(2):185–199.
    • (2007) Biol Psychol , vol.74 , Issue.2 , pp. 185-199
    • Friedman, B.H.1
  • 63
    • 33845694758 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The polyvagal perspective
    • Porges SW. The polyvagal perspective. Biol Psychol. 2007;74(2): 116–143.
    • (2007) Biol Psychol , vol.74 , Issue.2 , pp. 116-143
    • Porges, S.W.1
  • 64
    • 78349258180 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A quantitative systematic review of normal values for short-term heart rate variability in healthy adults
    • Nunan D, Sandercock GR, Brodie DA. A quantitative systematic review of normal values for short-term heart rate variability in healthy adults. Pacing Clin. 2010;33(11):1407–1417.
    • (2010) Pacing Clin , vol.33 , Issue.11 , pp. 1407-1417
    • Nunan, D.1    Sandercock, G.R.2    Brodie, D.A.3
  • 65
    • 77957191924 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biofeedback of heart rate variability and related physiology: A critical review
    • Wheat AL, Larkin KT. Biofeedback of heart rate variability and related physiology: A critical review. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback. 2010;35(3):229–242.
    • (2010) Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback , vol.35 , Issue.3 , pp. 229-242
    • Wheat, A.L.1    Larkin, K.T.2
  • 66
    • 34547606048 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Heart rate variability measures: A fresh look at reliability
    • Pinna GD, Maestri R, Torunski A, et al. Heart rate variability measures: A fresh look at reliability. Clin Sci (Lond). 2007;113(3):131–140.
    • (2007) Clin Sci (Lond) , vol.113 , Issue.3 , pp. 131-140
    • Pinna, G.D.1    Maestri, R.2    Torunski, A.3
  • 67
    • 0038458908 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Heart rate monitoring: Applications and limitations
    • Achten J, Jeukendrup AE. Heart rate monitoring: Applications and limitations. Sports Med. 2003;33(7):517–538.
    • (2003) Sports Med , vol.33 , Issue.7 , pp. 517-538
    • Achten, J.1    Jeukendrup, A.E.2
  • 68
    • 0034765639 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Standardized tests of heart rate variability: Normal ranges obtained from 309 healthy humans, and effects of age, gender, and heart rate
    • Agelink MW, Malessa R, Baumann B, et al. Standardized tests of heart rate variability: normal ranges obtained from 309 healthy humans, and effects of age, gender, and heart rate. Clin Auton Res. 2001;11(2):99–108.
    • (2001) Clin Auton Res , vol.11 , Issue.2 , pp. 99-108
    • Agelink, M.W.1    Malessa, R.2    Baumann, B.3
  • 70
    • 0028804752 scopus 로고
    • Age, race, and sex differences in autonomic cardiac function measured by spectral analysis of heart rate variability—the ARIC study. Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities
    • Liao D, Barnes RW, Chambless LE, Simpson RJ Jr, Sorlie P, Heiss G. Age, race, and sex differences in autonomic cardiac function measured by spectral analysis of heart rate variability—the ARIC study. Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities. Am J Cardiol. 1995;76(12):906−912.
    • (1995) Am J Cardiol , vol.76 , Issue.12 , pp. 906-912
    • Liao, D.1    Barnes, R.W.2    Chambless, L.E.3    Simpson, R.J.4    Sorlie, P.5    Heiss, G.6
  • 71
    • 0038407547 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The human respiratory gate
    • Eckberg DL. The human respiratory gate. J Physiol. 2003;548(Pt 2): 339–352.
    • (2003) J Physiol , vol.548 , pp. 339-352
    • Eckberg, D.L.1
  • 72
    • 48149084148 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alterations of an average heart rate change heart rate variability due to mathematical reasons
    • Sacha J, Pluta W. Alterations of an average heart rate change heart rate variability due to mathematical reasons. Int J Cardiol. 2008;128(3):444–447.
    • (2008) Int J Cardiol , vol.128 , Issue.3 , pp. 444-447
    • Sacha, J.1    Pluta, W.2
  • 73
    • 84884564481 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of heart rate on the heart rate variability response to autonomic interventions
    • Billman GE. The effect of heart rate on the heart rate variability response to autonomic interventions. Front Physiol. 2013;4:222.
    • (2013) Front Physiol , vol.4 , pp. 222
    • Billman, G.E.1
  • 74
    • 84895432678 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Why should one normalize heart rate variability with respect to average heart rate
    • Sacha J. Why should one normalize heart rate variability with respect to average heart rate. Front Physiol. 2013;4:306.
    • (2013) Front Physiol , vol.4 , pp. 306
    • Sacha, J.1
  • 75
    • 0141924572 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Heart rate variability in athletes
    • Aubert AE, Seps B, Beckers F. Heart rate variability in athletes. Sports Med. 2003;33(12):889−919.
    • (2003) Sports Med , vol.33 , Issue.12 , pp. 889-919
    • Aubert, A.E.1    Seps, B.2    Beckers, F.3
  • 77
    • 70549090960 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reliability of heart rate variability measurements in patients with a history of myocardial infarction
    • Maestri R, Raczak G, Danilowicz-Szymanowicz L, et al. Reliability of heart rate variability measurements in patients with a history of myocardial infarction. Clin Sci (Lond). 2010;118(3):195–201.
    • (2010) Clin Sci (Lond) , vol.118 , Issue.3 , pp. 195-201
    • Maestri, R.1    Raczak, G.2    Danilowicz-Szymanowicz, L.3
  • 78
    • 23644456381 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The reliability of short-term measurements of heart rate variability
    • Sandercock GR, Bromley PD, Brodie DA. The reliability of short-term measurements of heart rate variability. Int J Cardiol. 2005;103(3):238–247.
    • (2005) Int J Cardiol , vol.103 , Issue.3 , pp. 238-247
    • Sandercock, G.R.1    Bromley, P.D.2    Brodie, D.A.3
  • 79
    • 0037251492 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Toward a causal model of cardiovascular responses to stress and the development of cardiovascular disease
    • Schwartz AR, Gerin W, Davidson KW, et al. Toward a causal model of cardiovascular responses to stress and the development of cardiovascular disease. Psychosom Med. 2003;65(1):22–35.
    • (2003) Psychosom Med , vol.65 , Issue.1 , pp. 22-35
    • Schwartz, A.R.1    Gerin, W.2    Davidson, K.W.3
  • 80
    • 0037137061 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Work stress and risk of cardiovascular mortality: Prospective cohort study of industrial employees
    • Kivimaki M, Leino-Arjas P, Luukkonen R, Riihimaki H, Vahtera J, Kirjonen J. Work stress and risk of cardiovascular mortality: prospective cohort study of industrial employees. BMJ. 2002;325(7369):857.
    • (2002) BMJ , vol.325 , Issue.7369 , pp. 857
    • Kivimaki, M.1    Leino-Arjas, P.2    Luukkonen, R.3    Riihimaki, H.4    Vahtera, J.5    Kirjonen, J.6
  • 81
    • 13244258520 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anxiety and depression are associated with unhealthy lifestyle in patients at risk of cardiovascular disease
    • Bonnet F, Irving K, Terra JL, Nony P, Berthezene F, Moulin P. Anxiety and depression are associated with unhealthy lifestyle in patients at risk of cardiovascular disease. Atherosclerosis. 2005;178(2):339–344.
    • (2005) Atherosclerosis , vol.178 , Issue.2 , pp. 339-344
    • Bonnet, F.1    Irving, K.2    Terra, J.L.3    Nony, P.4    Berthezene, F.5    Moulin, P.6
  • 82
    • 77952241896 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The relationship of autonomic imbalance, heart rate variability and cardiovascular disease risk factors
    • Thayer JF, Yamamoto SS, Brosschot JF. The relationship of autonomic imbalance, heart rate variability and cardiovascular disease risk factors. Int J Cardiol. 2010;141(2):122–131.
    • (2010) Int J Cardiol , vol.141 , Issue.2 , pp. 122-131
    • Thayer, J.F.1    Yamamoto, S.S.2    Brosschot, J.F.3
  • 83
    • 0025221928 scopus 로고
    • Autonomic interactions in cardiac control
    • Levy MN. Autonomic interactions in cardiac control. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1990;601:209–221.
    • (1990) Ann N Y Acad Sci , vol.601 , pp. 209-221
    • Levy, M.N.1
  • 84
    • 0029897078 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Heart rate variability in systemic hypertension
    • Huikuri HV, Ylitalo A, Pikkujamsa SM, et al. Heart rate variability in systemic hypertension. Am J Cardiol. 1996;77(12):1073–1077.
    • (1996) Am J Cardiol , vol.77 , Issue.12 , pp. 1073-1077
    • Huikuri, H.V.1    Ylitalo, A.2    Pikkujamsa, S.M.3
  • 85
    • 0346218190 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hypertension, blood pressure, and heart rate variability: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study
    • Schroeder EB, Liao D, Chambless LE, Prineas RJ, Evans GW, Heiss G. Hypertension, blood pressure, and heart rate variability: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. Hypertension. 2003;42(6):1106–1111.
    • (2003) Hypertension , vol.42 , Issue.6 , pp. 1106-1111
    • Schroeder, E.B.1    Liao, D.2    Chambless, L.E.3    Prineas, R.J.4    Evans, G.W.5    Heiss, G.6
  • 86
    • 0030463550 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Association of cardiac autonomic function and the development of hypertension: The ARIC study
    • L iao D, Cai J, Barnes RW, et al. Association of cardiac autonomic function and the development of hypertension: the ARIC study. Am J Hypertens. 1996;9(12 Pt 1):1147–1156.
    • (1996) Am J Hypertens , vol.9 , Issue.12 , pp. 1147-1156
    • L Iao, D.1    Cai, J.2    Barnes, R.W.3
  • 87
    • 0034641646 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Low heart rate variability in a 2-minute rhythm strip predicts risk of coronary heart disease and mortality from several causes: The ARIC Study. Atherosclerosis Risk In Communities
    • Dekker JM, Crow RS, Folsom AR, et al. Low heart rate variability in a 2-minute rhythm strip predicts risk of coronary heart disease and mortality from several causes: the ARIC Study. Atherosclerosis Risk In Communities. Circulation. 2000;102(11):1239–1244.
    • (2000) Circulation , vol.102 , Issue.11 , pp. 1239-1244
    • Dekker, J.M.1    Crow, R.S.2    Folsom, A.R.3
  • 88
    • 0028951502 scopus 로고
    • RR variability in healthy, middle-aged persons compared with patients with chronic coronary heart disease or recent acute myocardial infarction
    • Bigger JT, Fleiss JL, Steinman RC, Rolnitzky LM, Schneider WJ, Stein PK. RR variability in healthy, middle-aged persons compared with patients with chronic coronary heart disease or recent acute myocardial infarction. Circulation. 1995;91(7):1936–1943.
    • (1995) Circulation , vol.91 , Issue.7 , pp. 1936-1943
    • Bigger, J.T.1    Fleiss, J.L.2    Steinman, R.C.3    Rolnitzky, L.M.4    Schneider, W.J.5    Stein, P.K.6
  • 92
    • 0023100673 scopus 로고
    • Decreased heart rate variability and its association with increased mortality after acute myocardial infarction
    • Kleiger RE, Miller JP, Bigger JT Jr, Moss AJ. Decreased heart rate variability and its association with increased mortality after acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol. 1987;59(4):256–262.
    • (1987) Am J Cardiol , vol.59 , Issue.4 , pp. 256-262
    • Kleiger, R.E.1    Miller, J.P.2    Bigger, J.T.3    Moss, A.J.4
  • 93
    • 0027199102 scopus 로고
    • The ability of several short-term measures of RR variability to predict mortality after myocardial infarction
    • Bigger JT, Fleiss JL, Rolnitzky LM, Steinman RC. The ability of several short-term measures of RR variability to predict mortality after myocardial infarction. Circulation. 1993;88(3):927–934.
    • (1993) Circulation , vol.88 , Issue.3 , pp. 927-934
    • Bigger, J.T.1    Fleiss, J.L.2    Rolnitzky, L.M.3    Steinman, R.C.4
  • 94
    • 0027376787 scopus 로고
    • Assessment of heart rate variability in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Association with clinical and prognostic features
    • Counihan PJ, Fei L, Bashir Y, Farrell TG, Haywood GA, McKenna WJ. Assessment of heart rate variability in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Association with clinical and prognostic features. Circulation. 1993;88(4 Pt 1):1682–1690.
    • (1993) Circulation , vol.88 , Issue.4 , pp. 1682-1690
    • Counihan, P.J.1    Fei, L.2    Bashir, Y.3    Farrell, T.G.4    Haywood, G.A.5    McKenna, W.J.6
  • 95
    • 0028238272 scopus 로고
    • Heart rate variability and its relation to ventricular arrhythmias in congestive heart failure
    • Fei L, Keeling PJ, Gill JS, et al. Heart rate variability and its relation to ventricular arrhythmias in congestive heart failure. Br Heart J. 1994;71(4):322–328.
    • (1994) Br Heart J , vol.71 , Issue.4 , pp. 322-328
    • Fei, L.1    Keeling, P.J.2    Gill, J.S.3
  • 96
    • 0028435915 scopus 로고
    • Can power spectral analysis of heart rate variability identify a high risk subgroup of congestive heart failure patients with excessive sympathetic activation? A pilot study before and after heart transplantation
    • Mortara A, La Rovere MT, Signorini MG, et al. Can power spectral analysis of heart rate variability identify a high risk subgroup of congestive heart failure patients with excessive sympathetic activation? A pilot study before and after heart transplantation. Br Heart J. 1994;71(5):422–430.
    • (1994) Br Heart J , vol.71 , Issue.5 , pp. 422-430
    • Mortara, A.1    La Rovere, M.T.2    Signorini, M.G.3
  • 97
    • 0030741885 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Depressed heart rate variability as an independent predictor of death in chronic congestive heart failure secondary to ischemic or idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy
    • Ponikowski P, Anker SD, Chua TP, et al. Depressed heart rate variability as an independent predictor of death in chronic congestive heart failure secondary to ischemic or idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol. 1997;79(12):1645–1650.
    • (1997) Am J Cardiol , vol.79 , Issue.12 , pp. 1645-1650
    • Ponikowski, P.1    Anker, S.D.2    Chua, T.P.3
  • 98
    • 33747105133 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of heart rate variability in prognosis for different modes of death in chronic heart failure
    • Sandercock GR, Brodie DA. The role of heart rate variability in prognosis for different modes of death in chronic heart failure. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2006;29(8):892–904.
    • (2006) Pacing Clin Electrophysiol , vol.29 , Issue.8 , pp. 892-904
    • Sandercock, G.R.1    Brodie, D.A.2
  • 99
    • 0027418279 scopus 로고
    • Frequency domain measures of heart rate variability before the onset of nonsustained and sustained ventricular tachycardia in patients with coronary artery disease
    • Huikuri HV, Valkama JO, Airaksinen KE, et al. Frequency domain measures of heart rate variability before the onset of nonsustained and sustained ventricular tachycardia in patients with coronary artery disease. Circulation. 1993;87(4):1220–1228.
    • (1993) Circulation , vol.87 , Issue.4 , pp. 1220-1228
    • Huikuri, H.V.1    Valkama, J.O.2    Airaksinen, K.E.3
  • 100
    • 0032582604 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Changes of autonomic tone before the onset of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation
    • Huang JL, Wen ZC, Lee WL, Chang MS, Chen SA. Changes of autonomic tone before the onset of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. Int J Cardiol. 1998;66(3):275–283.
    • (1998) Int J Cardiol , vol.66 , Issue.3 , pp. 275-283
    • Huang, J.L.1    Wen, Z.C.2    Lee, W.L.3    Chang, M.S.4    Chen, S.A.5
  • 101
    • 0033022567 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Analysis of heart rate variability five minutes before the onset of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation
    • Fioranelli M, Piccoli M, Mileto GM, et al. Analysis of heart rate variability five minutes before the onset of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 1999;22(5):743–749.
    • (1999) Pacing Clin Electrophysiol , vol.22 , Issue.5 , pp. 743-749
    • Fioranelli, M.1    Piccoli, M.2    Mileto, G.M.3
  • 102
    • 33646825350 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Onset mechanism of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation detected by ambulatory Holter monitoring
    • Vincenti A, Brambilla R, Fumagalli MG, Merola R, Pedretti S. Onset mechanism of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation detected by ambulatory Holter monitoring. Europace. 2006;8(3):204–210.
    • (2006) Europace , vol.8 , Issue.3 , pp. 204-210
    • Vincenti, A.1    Brambilla, R.2    Fumagalli, M.G.3    Merola, R.4    Pedretti, S.5
  • 103
    • 33644904316 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chronic stress at work and the metabolic syndrome: Prospective study
    • Chandola T, Brunner E, Marmot M. Chronic stress at work and the metabolic syndrome: prospective study. BMJ. 2006;332(7540):521–525.
    • (2006) BMJ , vol.332 , Issue.7540 , pp. 521-525
    • Chandola, T.1    Brunner, E.2    Marmot, M.3
  • 104
    • 0024428894 scopus 로고
    • Possible connections between stress, diabetes, obesity, hypertension and altered lipoprotein metabolism that may result in atherosclerosis
    • Brindley DN, Rolland Y. Possible connections between stress, diabetes, obesity, hypertension and altered lipoprotein metabolism that may result in atherosclerosis. Clin Sci (Lond). 1989;77(5):453–461.
    • (1989) Clin Sci (Lond) , vol.77 , Issue.5 , pp. 453-461
    • Brindley, D.N.1    Rolland, Y.2
  • 105
    • 0029972402 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The regulation of adipose tissue distribution in humans
    • Bjorntorp P. The regulation of adipose tissue distribution in humans. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1996;20(4):291–302.
    • (1996) Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord , vol.20 , Issue.4 , pp. 291-302
    • Bjorntorp, P.1
  • 106
    • 42649116100 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The impact of the components of metabolic syndrome on heart rate variability: Using the NCEP-ATP III and IDF definitions
    • Min KB, Min JY, Paek D, Cho SI. The impact of the components of metabolic syndrome on heart rate variability: Using the NCEP-ATP III and IDF definitions. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2008;31(5):584–591.
    • (2008) Pacing Clin Electrophysiol , vol.31 , Issue.5 , pp. 584-591
    • Min, K.B.1    Min, J.Y.2    Paek, D.3    Cho, S.I.4
  • 107
    • 34447631848 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The relationship of heart rate and heart rate variability to non-diabetic fasting glucose levels and the metabolic syndrome: The Cardiovascular Health Study
    • Stein PK, Barzilay JI, Domitrovich PP, et al. The relationship of heart rate and heart rate variability to non-diabetic fasting glucose levels and the metabolic syndrome: the Cardiovascular Health Study. Diabet Med. 2007;24(8):855–863.
    • (2007) Diabet Med , vol.24 , Issue.8 , pp. 855-863
    • Stein, P.K.1    Barzilay, J.I.2    Domitrovich, P.P.3
  • 108
    • 84860895925 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Metabolic syndrome, physical activity and cardiac autonomic function
    • Soares-Miranda L, Sandercock G, Vale S, et al. Metabolic syndrome, physical activity and cardiac autonomic function. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2012;28(4):363–369.
    • (2012) Diabetes Metab Res Rev , vol.28 , Issue.4 , pp. 363-369
    • Soares-Miranda, L.1    Sandercock, G.2    Vale, S.3
  • 109
    • 63049140132 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A twin study of metabolic syndrome and autonomic tone
    • Gehi AK, Lampert R, Veledar E, et al. A twin study of metabolic syndrome and autonomic tone. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2009;20(4):422–428.
    • (2009) J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol , vol.20 , Issue.4 , pp. 422-428
    • Gehi, A.K.1    Lampert, R.2    Veledar, E.3
  • 110
    • 0033929385 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Association of hyperglycemia with reduced heart rate variability (The Framingham Heart Study)
    • Singh JP, Larson MG, O’Donnell CJ, et al. Association of hyperglycemia with reduced heart rate variability (The Framingham Heart Study). Am J Cardiol. 2000;86(3):309–312.
    • (2000) Am J Cardiol , vol.86 , Issue.3 , pp. 309-312
    • Singh, J.P.1    Larson, M.G.2    O’Donnell, C.J.3
  • 111
    • 0021216122 scopus 로고
    • Autonomic neural dysfunction in recently diagnosed diabetic subjects
    • Pfeifer MA, Weinberg CR, Cook DL, et al. Autonomic neural dysfunction in recently diagnosed diabetic subjects. Diabetes Care. 1984;7(5):447–453.
    • (1984) Diabetes Care , vol.7 , Issue.5 , pp. 447-453
    • Pfeifer, M.A.1    Weinberg, C.R.2    Cook, D.L.3
  • 112
    • 0027425239 scopus 로고
    • Mortality in diabetic patients with cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy
    • Rathmann W, Ziegler D, Jahnke M, Haastert B, Gries FA. Mortality in diabetic patients with cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy. Diabet Med. 1993;10(9):820–824.
    • (1993) Diabet Med , vol.10 , Issue.9 , pp. 820-824
    • Rathmann, W.1    Ziegler, D.2    Jahnke, M.3    Haastert, B.4    Gries, F.A.5
  • 113
    • 0023779915 scopus 로고
    • Spectral analysis of heart rate variability in the assessment of autonomic diabetic neuropathy
    • Pagani M, Malfatto G, Pierini S, et al. Spectral analysis of heart rate variability in the assessment of autonomic diabetic neuropathy. J Auton Nerv Syst. 1988;23(2):143–153.
    • (1988) J Auton Nerv Syst , vol.23 , Issue.2 , pp. 143-153
    • Pagani, M.1    Malfatto, G.2    Pierini, S.3
  • 114
    • 78650229182 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The influence of physical activity level on heart rate variability among asthmatic adults
    • Tsai YS, Lai FC, Chen SR, Jeng C. The influence of physical activity level on heart rate variability among asthmatic adults. J Clin Nurs. 2011;20(1–2):111–118.
    • (2011) J Clin Nurs , vol.20 , Issue.12 , pp. 111-118
    • Tsai, Y.S.1    Lai, F.C.2    Chen, S.R.3    Jeng, C.4
  • 115
    • 0028020122 scopus 로고
    • Decreased heart rate variability in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Volterrani M, Scalvini S, Mazzuero G, et al. Decreased heart rate variability in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Chest. 1994;106(5):1432–1437.
    • (1994) Chest , vol.106 , Issue.5 , pp. 1432-1437
    • Volterrani, M.1    Scalvini, S.2    Mazzuero, G.3
  • 116
    • 74249099921 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Heart rate variability and heart rate turbulence in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Gunduz H, Talay F, Arinc H, et al. Heart rate variability and heart rate turbulence in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cardiol J. 2009;16(6):553–559.
    • (2009) Cardiol J , vol.16 , Issue.6 , pp. 553-559
    • Gunduz, H.1    Talay, F.2    Arinc, H.3
  • 117
    • 0031952151 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Heart rate variability reflects severity of COPD in PiZ alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency
    • Stein PK, Nelson P, Rottman JN, et al. Heart rate variability reflects severity of COPD in PiZ alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency. Chest. 1998;113(2):327–333.
    • (1998) Chest , vol.113 , Issue.2 , pp. 327-333
    • Stein, P.K.1    Nelson, P.2    Rottman, J.N.3
  • 118
    • 79960821044 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cardiac autonomic dysfunction and health-related quality of life in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Van Gestel AJ, Kohler M, Steier J, Teschler S, Russi EW, Teschler H. Cardiac autonomic dysfunction and health-related quality of life in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respirology. 2011;16(6):939–946.
    • (2011) Respirology , vol.16 , Issue.6 , pp. 939-946
    • Van Gestel, A.J.1    Kohler, M.2    Steier, J.3    Teschler, S.4    Russi, E.W.5    Teschler, H.6
  • 119
    • 20544454089 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Heart rate variability biofeedback as a behavioral neurocardiac intervention to enhance vagal heart rate control
    • Nolan RP, Kamath MV, Floras JS, et al. Heart rate variability biofeedback as a behavioral neurocardiac intervention to enhance vagal heart rate control. Am Heart J. 2005;149(6):1137.
    • (2005) Am Heart J , vol.149 , Issue.6 , pp. 1137
    • Nolan, R.P.1    Kamath, M.V.2    Floras, J.S.3
  • 120
    • 0037674906 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of a workplace stress reduction program on blood pressure and emotional health in hypertensive employees
    • McCraty R, Atkinson M, Tomasino D. Impact of a workplace stress reduction program on blood pressure and emotional health in hypertensive employees. J Altern Complement Med. 2003;9(3):355–369.
    • (2003) J Altern Complement Med , vol.9 , Issue.3 , pp. 355-369
    • McCraty, R.1    Atkinson, M.2    Tomasino, D.3
  • 121
    • 77953038923 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effectiveness of respiratorysinus- arrhythmia biofeedback on state-anxiety in patients undergoing coronary angiography
    • Mikosch P, Hadrawa T, Laubreiter K, et al. Effectiveness of respiratorysinus- arrhythmia biofeedback on state-anxiety in patients undergoing coronary angiography. J Adv Nurs. 2010;66(5):1101–1110.
    • (2010) J Adv Nurs , vol.66 , Issue.5 , pp. 1101-1110
    • Mikosch, P.1    Hadrawa, T.2    Laubreiter, K.3
  • 122
    • 68949215036 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of respiratory sinus arrythmia biofeedback versus passive biofeedback control
    • Sherlin L, Gevirtz R, Wyckoff S, Muench F. Effects of respiratory sinus arrythmia biofeedback versus passive biofeedback control. Int J Stress Manag. 2009;16:233−248.
    • (2009) Int J Stress Manag , vol.16 , pp. 233-248
    • Sherlin, L.1    Gevirtz, R.2    Wyckoff, S.3    Muench, F.4
  • 123
    • 47249158046 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biofeedback therapy in cardiovascular disease: Rationale and research overview
    • Moravec CS. Biofeedback therapy in cardiovascular disease: rationale and research overview. Cleve Clin J Med. 2008;75(Suppl 2):S35–S38.
    • (2008) Cleve Clin J Med , vol.75 , pp. 35-38
    • Moravec, C.S.1
  • 124
    • 33947707371 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Preliminary results of an open label study of heart rate variability biofeedback for the treatment of major depression
    • Karavidas MK, Lehrer PM, Vaschillo E, et al. Preliminary results of an open label study of heart rate variability biofeedback for the treatment of major depression. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback. 2007;32(1):19–30.
    • (2007) Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback , vol.32 , Issue.1 , pp. 19-30
    • Karavidas, M.K.1    Lehrer, P.M.2    Vaschillo, E.3
  • 125
    • 31944444159 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Slow breathing improves arterial baroreflex sensitivity and decreases blood pressure in essential hypertension
    • J oseph CN, Porta C, Casucci G, et al. Slow breathing improves arterial baroreflex sensitivity and decreases blood pressure in essential hypertension. Hypertension. 2005;46(4):714–718.
    • (2005) Hypertension , vol.46 , Issue.4 , pp. 714-718
    • J Oseph, C.N.1    Porta, C.2    Casucci, G.3
  • 126
    • 0036753193 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A controlled pilot study of stress management training of elderly patients with congestive heart failure
    • Luskin F, Reitz M, Newell K, Quinn T, Haskell W. A controlled pilot study of stress management training of elderly patients with congestive heart failure. Prev Cardiol. 2002;5(4):168–172.
    • (2002) Prev Cardiol , vol.5 , Issue.4 , pp. 168-172
    • Luskin, F.1    Reitz, M.2    Newell, K.3    Quinn, T.4    Haskell, W.5
  • 127
    • 0032474232 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of breathing rate on oxygen saturation and exercise performance in chronic heart failure
    • Bernardi L, Spadacini G, Bellwon J, Hajric R, Roskamm H, Frey AW. Effect of breathing rate on oxygen saturation and exercise performance in chronic heart failure. Lancet. 1998;351(9112):1308–1311.
    • (1998) Lancet , vol.351 , Issue.9112 , pp. 1308-1311
    • Bernardi, L.1    Spadacini, G.2    Bellwon, J.3    Hajric, R.4    Roskamm, H.5    Frey, A.W.6
  • 129
    • 3042776918 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biofeedback treatment increases heart rate variability in patients with known coronary artery disease
    • Del Pozo JM, Gevirtz RN, Scher B, Guarneri E. Biofeedback treatment increases heart rate variability in patients with known coronary artery disease. Am Heart J. 2004;147(3):E11.
    • (2004) Am Heart J , vol.147 , Issue.3 , pp. 11
    • Del Pozo, J.M.1    Gevirtz, R.N.2    Scher, B.3    Guarneri, E.4
  • 130
    • 0026599770 scopus 로고
    • Autonomic nervous system and sudden cardiac death. Experimental basis and clinical observations for post-myocardial infarction risk stratification
    • Schwartz PJ, La Rovere MT, Vanoli E. Autonomic nervous system and sudden cardiac death. Experimental basis and clinical observations for post-myocardial infarction risk stratification. Circulation. 1992; 85(1 Suppl):I77–I91.
    • (1992) Circulation , vol.85 , pp. 77-91
    • Schwartz, P.J.1    La Rovere, M.T.2    Vanoli, E.3
  • 131
    • 0025653393 scopus 로고
    • Sympathetic—parasympathetic interaction and sudden death
    • Vanoli E, Schwartz PJ. Sympathetic—parasympathetic interaction and sudden death. Basic Res Cardiol. 1990;85(Suppl 1):305–321.
    • (1990) Basic Res Cardiol , vol.85 , pp. 305-321
    • Vanoli, E.1    Schwartz, P.J.2
  • 132
    • 4143149631 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biofeedback treatment for asthma
    • Lehrer PM, Vaschillo E, Vaschillo B, et al. Biofeedback treatment for asthma. Chest. 2004;126(2):352–361.
    • (2004) Chest , vol.126 , Issue.2 , pp. 352-361
    • Lehrer, P.M.1    Vaschillo, E.2    Vaschillo, B.3
  • 133
    • 33344471504 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Heart rate variability biofeedback: Effects of age on heart rate variability, baroreflex gain, and asthma
    • Lehrer P, Vaschillo E, Lu SE, et al. Heart rate variability biofeedback: Effects of age on heart rate variability, baroreflex gain, and asthma. Chest. 2006;129(2):278–284.
    • (2006) Chest , vol.129 , Issue.2 , pp. 278-284
    • Lehrer, P.1    Vaschillo, E.2    Lu, S.E.3
  • 134
    • 3242809730 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Combined heart rate variability and pulse oximetry biofeedback for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Preliminary findings
    • Giardino ND, Chan L, Borson S. Combined heart rate variability and pulse oximetry biofeedback for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: preliminary findings. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback. 2004;29(2):121–133.
    • (2004) Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback , vol.29 , Issue.2 , pp. 121-133
    • Giardino, N.D.1    Chan, L.2    Borson, S.3
  • 135
    • 33947709491 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A pilot study of the efficacy of heart rate variability (HRV) biofeedback in patients with fibromyalgia
    • Hassett AL, Radvanski DC, Vaschillo EG, et al. A pilot study of the efficacy of heart rate variability (HRV) biofeedback in patients with fibromyalgia. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback. 2007;32(1):1–10.
    • (2007) Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback , vol.32 , Issue.1 , pp. 1-10
    • Hassett, A.L.1    Radvanski, D.C.2    Vaschillo, E.G.3
  • 136
    • 79951726263 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Voluntarily produced increases in heart rate variability modulate autonomic effects of endotoxin induced systemic inflammation: An exploratory study
    • Lehrer P, Karavidas MK, Lu SE, et al. Voluntarily produced increases in heart rate variability modulate autonomic effects of endotoxin induced systemic inflammation: An exploratory study. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback. 2010;35(4):303–315.
    • (2010) Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback , vol.35 , Issue.4 , pp. 303-315
    • Lehrer, P.1    Karavidas, M.K.2    Lu, S.E.3
  • 137
    • 72349094859 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Moderating laboratory adaptation with the use of a heart-rate variability biofeedback device (StressEraser)
    • Ebben MR, Kurbatov V, Pollak CP. Moderating laboratory adaptation with the use of a heart-rate variability biofeedback device (StressEraser). Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback. 2009;34(4):245–249.
    • (2009) Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback , vol.34 , Issue.4 , pp. 245-249
    • Ebben, M.R.1    Kurbatov, V.2    Pollak, C.P.3
  • 138
    • 33748682588 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The use of heart rate variability measures to assess autonomic control during exercise
    • Sandercock GR, Brodie DA. The use of heart rate variability measures to assess autonomic control during exercise. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2006;16(5):302–313.
    • (2006) Scand J Med Sci Sports , vol.16 , Issue.5 , pp. 302-313
    • Sandercock, G.R.1    Brodie, D.A.2
  • 139
    • 77958611203 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Exercise and cardiac regulation: What can electrocardiographic time series tell us?
    • Lewis MJ, Short AL. Exercise and cardiac regulation: what can electrocardiographic time series tell us? Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2010;20(6):794–804.
    • (2010) Scand J Med Sci Sports , vol.20 , Issue.6 , pp. 794-804
    • Lewis, M.J.1    Short, A.L.2
  • 140
    • 0028855149 scopus 로고
    • Slow cardiovascular rhythms in tilt and syncope
    • Novak V, Novak P, Kus T, Nadeau R. Slow cardiovascular rhythms in tilt and syncope. J Clin Neurophysiol. 1995;12(1):64–71.
    • (1995) J Clin Neurophysiol , vol.12 , Issue.1 , pp. 64-71
    • Novak, V.1    Novak, P.2    Kus, T.3    Nadeau, R.4
  • 141
    • 84901378106 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Exercise training improves heart rate variability after methamphetamine dependency [published online ahead of print October 24, 2013]
    • Dolezal BA, Chudzynski J, Dickerson D, et al. Exercise training improves heart rate variability after methamphetamine dependency [published online ahead of print October 24, 2013]. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2013. doi:10.1249/MSS0000000000000201.
    • (2013) Med Sci Sports Exerc
    • Dolezal, B.A.1    Chudzynski, J.2    Dickerson, D.3
  • 142
    • 0037143659 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Exercise-induced increase in baroreflex sensitivity predicts improved prognosis after myocardial infarction
    • La Rovere MT, Bersano C, Gnemmi M, Specchia G, Schwartz PJ. Exercise-induced increase in baroreflex sensitivity predicts improved prognosis after myocardial infarction. Circulation. 2002;106(8):945–949.
    • (2002) Circulation , vol.106 , Issue.8 , pp. 945-949
    • La Rovere, M.T.1    Bersano, C.2    Gnemmi, M.3    Specchia, G.4    Schwartz, P.J.5
  • 143
    • 0029993399 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Short and long term effects of exercise training on the tonic autonomic modulation of heart rate variability after myocardial infarction
    • Malfatto G, Facchini M, Bragato R, Branzi G, Sala L, Leonetti G. Short and long term effects of exercise training on the tonic autonomic modulation of heart rate variability after myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J. 1996;17(4):532–538.
    • (1996) Eur Heart J , vol.17 , Issue.4 , pp. 532-538
    • Malfatto, G.1    Facchini, M.2    Bragato, R.3    Branzi, G.4    Sala, L.5    Leonetti, G.6
  • 144
    • 84878018206 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dose-response relationship of baroreflex sensitivity and heart rate variability to individuallytailored exercise training in patients with heart failure
    • Iellamo F, Manzi V, Caminiti G, et al. Dose-response relationship of baroreflex sensitivity and heart rate variability to individuallytailored exercise training in patients with heart failure. Int J Cardiol. 2013;166(2):334–339.
    • (2013) Int J Cardiol , vol.166 , Issue.2 , pp. 334-339
    • Iellamo, F.1    Manzi, V.2    Caminiti, G.3
  • 145
    • 0033820989 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Resonant frequency biofeedback training to increase cardiac variability: Rationale and manual for training
    • Lehrer PM, Vaschillo E, Vaschillo B. Resonant frequency biofeedback training to increase cardiac variability: Rationale and manual for training. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback. 2000;25(3):177–191.
    • (2000) Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback , vol.25 , Issue.3 , pp. 177-191
    • Lehrer, P.M.1    Vaschillo, E.2    Vaschillo, B.3
  • 146
    • 33748340472 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Characteristics of resonance in heart rate variability stimulated by biofeedback
    • Vaschillo EG, Vaschillo B, Lehrer PM. Characteristics of resonance in heart rate variability stimulated by biofeedback. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback. 2006;31(2):129–142.
    • (2006) Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback , vol.31 , Issue.2 , pp. 129-142
    • Vaschillo, E.G.1    Vaschillo, B.2    Lehrer, P.M.3
  • 147
    • 84874062282 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Job strain and ambulatory blood pressure: A meta-analysis and systematic review
    • Landsbergis PA, Dobson M, Koutsouras G, Schnall P. Job strain and ambulatory blood pressure: A meta-analysis and systematic review. Am J Public Health. 2013;103(3):E61–E71.
    • (2013) Am J Public Health , vol.103 , Issue.3 , pp. 61-71
    • Landsbergis, P.A.1    Dobson, M.2    Koutsouras, G.3    Schnall, P.4
  • 148
    • 4644331028 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neurocardiac interaction during stress-induced myocardial ischemia: How does the brain cope?
    • Soufer R. Neurocardiac interaction during stress-induced myocardial ischemia: how does the brain cope? Circulation. 2004;110(13): 1710–1713.
    • (2004) Circulation , vol.110 , Issue.13 , pp. 1710-1713
    • Soufer, R.1
  • 149
    • 84867845081 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Job strain as a risk factor for coronary heart disease: A collaborative meta-analysis of individual participant data
    • Kivimaki M, Nyberg ST, Batty GD, et al. Job strain as a risk factor for coronary heart disease: A collaborative meta-analysis of individual participant data. Lancet. 2012;380(9852):1491–1497.
    • (2012) Lancet , vol.380 , Issue.9852 , pp. 1491-1497
    • Kivimaki, M.1    Nyberg, S.T.2    Batty, G.D.3
  • 150
    • 84873433594 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Job insecurity and incident coronary heart disease: The Whitehall II prospective cohort study
    • Ferrie JE, Kivimaki M, Shipley MJ, Davey Smith G, Virtanen M. Job insecurity and incident coronary heart disease: the Whitehall II prospective cohort study. Atherosclerosis. 2013;227(1):178–181.
    • (2013) Atherosclerosis , vol.227 , Issue.1 , pp. 178-181
    • Ferrie, J.E.1    Kivimaki, M.2    Shipley, M.J.3    Davey Smith, G.4    Virtanen, M.5
  • 151
    • 0023932558 scopus 로고
    • Mental stress and the induction of silent myocardial ischemia in patients with coronary artery disease
    • Rozanski A, Bairey CN, Krantz DS, et al. Mental stress and the induction of silent myocardial ischemia in patients with coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med. 1988;318(16):1005–1012.
    • (1988) N Engl J Med , vol.318 , Issue.16 , pp. 1005-1012
    • Rozanski, A.1    Bairey, C.N.2    Krantz, D.S.3
  • 152
    • 0029943894 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mental stress as a trigger of myocardial ischemia and infarction
    • Krantz DS, Kop WJ, Santiago HT, Gottdiener JS. Mental stress as a trigger of myocardial ischemia and infarction. Cardiol Clin. 1996;14(2):271–287.
    • (1996) Cardiol Clin , vol.14 , Issue.2 , pp. 271-287
    • Krantz, D.S.1    Kop, W.J.2    Santiago, H.T.3    Gottdiener, J.S.4
  • 153
    • 10544226572 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ischemic, hemodynamic, and neurohormonal responses to mental and exercise stress. Experience from the Psychophysiological Investigations of Myocardial Ischemia Study (PIMI)
    • Goldberg AD, Becker LC, Bonsall R, et al. Ischemic, hemodynamic, and neurohormonal responses to mental and exercise stress. Experience from the Psychophysiological Investigations of Myocardial Ischemia Study (PIMI). Circulation. 1996;94(10):2402–2409.
    • (1996) Circulation , vol.94 , Issue.10 , pp. 2402-2409
    • Goldberg, A.D.1    Becker, L.C.2    Bonsall, R.3
  • 154
    • 84873643318 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence and clinical characteristics of mental stress-induced myocardial ischemia in patients with coronary heart disease
    • Jiang W, Samad Z, Boyle S, et al. Prevalence and clinical characteristics of mental stress-induced myocardial ischemia in patients with coronary heart disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;61(7):714–722.
    • (2013) J am Coll Cardiol , vol.61 , Issue.7 , pp. 714-722
    • Jiang, W.1    Samad, Z.2    Boyle, S.3
  • 155
    • 4444376006 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Association of psychosocial risk factors with risk of acute myocardial infarction in 11119 cases and 13648 controls from 52 countries (The INTERHEART study): Case-control study
    • Rosengren A, Hawken S, Ounpuu S, et al. Association of psychosocial risk factors with risk of acute myocardial infarction in 11119 cases and 13648 controls from 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): Case-control study. Lancet. 2004;364(9438):953–962.
    • (2004) Lancet , vol.364 , Issue.9438 , pp. 953-962
    • Rosengren, A.1    Hawken, S.2    Ounpuu, S.3
  • 156
    • 84867844051 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Perceived stress in myocardial infarction: Long-term mortality and health status outcomes
    • Arnold SV, Smolderen KG, Buchanan DM, Li Y, Spertus JA. Perceived stress in myocardial infarction: long-term mortality and health status outcomes. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;60(18):1756–1763.
    • (2012) J am Coll Cardiol , vol.60 , Issue.18 , pp. 1756-1763
    • Arnold, S.V.1    Smolderen, K.G.2    Buchanan, D.M.3    Li, Y.4    Spertus, J.A.5
  • 157
    • 28344432127 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reversible ventricular dysfunction takotsubo cardiomyopathy
    • Akashi YJ, Musha H, Kida K, et al. Reversible ventricular dysfunction takotsubo cardiomyopathy. Eur J Heart Fail. 2005;7(7):1171–1176.
    • (2005) Eur J Heart Fail , vol.7 , Issue.7 , pp. 1171-1176
    • Akashi, Y.J.1    Musha, H.2    Kida, K.3
  • 158
    • 80053426022 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stress cardiomyopathy: Diagnosis, pathophysiology, management, and prognosis
    • Sharma AK, Singh JP, Heist EK. Stress cardiomyopathy: diagnosis, pathophysiology, management, and prognosis. Crit Pathw Cardiol. 2011;10(3):142–147.
    • (2011) Crit Pathw Cardiol , vol.10 , Issue.3 , pp. 142-147
    • Sharma, A.K.1    Singh, J.P.2    Heist, E.K.3
  • 159
    • 84876993823 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stress-induced hyperviscosity in the pathophysiology of takotsubo cardiomyopathy
    • Cecchi E, Parodi G, Giglioli C, et al. Stress-induced hyperviscosity in the pathophysiology of takotsubo cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol. 2013;111(10):1523–1529.
    • (2013) Am J Cardiol , vol.111 , Issue.10 , pp. 1523-1529
    • Cecchi, E.1    Parodi, G.2    Giglioli, C.3
  • 160
    • 0033982178 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Destabilizing effects of mental stress on ventricular arrhythmias in patients with implantable cardioverter-defibrillators
    • Lampert R, Jain D, Burg MM, Batsford WP, McPherson CA. Destabilizing effects of mental stress on ventricular arrhythmias in patients with implantable cardioverter-defibrillators. Circulation. 2000;101(2):158–164.
    • (2000) Circulation , vol.101 , Issue.2 , pp. 158-164
    • Lampert, R.1    Jain, D.2    Burg, M.M.3    Batsford, W.P.4    McPherson, C.A.5
  • 161
    • 21144446100 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Psychological stress preceding idiopathic ventricular fibrillation
    • Lane RD, Laukes C, Marcus FI, et al. Psychological stress preceding idiopathic ventricular fibrillation. Psychosom Med. 2005;67(3):359–365.
    • (2005) Psychosom Med , vol.67 , Issue.3 , pp. 359-365
    • Lane, R.D.1    Laukes, C.2    Marcus, F.I.3
  • 162
    • 84876823401 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Psychological distress and arrhythmia: Risk prediction and potential modifiers
    • Peacock J, Whang W. Psychological distress and arrhythmia: Risk prediction and potential modifiers. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2013;55(6):582–589.
    • (2013) Prog Cardiovasc Dis , vol.55 , Issue.6 , pp. 582-589
    • Peacock, J.1    Whang, W.2
  • 163
    • 13144300873 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Arrhythmia-provoking factors and symptoms at the onset of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation: A study based on interviews with 100 patients seeking hospital assistance
    • Hansson A, Madsen-Hardig B, Olsson SB. Arrhythmia-provoking factors and symptoms at the onset of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation: A study based on interviews with 100 patients seeking hospital assistance. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2004;4:13.
    • (2004) BMC Cardiovasc Disord , vol.4 , pp. 13
    • Hansson, A.1    Madsen-Hardig, B.2    Olsson, S.B.3
  • 164
    • 0032031644 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Role of autonomic tone in facilitating spontaneious onset of typical atrial flutter
    • Wen ZC, Chen SA, Tai CT, Huang JL, Chang MS. Role of autonomic tone in facilitating spontaneious onset of typical atrial flutter. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1998;31(1):602–607.
    • (1998) J am Coll Cardiol , vol.31 , Issue.1 , pp. 602-607
    • Wen, Z.C.1    Chen, S.A.2    Tai, C.T.3    Huang, J.L.4    Chang, M.S.5
  • 165
    • 0029828695 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of reduced heart rate variability on risk for cardiac events. The Framingham Heart Study
    • Tsuji H, Larson MG, Venditti FJ Jr, et al. Impact of reduced heart rate variability on risk for cardiac events. The Framingham Heart Study. Circulation. 1996;94(11):2850–2855.
    • (1996) Circulation , vol.94 , Issue.11 , pp. 2850-2855
    • Tsuji, H.1    Larson, M.G.2    Venditti, F.J.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.