Evaluation of a new monochloramine generation system for controlling Legionella in building hot water systems

Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology

Volumn 35, Issue 11, 2014, Pages 1356-1363

  Duda, Scott ^a   Kandiah, Sheena ^b   Stout, Janet E ^a,c   Baron, Julianne L ^d   Yassin, Mohamed ^b   Fabrizio, Marie ^b   Ferrelli, Juliet ^b   Hariri, Rahman ^b   Wagener, Marilyn M ^d   Goepfert, John ^b   Bond, James ^b   Hannigan, Joseph ^e   Rogers, Denzil ^b  

^a Special Pathogens Laboratory   (United States)

^b MERCY HOSPITAL OF PITTSBURGH   (United States)

^c University of Pittsburgh   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH   (United States)

^e Klenzoid   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

COPPER; LEAD; MONOCHLORAMINE; NITRATE; NITRITE; SILVER; CHLORAMINE DERIVATIVE; DISINFECTANT AGENT; TOSYLCHLORAMIDE SODIUM; WATER;

ACINETOBACTER; ARTICLE; ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY; ATYPICAL MYCOBACTERIUM; COLONY FORMING UNIT; DISINFECTION SYSTEM; HOT WATER SYSTEM; INFECTION CONTROL; LEGIONELLA; LEGIONELLA PNEUMOPHILA; LIMIT OF DETECTION; MICROBIAL DIVERSITY; MICROBIOLOGICAL EXAMINATION; NITRIFYING BACTERIUM; NONHUMAN; PH; PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY; PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA; RECEIVER OPERATING CHARACTERISTIC; STENOTROPHOMONAS MALTOPHILIA; TERTIARY CARE CENTER; WATER SUPPLY; WATER TEMPERATURE; BACTERIAL COUNT; CHEMISTRY; DISINFECTION; DRUG EFFECTS; EVALUATION STUDY; GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT AND AGING; HEAT; HUMAN; LEGIONNAIRES' DISEASE; MICROBIOLOGY; PROCEDURES; WATER MANAGEMENT;

ACINETOBACTER; CHLORAMINES; COLONY COUNT, MICROBIAL; DISINFECTANTS; DISINFECTION; HOT TEMPERATURE; HUMANS; LEGIONELLA; LEGIONNAIRES' DISEASE; PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA; STENOTROPHOMONAS MALTOPHILIA; TERTIARY CARE CENTERS; WATER; WATER MICROBIOLOGY; WATER PURIFICATION;

EID: 84908325920     PISSN: 0899823X     EISSN: 15596834     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1086/678418     Document Type: Article

References (28)

1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Legionel-losis—United States, 2000–2009. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2011;60(32):1083–1086.
2. Allegheny County Health Department. Approaches to the prevention and control of Legionella infection in Allegheny County health care facilities. 2nd ed. Pittsburgh, PA: Allegheny County Health Department, 1997. http://www.legionella.org/achd_guideline.pdf. Accessed April 8, 2014.
3. Veterans Health Administration (VHA). VHA directive 2008-010: prevention of Legionella disease. Washington, DC: Department of Veterans Affairs, 2008. http://www1.va.gov /vhapublications/ViewPublication.asp?pub_IDp1654. Accessed April 8, 2014.
4. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee. Guidelines for preventing health-care-associated pneumonia, 2003. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2004;53(RR-3):110–113.
5. Lin, YE, Stout, JE, Yu, VL. Controlling Legionella in hospital drinking water: an evidence-based review of disinfection methods. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2011;32(2):166–173.
6. LeChevallier, MW, Cawthon, CD, Lee, RG. Factors promoting survival of bacteria in chlorinated water supplies. Appl Microbiol 1988;54:649–654.
7. Donlan, R, Murga, R, Carpenter, J, Brown, E, Besser, R, Fields, BS. Monochloramine disinfection of biofilm-associated Legionella pneumophila in a potable water model system. In: Marre R, Abu Kwail Y, Bartlett C, et al, eds. Legionella. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology, 2002:406–410.
8. Gao, Y, McCall, EC, Stout, JE, Vidic, RD, Yu, VL. Monochloramine and chlorine dioxide as alternative disinfection methods for Le-gionella control. In: Program and abstracts of the Annual Meeting of the American Water Works Association. Denver, CO: American Water Works Association, 2000.
9. Heffelfinger, JD, Kool, JL, Fridkin, S, et al. Risk of hospital-acquired Legionnaires’ disease in cities using monochloramine versus other water disinfectants. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2003;24:569–574.
10. Kool, JL, Carpenter, JC, Fields, BS. Effect of monochloramine disinfection of municipal drinking water on risk of nosocomial Legionnaires’ disease. Lancet 1999;353(9149):272–277.
11. Flannery, B, Gelling, LB, Vugia, DJ, et al. Reducing Legionella colonization of water systems with monochloramine. Emer Infect Dis 2006;12:588–596.
12. Marchesi, I, Marchegiano, P, Bargellini, A, et al. Control of Le-gionella contamination in a hospital water distribution system by monochloramine. Am J Infect Control 2012;40:279–281.
13. Casini, B, Buzzigoli, A, Cristina, ML, et al. Long-term effects of hospital water network disinfection on Legionella and other waterborne bacteria in an Italian University hospital. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2014;35(3):293–299.
14. Ta, AC, Stout, JE, Yu, VL, Wagener, MM. Comparison of culture methods for monitoring Legionella species in hospital potable water systems and recommendations for standardization of such methods. J Clin Microbiol 1995;33:2118–2123.
15. US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). National primary drinking water regulations. EPA 816-F-09–004. May 2009. http://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/upload/mcl-2.pdf. Accessed February 14, 2013.
16. Stout, JE, Muder, RR, Mietzner, S, et al. Role of environmental surveillance in determining the risk of hospital-acquired le-gionellosis: a national surveillance study with clinical correlations. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2007;28(7):818–824.
17. Stout, JE, Yu, VL. Environmental culturing for Legionella: can we build a better mouse trap? Am J Infect Control 2010;38:341–343.
18. Pressman, JG, Lee, WH, Bishop, PL, Wahman, DG. Effect of free ammonia concentration on monochloramine penetration within a nitrifying biofilm and its effect on activity, viability, and recovery. Water Res 2012;46:882–894.
19. Jakubek, D, Guillaume, C, Binet, M, Leblon, G, DuBow, M, Le Brun, M. Susceptibility of Legionella strains to the chlorinated biocide, monochloramine. Microbes Environ 2013;28(3):336–345.
20. Karagiannis, I, Brandsema, P, Van Der Sande, M. Warm, wet weather associated with increased Legionnaires’ disease incidence in The Netherlands. Epidemiol Infect 2009;137(2):181–187.
21. Pryor, M, Springthorpe, S, Riffard, S, et al. Investigation of opportunistic pathogens in municipal drinking water under different supply and treatment regimes. Water Sci Tech 2004;50(1): 83–90.
22. Zhang, Z, McCann, C, Hanrahan, J, et al. Legionella control by chlorine dioxide in hospital water systems. JAWWA 2009;101(5): 117–127.
23. Hicks, LA, Travis, T, Witherell, LE, et al. Evaluation of the impact of monochloramine introduction on Legionella colonization in a hospital potable water system. In: Program and abstracts of the 19th Annual Meeting of the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America, San Diego, CA, March 19–22, 2009.
24. Chaberny, A, Iris, F, Gastemeier, P. Should electronic faucets be recommended in hospitals? Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2004; 25:997–1000.
25. Halabi, M, Wiesholzer-Pittly, M, Schoeberly, J, Mittermayerz, H. Non-touch fittings in hospitals: a possible source of Pseudo-monas aeruginosa and Legionella spp. J Hosp Infect 2001;49:117–121.
26. Leprat, R, Denizot, V, Bertrand, X, Talon, B. Non-touch fittings in hospitals: a possible source of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Legionella spp. J Hosp Infect 2003;53:77–82.
27. Sydnor, RM, Bova, G, Gimburg, A, Cosgrove, SE, Perl, TM, Mar-agakis, LL. Electronic-eye faucets: Legionella species contamination in healthcare settings. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2012; 33(3):235–240.
28. Stout, JE, Yu, VL. Experiences of the first 16 hospitals using copper-silver ionization for Legionella control: implications for the evaluation of other disinfection modalities. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2003;24:563–568.