Epidemiology of Clostridium difficile infection in two tertiary-care hospitals in Perth, Western Australia: A cross-sectional study

New Microbes and New Infections

Volumn 2, Issue 3, 2014, Pages 64-71

  Foster, N F ^a   Collins, D A ^a   Ditchburn, S L ^b   Duncan, C N ^b   van Schalkwyk, J W ^b   Golledge, C L ^c   Keed, A B R ^d   Riley, T V ^a,c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA   (Australia)

^b SIR CHARLES GAIRDNER HOSPITAL   (Australia)

^c PATHWEST LABORATORY MEDICINE   (Australia)

^d ROYAL PERTH HOSPITAL   (Australia)

Author keywords

Community associated Clostridium difficile infection; Healthcare facility associated Clostridium difficile infection; Molecular epidemiology; Ribotype 244

Indexed keywords

AMOXICILLIN; CEPHALOSPORIN; MEROPENEM; METRONIDAZOLE; PIPERACILLIN PLUS TAZOBACTAM; VANCOMYCIN;

ADULT; AGED; ARTICLE; AUSTRALIA; BACTERIUM CULTURE; CLINICAL FEATURE; CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE INFECTION; COMORBIDITY; CONTROLLED STUDY; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY; FEMALE; HEALTH CARE FACILITY; HUMAN; INCIDENCE; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; OBSERVATIONAL STUDY; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROSPECTIVE STUDY; RIBOTYPING; TERTIARY CARE CENTER;

CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE;

EID: 84908315911     PISSN: 20522975     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/nmi2.43     Document Type: Article

References (39)

1. Elliott B, Chang BJ, Golledge CL, Riley TV. Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea. Intern Med J 2007; 37: 561-568.
2. Hammond GA, Johnson JL. The toxigenic element of Clostridium difficile strain VPI 10463. Microb Pathog 1995; 19: 203-213.
3. Perelle S, Gibert M, Bourlioux P, Corthier G, Popoff MR. Production of a complete binary toxin (actin-specific ADP-ribosyltransferase) by Clostridium difficile CD196. Infect Immun 1997; 65: 1402-1407.
4. Drudy D, Fanning S, Kyne L. Toxin A-negative, toxin B-positive Clostridium difficile. Int J Infect Dis 2007; 11: 5-10.
5. Kuijper EJ, Coignard B, Tull P. Emergence of Clostridium difficile-associated disease in North America and Europe. Clin Microbiol Infect 2006; 12(suppl 6): 2-18.
6. McDonald LC, Coignard B, Dubberke E, Song X, Horan T, Kutty PK. Recommendations for surveillance of Clostridium difficile-associated disease. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2007; 28: 140-145.
7. Cohen SH, Gerding DN, Johnson S et al. Clinical practice guidelines for Clostridium difficile infection in adults: 2010 update by the society for healthcare epidemiology of America (SHEA) and the infectious diseases society of America (IDSA). Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2010; 31: 431-455.
8. Foster NF, Riley TV. Improved recovery of Clostridium difficile spores with the incorporation of synthetic taurocholate in cycloserine-cefoxitin- fructose agar (CCFA). Pathology 2012; 44: 354-356.
9. Bowman RA, Riley TV. Laboratory diagnosis of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1988; 7: 476-484.
10. Carroll SM, Bowman RA, Riley TV. A selective broth for Clostridium difficile. Pathology 1983; 15: 165-167.
11. Stubbs SL, Brazier JS, O'Neill GL, Duerden BI. PCR targeted to the 16S-23S rRNA gene intergenic spacer region of Clostridium difficile and construction of a library consisting of 116 different PCR ribotypes. J Clin Microbiol 1999; 37: 461-463.
12. Riley TV, O'Neill GL, Bowman RA, Golledge CL. Clostridium difficile- associated diarrhoea: epidemiological data from Western Australia. Epidemiol Infect 1994; 113: 13-20.
13. Thomas C, Stevenson M, Williamson DJ, Riley TV. Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea: epidemiological data from Western Australia associated with a modified antibiotic policy. Clin Infect Dis 2002; 35: 1457-1462.
14. Bull AL, Worth LJ, Richards MJ. Implementation of standardised surveillance for Clostridium difficile infections in Australia: initial report from the Victorian Healthcare Associated Infection Surveillance System. Intern Med J 2012; 42: 715-718.
15. Gravel D, Miller M, Simor A et al. Health care-associated Clostridium difficile infection in adults admitted to acute care hospitals in Canada: a Canadian Nosocomial Infection Surveillance Program Study. Clin Infect Dis 2009; 48: 568-576.
16. Molton J, Balm M, Alen L, Salmon S. Clostridium difficile infection in Singapore; a matter of urgency. 13th Asia-Pacific Congress of Clinical Microbiology and Infection. Beijing, 2012.
17. Riley TV, Cooper M, Bell B, Golledge CL. Community-acquired Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. Clin Infect Dis 1995; 20(suppl 2): S263-S265.
18. Khanna S, Pardi DS, Aronson SL et al. The epidemiology of community- acquired Clostridium difficile infection: a population-based study. Am J Gastroenterol 2012; 107: 89-95.
19. Hensgens MP, Keessen EC, Squire MM et al. Clostridium difficile infection in the community: a zoonotic disease? Clin Microbiol Infect 2012; 18: 635-645.
20. Bartlett JG. Narrative review: the new epidemic of Clostridium difficile-associated enteric disease. Ann Intern Med 2006; 145: 758-764.
21. Stevens V, Dumyati G, Fine LS, Fisher SG, van Wijngaarden E. Cumulative antibiotic exposures over time and the risk of Clostridium difficile infection. Clin Infect Dis 2011; 53: 42-48.
22. Leonard AD, Ho KM, Flexman J. Proton pump inhibitors and diarrhoea related to Clostridium difficile infection in hospitalised patients: a case-control study. Intern Med J 2012; 42: 591-594.
23. Halim HA, Peterson GM, Friesen WT, Ott AK. Case-controlled review of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea in southern Tasmania. J Clin Pharm Ther 1997; 22: 391-397.
24. Loo VG, Poirier L, Miller MA et al. A predominantly clonal multi-institutional outbreak of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea with high morbidity and mortality. N Engl J Med 2005; 353: 2442-2449.
25. Cheknis AK, Sambol SP, Davidson DM et al. Distribution of Clostridium difficile strains from a North American, European and Australian trial of treatment for C. difficile infections: 2005-2007. Anaerobe 2009; 15: 230-233.
26. Barbut F, Mastrantonio P, Delmee M, Brazier J, Kuijper E, Poxton I. Prospective study of Clostridium difficile infections in Europe with phenotypic and genotypic characterisation of the isolates. Clin Microbiol Infect 2007; 13: 1048-1057.
27. Bauer MP, Notermans DW, van Benthem BH et al. Clostridium difficile infection in Europe: a hospital-based survey. Lancet 2011; 377: 63-73.
28. Noren T, Akerlund T, Back E et al. Molecular epidemiology of hospital-associated and community-acquired Clostridium difficile infection in a Swedish county. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42: 3635-3643.
29. Collins DA, Hawkey PM, Riley TV. Epidemiology of Clostridium difficile infection in Asia. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2013; 2: 21.
30. Tenover FC, Novak-Weekley S, Woods CW et al. Impact of strain type on detection of toxigenic Clostridium difficile: comparison of molecular diagnostic and enzyme immunoassay approaches. J Clin Microbiol 2010; 48: 3719-3724.
31. Waslawski S, Lo ES, Ewing SA et al. Clostridium difficile ribotype diversity at six health care institutions in the United States. J Clin Microbiol 2013; 51: 1938-1941.
32. Riley TV, Thean S, Hool G, Golledge CL. First Australian isolation of epidemic Clostridium difficile PCR ribotype 027. Med J Aust 2009; 190: 706-708.
33. Richards M, Knox J, Elliott B et al. Severe infection with Clostridium difficile PCR ribotype 027 acquired in Melbourne, Australia. Med J Aust 2011; 194: 369-371.
34. De Almeida M, Heffernan H, Dervan A et al. Severe Clostridium difficile infection in New Zealand associated with an emerging strain, PCR-ribotype 244. N Z Med J 2013; 126: 9-14.
35. Squire MM, Carter GP, Mackin KE et al. Novel molecular type of Clostridium difficile in neonatal pigs, Western Australia. Emerg Infect Dis 2013; 19: 790-792.
36. Knight DR, Riley TV. Prevalence of Clostridium difficile gastrointestinal carriage in Australian sheep and lambs. Appl Environ Microbiol 2013; 79: 5689-5692.
37. Knight DR, Thean S, Putsathit P, Fenwick S, Riley TV. Cross-sectional study reveals high prevalence of Clostridium difficile non-PCR ribotype 078 strains in australian veal calves at slaughter. Appl Environ Microbiol 2013; 79: 2630-2635.
38. Mitchell BG, Wilson F, McGregor A. An increase in community onset Clostridium difficile infection: a population-based study, Tasmania, Australia. Healthc Infect 2012; 17: 127-132.
39. Slimings C, Armstrong P, Beckingham W et al. Increasing incidence of Clostridium difficile infection, Australia, 2011-2012. Med J Aust 2014; 200: 272-276.