Control of the sheep blowfly in Australia and New Zealand - are we there yet?

International Journal for Parasitology

Volumn 44, Issue 12, 2014, Pages 879-891

  Sandeman, R M ^a   Levot, G W ^b   Heath, A C G ^c   James, P J ^d   Greeff, J C ^e   Scott, M J ^f   Batterham, P ^g   Bowles, V M ^h  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BALLARAT   (Australia)

^b NSW DEPARTMENT OF PRIMARY INDUSTRIES   (Australia)

^c AGRESEARCH   (New Zealand)

^d UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND   (Australia)

^e DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE AND FOOD WESTERN AUSTRALIA   (Australia)

^f NORTH CAROLINA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^g UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE   (Australia)

^h UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE   (Australia)

Author keywords

Biological control; Drug resistance; Genetics; Lucilia cuprina; Sheep resistance; Vaccines

Indexed keywords

ALDRIN; ANTIGEN; CARBAMATE INSECTICIDE; CHLORPHENOTANE; CYPERMETHRIN; CYROMAZINE; DICYCLANIL; DIELDRIN; DIFLUBENZURON; DIMPYLATE; FREUND ADJUVANT; IMMUNOLOGICAL ADJUVANT; INSECTICIDE; ISCOM; IVERMECTIN; LINDANE; MONTANIDE ISA 25; ORGANOARSENIC DERIVATIVE; ORGANOCHLORINE INSECTICIDE; ORGANOPHOSPHATE INSECTICIDE; PARASITE ANTIGEN; PYRETHROID; SPINOSAD; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VACCINE;

ANTIGEN; BIOLOGICAL CONTROL; BIOPESTICIDE; DRUG RESISTANCE; FLY; GENETIC ANALYSIS; GENETICS; INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT; SHEEP; VACCINE;

AUSTRALIA; BIOLOGICAL PEST CONTROL; CALLIPHORIDAE; COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN; DRUG DESIGN; DRUG FORMULATION; DRUG TARGETING; GENE TECHNOLOGY; GENETIC ANALYSIS; INSECT CONTROL; INSECTICIDE RESISTANCE; LUCILIA CUPRINA; METHODOLOGY; MYIASIS; NEW ZEALAND; NONHUMAN; PARASITE CLEARANCE; PEST MANAGEMENT; REVIEW; SHEEP; ANIMAL; DIPTERA; GENETICS; IMMUNOLOGY; LARVA; PHYSIOLOGY; PROCEDURES; SHEEP DISEASES; TRENDS; VETERINARY;

AUSTRALIA; NEW ZEALAND;

LUCILIA CUPRINA; LUCILIA SERICATA; OVIS ARIES;

ANIMALS; AUSTRALIA; DIPTERA; INSECT CONTROL; INSECTICIDE RESISTANCE; INSECTICIDES; LARVA; MYIASIS; NEW ZEALAND; PEST CONTROL, BIOLOGICAL; SHEEP; SHEEP DISEASES; VACCINES;

EID: 84908204558     PISSN: 00207519     EISSN: 18790135     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2014.08.009     Document Type: Review

References (155)

1. Arnold J.T.A., Whitten M.J. The genetic basis for organophosphorus resistance in the Australian sheep blowfly, Lucilia cuprina (Wiedemann) (Diptera, Calliphoridae). Bull. Entomol. Res. 1976, 66:561-568.
2. Atkins K.D., McGuirk B.J. Selection of Merino sheep for resistance to fleece-rot and body strike. Wool Tech. Sheep Breed. 1979, 27:15-19.
3. Barrett M., Trevella W. The immune response of the sheep popliteal lymph node to a purified phenoloxidase from larval cuticle of the sheep ectoparasite, Lucilia cuprina. J. Parasitol. 1989, 75:70-75.
4. Bassett A.R., Tibbit C., Ponting C.P., Liu J.L. Highly efficient targeted mutagenesis of Drosophila with the CRISPR/Cas9 system. Cell Rep. 2013, 4:220-228.
5. Bedding R.A. Susceptibility of Lucilia cuprina larvae to parasitisation by Steinernematid and Heterorhabditid nematodes. Second National Symposium on Sheep Blowfly and Flystrike in Sheep 1983, 247-252. Dept of Agric. NSW, Sydney. H.W. Raadsma (Ed.).
6. Bedding R.A., Molyneux A.S. Penetration of insect cuticle by infective of Heterorhabditis spp. (Heterorhabditidae: Nematoda). Nematologica 1982, 28:354-359.
7. Beveridge W.I.B. The Mules operation - prevention of blowfly strike by surgical measures. Aust. Vet. J. 1935, 11:97-104.
8. Birru W., Fernley R.T., Graham L.D., Grusovin J., Hill R.J., Hofmann A., Howell L., James P.J., Jarvis K.E., Johnson W.M., Jones D.A., Leitner C., Liepa A.J., Lovrecz G.O., Lu L., Nearn R.H., O'Driscoll B.J., Phan T., Pollard M., Turner K.A., Winkler D.A. Synthesis, binding and bioactivity of γ-methylene γ-lactam ecdysone receptor ligands: advantages of QSAR models for flexible receptors. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 2010, 18:5647-5660.
9. Bishop D.M., Heath A.C.G., Haack N.A. Distribution, prevalence and host associations of Hymenoptera parasitic on Calliphoridae occurring in flystrike in New Zealand. Med. Vet. Entomol. 1996, 10:365-370.
10. Black W.C., Alphey L., James A.A. Why RIDL is not SIT. Trends Parasitol. 2011, 27:362-370.
11. Bowles V.M., Carnegie P.R., Sandeman R.M. Immunization of sheep against infection with larvae of the blowfly Lucilia cuprina. Int. J. Parasitol. 1987, 17:753-758.
12. Bowles V.M., Meeusen E.N.T., Young A.R., Andrews A.E., Nash A.D., Brandon M.R. Vaccination of sheep against larvae of the sheep blowfly (Lucilia cuprina). Vaccine 1996, 14:1347-1352.
13. Bushland R.C., Lindquist A.W., Knipling E.F. Eradication of screw-worms through release of sterilized males. Science 1955, 122:287-288.
14. Casu R., Eisemann C., Pearson R., Riding G., East I., Donaldson A., Cadogen L., Tellam R. Antibody-mediated inhibition of the growth of larvae from an insect causing cutaneous myiasis in a mammalian host. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 1997, 94:8939-8944.
15. Chen Z., Newsome T., McKenzie J.A., Batterham P. Molecular characterization of the Notch homologue from the Australian sheep blowfly, Lucilia cuprina. Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. 1998, 28:601-612.
16. Chen Z., Newcomb R., Forbes E., McKenzie J., Batterham P. The acetylcholinesterase gene and organophosphorus resistance in the Australian sheep blowfly, Lucilia cuprina. Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. 2001, 31:805-816.
17. Clarke G.M., McKenzie J.A. Genetic architecture and adaptation: quantitative analysis of sheep and refuse tip populations of the Australian sheep blowfly, Lucilia cuprina. Aust. J. Biol. Sci. 1987, 40:47-56.
18. Colditz I.G., Eisemann C.H. The effect of immune and inflammatory mediators on growth of Lucilia cuprina larvae in vitro. Int. J. Parasitol. 1994, 24:401-403.
19. Colditz I.G., Eisemann C.H., Tellam R.L., McClure S.J., Mortimer S.I., Husband A.J. Growth of Lucilia cuprina larvae following treatment of sheep divergently selected for fleece rot and fly strike with monoclonal antibodies to T lymphocyte subsets and interferon γ. Int. J. Parasitol. 1996, 26:775-782.
20. Colditz I.G., Lax J., Mortimer S.I., Clarke R.A., Beh K.J. Cellular inflammatory responses in skin of sheep selected for resistance or susceptibility to fleece rot and fly strike. Parasite Immunol. 1994, 16:289-296.
21. Colditz I.G., Watson D.L., Eisemann C.H., Tellam R.L. Production of antibodies to recombinant antigens from Lucilia cuprina following cutaneous immunisation of sheep. Vet. Parasitol. 2002, 104:345-350.
22. Colditz I.G., Woolaston R.R., Lax J., Mortimer S.I. Plasma leakage in skin of sheep selected for resistance or susceptibility to fleece rot and flystrike. Parasite Immunol. 1992, 14:587-594.
23. Cole D.J.W. A further modification of the West Australian fly trap for blowfly studies. N.Z. Entomol. 1996, 19:87-90.
24. Cole D.J.W., Heath A.C.G. Progress towards development and adoption of integrated management systems against flystrike and lice in sheep. Proc. N.Z. Grassland Assoc. 1999, 61:37-42.
25. Concha C., Belikoff E.J., Carey B.L., Li F., Schiemann A.H., Scott M.J. Efficient germ-line transformation of the economically important pest species Lucilia cuprina and Lucilia sericata (Diptera, Calliphoridae). Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. 2011, 41:70-75.
26. Concha C., Edman R.M., Belikoff E.J., Schiemann A.H., Carey B., Scott M.J. Organization and expression of the Australian sheep blowfly (Lucilia cuprina) hsp23, hsp24, hsp70 and hsp83 genes. Insect Mol. Biol. 2012, 21:169-180.
27. Concha C., Li F., Scott M.J. Conservation and sex-specific splicing of the doublesex gene in the economically important pest species Lucilia cuprina. J. Genet. 2010, 89:279-285.
28. Concha C., Scott M.J. Sexual Development in Lucilia cuprina (Diptera, Calliphoridae) is controlled by the Transformer gene. Genetics 2009, 182:785-798.
29. Cooper D.J., Pinnock D.E. The role of pathogens in the suppression of Lucilia cuprina. Second National Conference on Sheep Blowfly and Flystrike in Sheep 1983, 237-241. Dept. of Agric. NSW, Sydney. H.W. Raadsma (Ed.).
30. Cooper D.J., Pinnock D.E., Bateman S.M. Susceptibility of Lucilia cuprina (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Calliphoridae), to Octosporea muscaedomesticae Flu. J. Aust. Entomol. Soc. 1983, 22:292.
31. Daborn P.J., Lumb C., Harrop T.W., Blasetti A., Pasricha S., Morin S., Mitchell S.N., Donnelly M.J., Müller P., Batterham P. Using Drosophila melanogaster to validate metabolism-based insecticide resistance from insect pests. Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. 2012, 42:918-924.
32. Dadour I.R., Cook D.F. The effectiveness of four commercial fly traps at catching insects. J. Aust. Entomol. Soc. 1992, 31:205-208.
33. Dymock J.J., Forgie S.A. Habitat preferences and carcase colonization by sheep blowflies in the northern North Island of New Zealand. Med. Vet. Entomol. 1993, 7:155-160.
34. East I.J., Eisemann C.H., Vuocolo T., Pearson R.D., Donaldson R.A., Cadogan L.C. Vaccines against blowfly strike: the effect of adjuvant type on vaccine effectiveness. Int. J. Parasitol. 1992, 22:309-314.
35. Edman R.M., Linger R.J., Belikoff E.J., Li F., Sze S.-H., Tarone A.M., Scott M.J. Functional characterization of calliphorid cell death genes and cellularization gene promoters for controlling gene expression and cell viability in early embryos. Insect Mol. Biol. 2014, 10.1111/imb.12135.
36. Edwards J.R., Gardiner J.J., Morris R.T., Love R.A., Spicer P., Bryant R., Gwynn R.V.R., Hawkins C.D., Swan R.A. A survey of ovine dermatophilosis in Western Australia. Aust. Vet. J. 1985, 62:361-365.
37. Elkington R.A., Humphries M., Commins M., Maugeri N., Tierney T., Mahony T.J. A Lucilia cuprina excretory-secretory protein inhibits the early phase of lymphocyte activation and subsequent proliferation. Parasite Immunol. 2009, 31:750-765.
38. Elkington R.A., Mahony T.J. A blowfly strike vaccine requires an understanding of host-pathogen interactions. Vaccine 2007, 51:33-45.
39. Elliott M., Pattie W.A., Dobson C. The immune response of sheep to larvae of Lucilia cuprina. Proc. Aust. Soc. Anim. Prod. 1980, 13:500.
40. Engwerda C.R., Dale C.J., Sandeman R.M. IgE, TNF-α, IL-1β IL-4 and IFNγ gene polymorphisms in sheep and resistance to fleece rot and flystrike. Int. J. Parasitol. 1996, 26:787-791.
41. Evans I., Lawton P., Sergeant E., Lloyd J. Effect of plastic occlusive clips used as an alternative to mulesing on breech conformation, body weight and survival of merino lambs. Aust. Vet. J. 2011, 90:88-96.
42. Foster G.G., Maddern R.H., Mills A.T. Genetic instability in mass-rearing colonies of a sex-linked translocation strain of Lucilia cuprina (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) during a field trial of genetic control. Theor. Appl. Genet. 1980, 58:169-175.
43. Foster G.G., Vogt W.G., Woodburn T.L., Smith P.H. Computer simulation of genetic control. Comparison of sterile males and field-female killing systems. Theor. Appl. Genet. 1988, 76:870-879.
44. Foster, G.G., Weller, G.L., James, W.J., Paschalidis, K.M., McKenzie, L.J., 1993. Advances in sheep blowfly genetic control in Australia. In: Proceedings: Management of Insect Pests: Nuclear and Related Molecular and Genetic Techniques. FAO/IAEA Int. Symp., 19-23 October 1992, Vienna, Austria, pp. 299-312.
45. Foster G.G., Whitten M.J., Konovalov C., Arnold G.T.A., Maffi G. Autosomal genetic maps of the Australian sheep blowfly, Lucilia cuprina dorsalis R.-D. (Diptera: Calliphoridae), and possible correlations with the linkage groups of Musca domestica L. and Drosophila melanogaster (Mg.). Genet. Res. 1981, 37:55-69.
46. Fu G., Condon K.C., Epton M.J., Gong P., Jin L., Condon G.C., Morrison N.I., Dafa'alla T.H., Alphey L. Female-specific insect lethality engineered using alternative splicing. Nature Biotechnol. 2007, 25:353-357.
47. Fuller M.E. The insect inhabitants of carrion; a study in animal ecology. Bull. Coun. Sci. Ind. Res 1934, 62.
48. Garcia R.L., Perkins H.D., Howells A.J. The structure, sequence and developmental pattern of expression of the white gene in the blowfly Lucilia cuprina. Insect Mol. Biol. 1996, 5:251-260.
49. Gleeson D.M., Harman H., Armstrong T. Genetics of invasive species in New Zealand. Biological Invasions in New Zealand 2006, 103-118. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. R.B. Allen, W.G. Lees (Eds.).
50. Gleeson D.M., Heath A.C.G. The population biology of the Australian sheep blowfly, Lucilia cuprina, in New Zealand. N. Z. J. Agric. Res. 1997, 40:529-535.
51. Goss P.J.E., McKenzie J.A. Selection, refugia, and migration: simulation of evolution of dieldrin resistance in Lucilia cuprina (Diptera: Calliphoridae). J. Econ. Entomol. 1996, 89:285-301.
52. Gossen M., Bujard H. Tight control of gene expression in mammalian cells by tetracycline-responsive promoters. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1992, 89:5547-5551.
53. Gough J.M., Kemp D.H., Akhurst R.J., Pearson R.D., Kongsuwan K. Identification and characterization of proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis with high toxic activity against the sheep blowfly, Lucilia cuprina. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 2005, 90:39-46.
54. Gratz S.J., Ukken F.P., Rubinstein C.D., Thiede G., Donohue L.K., Cummings A.M., O'Connor-Giles K.M. Highly specific and efficient CRISPR/Cas9-catalyzed homology-directed repair in Drosophila. Genetics 2014, 196:961-971.
55. Greeff J.C., Karlsson L.J.E., Schlink A.C. Identifying indicator traits for breech strike in Merino sheep in a Mediterranean environment. Anim. Prod. Sci. 2013, 54:125-140.
56. Grosscurt A.C. Diflubenzuron: some aspects of its ovicidal and larvicidal mode of action and an evaluation of its practical possibilities. Pestic. Sci. 1978, 9:373-386.
57. Hall M.J.R. Trapping the flies that cause myiasis: their response to host stimuli. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 1995, 89:333-357.
58. Handler A.M. A current perspective on insect gene transformation. Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. 2001, 31:111-128.
59. Hart R.J., Cavey W.A., Ryan K.J., Moore B., Strong M.B. Technical details of a new sheep blowfly insecticide. Wool Tech. Sheep Bree. 1979, 27:23-27.
60. Hatcher S., Atkins K.D., Thornberry K.J. Breeding plain-bodied fine wools - no problem!. Proc. Assoc. Advmt. Anim. Breed. Genet. 2009, 18:330-333.
61. Hayman R.H. Studies on fleece rot in sheep. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 1953, 4:430-468.
62. Heath A.C.G., Appleton C. Small vertebrate carrion and its use by blowflies (Calliphoridae) causing ovine myiasis (flystrike) in New Zealand. N. Z. Entomol. 2000, 22:81-87.
63. Heath A.C.G., Bishop D.M. Flystrike in New Zealand: an overview based on a 16-year study, following the introduction and dispersal of the Australian sheep blowfly, Lucilia cuprina Wiedmann (Diptera: Calliphoridae). Vet. Parasitol. 2006, 137:333-344.
64. Heath A.C.G., Broadwell A.H., Chilcott C.N., Wigley P.J., Shoemaker C.B. Efficacy of native and recombinant Cry1B protein against experimentally induced and naturally acquired ovine myiasis (flystrike) in sheep. J. Econ. Entomol. 2004, 97:1797-1804.
65. Heath A.C.G., Levot G.W. Parasiticide resistance in flies, lice and ticks in New Zealand and Australia: issues, prevalence and prevention. N. Z. Vet. J. 2014, (in press). 10.1080/00480169.2014.960500.
66. Heinrich J.C., Li X., Henry R.A., Haack N., Stringfellow L., Heath A.C.G., Scott M.J. Germ-line transformation of the Australian sheep blowfly Lucilia cuprina. Insect Mol. Biol. 2002, 11:1-10.
67. Heinrich J.C., Scott M.J. A repressible female-specific lethal genetic system for making transgenic insect strains suitable for a sterile-release program. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2000, 97:8229-8232.
68. Hill R.J., Graham L.D., Turner K.A., Howell L., Tohidi-Esfahni D., Fernley R., Grusovin J., Ren B., Pilling P., Lu L., Phan T., Lovrecz G.O., Pollard M., Pawlak-Skrzecz A., Streltsov V.A., Peat T.S., Winkler D.A., Lawrence M.C. Structure and function of ecdysone receptors - interactions with ecysteroids and sythetic agonists. Adv. Insect Physiol. 2012, 43:299-351.
69. Horton B., Hogan L. FlyBoss: a web-based flystrike information and decision support system. Anim. Prod. Sci. 2010, 50:1069-1076.
70. Hughes P.B., Devonshire A.L. The biochemical basis of resistance to organophosphorus insecticides in the sheep blowfly, Lucilia cuprina. Pestic. Biochem. Physiol. 1982, 18:289-297.
71. Hughes P.B., McKenzie J.A. Insecticide resistance in the Australian sheep blowfly, Lucilia cuprina: speculation, science and strategies. Combating Resistance to Xenobiotics. Biological and Chemical Approaches 1987, 162-177. Ellis Horwood, Chichester, UK. M.G. Ford, D.W. Holloman, B.P.S. Khambay, R.M. Sawicki (Eds.).
72. Jackson C.J., Liu J.W., Carr P.D., Younus F., Coppin C., Meirelles T., Lethier M., Pandey G., Ollis D.L., Russell R.J., Weik M., Oakeshott J.G. Structure and function of an insect α-carboxylesterase (αEsterase7) associated with insecticide resistance. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2013, 110:10177-10182.
73. Johnson K.S., Harrison G.B., Lightowlers M.W., O'Hoy K.L., Cougle W.G., Dempster R.P., Laurence S.B., Vinton J.G., Heath D.D., Rickard M.D. Vaccination against ovine cysticercosis using a defined recombinant antigen. Nature 1989, 338:585-587.
74. Johnston L.A.Y., Eisemann C.H., Donaldson R.A., Pearson R.D., Vuocolo T. Retarded growth of Lucilia cuprina larvae on sheep and their sera following production of an immune response. Int. J. Parasitol. 1992, 22:187-193.
75. Kerlin R.L., East I.J. Potent immunosuppression by secretory/excretory products of larvae from the sheep blowfly Lucilia cuprina. Parasite Immunol. 1992, 14:595-604.
76. Knipling E.F. Possibilities of insect control or eradication through the use of sexually sterile males. Science 1955, 48:459-462.
77. Kongsuwan K., Gough J., Kemp D., McDevitt A., Akhurst R. Characterization of a new Bacillus thuringiensis endotoxin, Cry47Aa, from strains that are toxic to the Australian sheep blowfly, Lucilia cuprina. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 2005, 252:127-136.
78. Krafsur E.S. Sterile insect technique for suppressing and eradicating insect population: 55 years and counting. J. Agric. Entomol. 1998, 15:303-317.
79. Kramer J.P. An octosporeosis of the black blowfly Phormia regina: effect of temperature on the longevity of diseased adults. Tex. Rep. Biol. Med. 1968, 26:199-204.
80. Lee S.F., Chen Z., McGrath A., Good R.T., Batterham P. Identification, analysis, and linkage mapping of expressed sequence tags from the Australian sheep blowfly. BMC Genomics 2011, 12:406.
81. Leemon D.M., Jonsson N.N. Comparison of bioassay responses to the potential fungal biopesticide Metarhizium anisopliae in Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus and Lucilia cuprina. Vet. Parasitol. 2012, 185:236-247.
82. Levot G.W. Resistance and the control of sheep ectoparasites. Int. J. Parasitol. 1995, 25:1355-1362.
83. Levot G.W. Cyromazine resistance detected in Australian sheep blowfly. Aust. Vet. J. 2012, 90:433-443.
84. Levot G.W. Response to laboratory selection with cyromazine and susceptibility to alternative insecticides in sheep blowfly larvae from the New South Wales Monaro. Aust. Vet. J. 2013, 91:61-64.
85. Levot, G.W., Langfield, B.J., Aiken, D.J., in press. Survival advantage of cyromazine resistant sheep blowfly larvae on dicyclanil and cyromazine treated Merinos. Aust. Vet. J.
86. Levot G.W., Sales N. New high level resistance to diflubenzuron detected in the Australian sheep blowfly, Lucilia cuprina (Wiedemann)(Diptera: Calliphoridae). Gen. Appl. Entomol. 2002, 31:43-45.
87. Levot G.W., Sales N. In-vitro effectiveness of ivermectin and spinosad flystrike treatments against larvae of the Australian sheep blowfly Lucilia cuprina (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Calliphoridae). Aust. J. Entomol. 2008, 47:365-369.
88. Levot G.W., Sales N., Barchia I. In vitro larvicidal efficacy of flystrike dressings against the Australian sheep blowfly. Aust. J. Exp. Agric. 1999, 39:541-547.
89. Lewer, R.P., Gherardi, S.G., Sutherland, S.S., 1987. Realised heritability estimates for resistance to dermatophilosis in Merino sheep. In: McGuirk, B.J. (Ed.), Merino Improvement Programs in Australia. Proc. Natl. Symp. Leura, New South Wales. Australian Wool Corporation, Sydney, pp. 347-50.
90. Li F., Wantuch H.A., Linger R.J., Belikoff E.J., Scott M.J. Transgenic sexing system for genetic control of the Australian sheep blowfly Lucilia cuprina. Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. 2014, 51:80-88.
91. Lund, R.D., Johnson, P.W., Gould, N.S., Van De Ven, R.J., 1997. Improved design and use of dipping equipment for sheep lice eradication. Final report for Project DAN 197, NSW Agriculture, Orange, Australia.
92. Lyness E.W., Pinnock D.E., Cooper D.J. Microbial ecology of sheep fleece. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 1994, 49:103-112.
93. Mackerras I.M. The Sheep Blowfly Problem in Australia 1936, Council Sci. Indust. Res. Pamphlet, CSIR, Melbourne.
94. Mahmoud M.F., Mandour N.S., Pomazkov Y.I. Efficacy of the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema feltiae cross N 33 against larvae and pupae of four fly species in the laboratory. Nematol. Mediterr. 2007, 35:221-226.
95. McCann D., Batterham P. Australian genetics: a brief history. Genetica 1993, 90:81-114.
96. McKenzie J.A., Whitten M.J. Selection for insecticide resistance in the Australian sheep blowfly, Lucilia cuprina. Experientia 1982, 38:84-85.
97. McKenzie J.A., Whitten M.J., Adena M.A. The effect of genetic background on the fitness of diazinon resistance genotypes of the Australian sheep blowfly, Lucilia cuprina. Heredity 1982, 49:1-9.
98. McKenzie J.A., Batterham P. Predicting insecticide resistance: mutagenesis, selection and response. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 1998, 353:1729-1734.
99. Newcomb R.D., Campbell P.M., Ollis D.L., Cheah E., Russell R.J., Oakeshott J.G. A single amino acid substitution converts a carboxylesterase to an organophosphorus hydrolase and confers insecticide resistance on a blowfly. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1997, 94:7464-7468.
100. Norris K.R. The bionomics of blowflies. Ann. Rev. Entomol. 1965, 10:47-68.
101. Norris K.R. Evidence for the multiple exotic origin of Australian populations of the Sheep Blowfly, Lucilia cuprina (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Calliphoridae). Aust. J. Zool. 1990, 38:635-648.
102. O'Donnell I.J., Green A.P.E., Connell B.J.A., Hopkins P.S. Immunoglobulin G antibodies to the antigens of Lucilia cuprina in the sera of fly-struck sheep. Aust. J. Biol. Sci. 1980, 33:27-34.
103. O'Donnell I.J., Green A.P.E., Connell B.J.A., Hopkins P.S. Immunization of sheep with larval antigens of Lucilia cuprina. Aust. J. Biol. Sci. 1981, 34:411-417.
104. O'Meara T.J., Nesa M., Raadsma H.W., Saville D.G., Sandeman R.M. Variation in skin inflammatory responses between sheep bred for resistance or susceptibility to fleece rot and blowfly strike. Res. Vet. Sci. 1992, 52:205-210.
105. O'Meara T.J., Nesa M., Seaton D.S., Sandeman R.M. A comparison of inflammatory exudates released from myiasis wounds on sheep bred for resistance or susceptibility to Lucilia cuprina. Vet. Parasitol. 1995, 56:207-223.
106. Perkins H.D., Bedo D.G., Howells A.J. Characterization and chromosomal distribution of a tandemly repeated DNA sequence from the Australian sheep blowfly, Lucilia cuprina. Chromosoma 1992, 101:358-364.
107. Phillips C.J.C. A review of mulesing and other methods to control flystrike (cutaneous myiasis) in sheep. Anim. Welfare 2009, 18:113-121.
108. Pratt M.S., Hopkins P.S. The use of cryogenic, irritant, fixative and protein denaturizing agents for mulesing sheep. Proc. Ausy. Soc. Anim. Prod. 1976, 11:189-192.
109. Raadsma H.W. The susceptibility to body strike under high rainfall conditions of flocks selected for and against fleece rot. Aust. J. Exp. Agric. 1991, 31:757-759.
110. Raadsma H.W. Resistance to fleece rot and flystrike. Breeding for Disease Resistance in Farm Animals 1991, 263-290. CAB International, Wallingford. R.F.E. Axford, J.B. Owen (Eds.).
111. Raadsma H.W. Fleece rot and body strike in Merino sheep. VI. Experimental evaluation of some physical fleece and body characteristics as indirect selection criteria for fleece rot. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 1993, 44:915-931.
112. Reed B.J., Chandler D.S., Sandeman R.M. Aminopeptidases as potential targets for the control of the Australian sheep blowfly, Lucilia cuprina. Int. J. Parasitol. 1999, 29:839-850.
113. Rose C.J., Chapman J., Marshall S.D.G., Lee S.F., Batterham P., Ross H.R., Newcomb R.D. Selective sweeps at the organophosphorus insecticide resistance locus, Rop-1, have reduced levels of variation across the α-esterase gene cluster in the Australian sheep blowfly, Lucilia cuprina. Mol. Biol. Evol. 2011, 28:1835-1846.
114. Rothwell J., Hynd P., Brownlee A., Dolling M., Williams S. Research into alternatives to mulesing. Aust. Vet. J. 2007, 85:94-97.
115. Roxburgh N.A., Shanahan G.J. A method for the detection and measurement of insecticide resistance in larvae of Lucilia cuprina (Wied.) (Dipt., Calliphoridae). Bull. Entomol. Res. 1973, 63:99-102.
116. Sackett, D., Holmes, P., Abbott, K., Jephcott, S., Barber, M., 2006. Assessing the economic cost of endemic disease on the profitability of Australian beef cattle and sheep producers. MLA Report AHW.087. Meat and Livestock Australia Sydney.
117. Sales N., Levot G.W., Barchia I.M. Differences in susceptibility to diflubenzuron between populations of the Australian sheep blowfly, Lucilia cuprina (Wiedemann) and their influence on flystrike protection. Gen. Appl. Entomol. 2001, 30:27-30.
118. Sandeman R.M., Bowles V.M., Stacey I.N., Carnegie P.R. Acquired resistance in sheep to infection with larvae of the blowfly, Lucilia cuprina. Int. J. Parasitol. 1986, 16:69-75.
119. Sandeman R.M., Chandler R.A., Collins B.J., O'Meara T.J. Hypersensitivity responses and repeated infections with Lucilia cuprina, the sheep blowfly. Int. J. Parasitol. 1992, 22:1175-1177.
120. Schmid H.R., van Tulder G., Junquera P. Field efficacy of the insect growth regulator dicyclanil for flystrike prevention on lambs. Vet. Parasitol. 1999, 86:147-151.
121. Scobie D.R., O'Connell D. Breech bareness reduces flystrike in New Zealand crossbred sheep. Anim. Prod. Sci. 2010, 50:599-602.
122. Scobie D.R., O'Connell D., Morris C.A., Hickey S.M. A preliminary genetic analysis of breech and tail traits with the aim of improving the welfare of sheep. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 2007, 58:161-167.
123. Scott M.J., Atapattu A., Schiemann A.H., Concha C., Henry R., Carey B.L., Belikoff E.J., Heinrich J.C., Sarkar A. Organisation and expression of a cluster of yolk protein genes in the Australian sheep blowfly, Lucilia cuprina. Genetica 2011, 139:63-70.
124. Scott M.J., Heinrich J.C., Li X. Progress towards the development of a transgenic strain of the Australian sheep blowfly (Lucilia cuprina) suitable for a male-only sterile release program. Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. 2004, 34:185-192.
125. Seddon H.R. Conditions which predispose sheep to blowfly attack. Agric. Gazette NSW. 1931, 42:581-594.
126. Shanahan G.J. Organo-phosphates and sheep blowfly-strike prevention. NSW Dept. Ag. Bull. 1964, S25.
127. Shanahan G.J. A modified jetting gun for applying insecticides to sheep. NSW Dept. Ag. Bull. 1964, S24.
128. Shanahan G.J. Organophosphorus tolerance in sheep blowflies. NSW Dept. Ag. Bull. 1966, S70.
129. Shanahan G.J., Hart R.J. Change in response of Lucilia cuprina Wied., to organophosphorus insecticides in Australia. Nature 1966, 212:1466-1467.
130. Smallridge C.J., Cooper D.J., Pinnock D.E. The effect of the microsporidium Octosporea muscaedomesticae on adult Lucilia cuprina (Diptera: Calliphoridae). J. Invertebr. Pathol. 1995, 66:196-197.
131. Smith J., Brewer H., Dyall T. Heritability and phenotypic correlations for breech strike and breech strike resistance indicators in Merino. Proc. Assoc. Advmt. Anim. Breed. Genet. 2009, 18:334-337.
132. Smith J., Colditz I.G., Piper L.R., Sandeman R.M., Dominik S. Genetic resistance to growth of Lucilia cuprina larvae in Merino sheep. Aust. J. Exp. Agric. 2008, 48:1210-1216.
133. Sneddon J., Rollin B. Mulesing and animal ethics. J. Agric. Environ. Ethics 2009, 23:371-386.
134. Tellam R.L., Bowles V.M. Control of blowfly strike in sheep: current strategies and future prospects. Int. J. Parasitol. 1997, 27:261-273.
135. Tellam R.L., Eisemann C.H. Inhibition of growth of Lucilia cuprina larvae using serum from sheep vaccinated with first-instar larval antigens. Int. J. Parasitol. 1998, 28:439-450.
136. Tellam R.L., Eisemann C.H., Pearson R.D. Vaccination of sheep with purified serine proteases from the secretory and excretory material of Lucilia cuprina larvae. Int. J. Parasitol. 1994, 24:757-764.
137. Terras M.A., Rose H.A., Hughes P.B. Aldrin epoxidase activity in larvae of a susceptible and a resistant strain of the sheep blowfly, Lucilia cuprina (Wiedeman). J. Aust. Entomol. Soc. 1983, 22:256.
138. Thomas D.D., Donnelly C.A., Wood R.J., Alphey L.S. Insect population control using a dominant, repressible, lethal genetic system. Science 2000, 287:2474-2476.
139. Tillyard, R.J., Seddon, H.R., 1933. The Sheep Blowfly Problem in Australia. Report No. 1. Council Sci. Indust. Res. Pamphlet. CSIR, Melbourne.
140. Ullerich F.H., Schottke M. Karyotypes, constitutive heterochromatin, and genomic DNA values in the blowfly genera Chrysomya, Lucilia, and Protophormia (Diptera: Calliphoridae). Genome 2006, 49:584-597.
141. Urech R., Green P.E., Rice M.J., Brown G.W., Webb P., Jordan D., Wingett M., Mayer D.G., Butler L., Joshua E., Evans I., Toohey L., Dadour I.R. Suppression of populations of Australian sheep blowfly, Lucilia cuprina (Wiedman) (Diptera: Calliphoridae), with a novel blowfly trap. Aust. J. Entomol. 2009, 48:182-188.
142. Vargas-Teran M., Hofmann H.C., Tweddle N.E. Impact of screwworm eradication programmes using the sterile insect technique. Sterile Insect Technique. Principles and Practice in Area-Wide Integrated Pest Management. International Atomic Energy Agency 2005, 629-650. Springer, Dordrecht. V.A. Dyck, J. Hendrichs, A.S. Robinson (Eds.).
143. Voss S.C., Spafford H., Dadour I.R. Hymenopteran parasitoids of forensic importance: host associations, seasonality, and prevalence of parasitoids of carrion flies in Western Australia. J. Med. Entomol. 2009, 46:1210-1219.
144. Wall R. Ovine cutaneous myiasis: effects on production and control. Vet. Parasitol. 2012, 189:44-51.
145. Wall R., Ellse L.S. Climate change and livestock parasites: integrated management of sheep blowfly strike in a warmer environment. Global Change Biol. 2011, 17:1770-1777.
146. Waterhouse D.F., Paramonov S.J. The status of the two species of Lucilia (Diptera, Calliphoridae) attacking sheep in Australia. Aust. J. Sci. Res. B 1950, 3:310-336.
147. Watts J.E., Nay T., Merritt G.C., Coy J.R., Griffiths D.A., Dennis J.A. The significance of certain skin characters of sheep in resistance and susceptibility to fleece rot and body strike. Aust. Vet. J. 1980, 56:57-63.
148. Weller G.L., Foster G.G. Genetic maps of the sheep blowfly Lucilia cuprina: Linkage group correlations with other dipteran genera. Genome 1993, 36:495-506.
149. Willadsen, P., 2006. Vaccination against ectoparasites. Parasitol. 133 Suppl., 9-25.
150. Willadsen P., Riding G.A., McKenna R.V., Kemp D.H., Tellam R.L., Nielsen J.N., Lahnstein J., Cobon G.S., Gough J. Immunologic control of a parasitic arthropod. Identification of a protective antigen from Boophilus microplus. J. Immunol. 1989, 143:1346-1351.
151. Wilson H.F. The rise and decline of the sheep industry in Northern New England. Agr. His. 1935, 9:12-45.
152. Wright C., Brooks A., Wall R. Toxicity of the entomopathogenic fungus, Metarhizium anisopliae (Deuteromycotina: Hyphomycetes) to adult females of the blowfly Lucilia sericata (Diptera: Calliphoridae). Pest Manag. Sci. 2004, 60:639-644.
153. Wright D.A., Cummings N.J., Haack N.A., Jackson T.A. Tolypocladium cylindrosporum, a novel pathogen for the sheep blowflies. N. Z. J. Agric. Res. 2009, 52:315-321.
154. Yen J.L., Batterham P., Gelder B., McKenzie J.A. Predicting resistance and managing susceptibility to cyromazine in the Australian sheep blowfly Lucilia cuprina. Aust. J. Exp. Agric. 1996, 36:413-420.
155. Young A.R., Mancuso N., Bowles V.M. Biochemical aspects of egg hatch in endo- and ectoparasites: potential for rational drug design. Int. J. Parasitol. 1999, 29:861-867.