Different faces of discrimination: Perceived discrimination among homeless adults with mental illness in healthcare settings

BMC Health Services Research

Volumn 14, Issue 1, 2014, Pages

  Skosireva, Anna ^a   O'Campo, Patricia ^a,b   Zerger, Suzanne ^a   Chambers, Catharine ^a   Gapka, Susan ^c   Stergiopoulos, Vicky ^a,b  

^a ST MICHAEL'S HOSPITAL   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

^c Toronto People with Lived Experience Caucus Toronto Local Advisory Committee National Consumer Panel   (Canada)

Author keywords

Adult; Canada; Healthcare; Homeless persons; Mentally Ill persons; Prejudice; Racial discrimination; Racism; Social discrimination; Substance related disorders

Indexed keywords

ADULT; CANADA; FEMALE; HEALTH CARE FACILITY; HEALTH PERSONNEL ATTITUDE; HOMELESSNESS; HUMAN; HUMAN RELATION; MALE; MENTAL PATIENT; MIDDLE AGED; MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS; PSYCHOLOGY; RACISM; SOCIAL DISCRIMINATION;

ADULT; ATTITUDE OF HEALTH PERSONNEL; FEMALE; HEALTH FACILITIES; HOMELESS PERSONS; HUMANS; MALE; MENTALLY ILL PERSONS; MIDDLE AGED; MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS; ONTARIO; PROFESSIONAL-PATIENT RELATIONS; RACISM; SOCIAL DISCRIMINATION;

EID: 84908162524     PISSN: None     EISSN: 14726963     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1186/1472-6963-14-376     Document Type: Article

References (72)

1. Meyer IH: Prejudice as stress: Conceptual and measurement problems. Am J Public Health 2003, 93(2):262-265.
2. Williams DR, Yu Y, Jackson JS, Anderson NB: Racial Differences in Physical and Mental Health: Socioeconomic Status, Stress, and Discrimination. J Health Psychol 1997, 2(3):335-351.
3. Krieger N: Discrimination and health. In Social epidemiology. Edited by Kawachi I, Berkman L. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2000:36-75.
4. Paradies Y: A systematic review of empirical research on self-reported racism and health. Int J Epidemiol 2006, 35(4):888-901.
5. Williams DR, Neighbors HW, Jackson JS: Racial/Ethnic Discrimination and Health: Findings From Community Studies. Am J Public Health 2008, 98(SUP1):S29-S37.
6. Kessler RC, Mickelson KD, Williams DR: The prevalence, distribution, and mental health correlates of perceived discrimination in the United States. J Health Soc Behav 1999, 40:208-230.
7. Thornicroft G, Rose D, Kassam A, Sartorius N: Stigma: ignorance, prejudice or discrimination? Br J Psychiatry 2007, 190(3):192-193.
8. Bungay V, Johnson JL, Varcoe C, Boyd S: Women's health and use of crack cocaine in context: structural and 'everyday'violence. Int J Drug Policy 21(4):321.
9. Martins DC: Experiences of homeless people in the health care delivery system: a descriptive phenomenological study. Public Health Nurs 2008, 25(5):420-430.
10. Wen CK, Hudak PL, Hwang SW: Homeless peoples' perceptions of welcomeness and unwelcomeness in healthcare encounters. J Gen Intern Med 2007, 22(7):1011-1017.
11. Thornicroft G, Rose D, Kassam A: Discrimination in health care against people with mental illness. Int Rev Psychiatry 2007, 19(2):113-122.
12. Nestel S: Colour Coded Health Care: The Impact of Race and Racism on Canadians' Health. In. Wellesley Institute: Toronto, ON; 2012.
13. Pascoe E, Richman L: Perceived discrimination and health: A meta-analytic review. Psychol Bull 2009, 135(4):531-554.
14. Shavers VL, Klein WMP, Fagan P: Editorial: Research on Race/Ethnicity and Health Care Discrimination: Where We Are and Where We Need to Go. Am J Public Health 2012, 102(5):930-932.
15. Corrigan P, Thompson V, Lambert D, Sangster Y, Noel JG, Campbell J: Perceptions of discrimination among persons with serious mental illness. Psychiatr Serv 2003, 54(8):1105-1110.
16. Minior T, Galea S, Stuber J, Ahern J, Ompad D: Racial differences in discrimination experiences and responses among minority substance users. Ethn Dis 2003, 13(4):521-527.
17. Young M, Stuber J, Ahern J, Galea S: Interpersonal discrimination and the health of illicit drug users. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 2005, 31(3):371-391.
18. Thompson VLS, Noel JG, Campbell J: Stigmatization, discrimination, and mental health: the impact of multiple identity status. Am J Orthopsychiatry 2004, 74 (4):529-544.
19. Conner KO, Rosen D: "You're nothing but a junkie": Multiple experiences of stigma in an aging methadone maintenance population. J Soc Work Pract Addict 2008, 8(2):244-264.
20. Baggett TP, O'Connell JJ, Singer DE, Rigotti NA: The unmet health care needs of homeless adults: a national study. Am J Public Health 2010, 100(7):1326-1333.
21. Hwang SW, Ueng JJM, Chiu S, Kiss A, Tolomiczenko G, Cowan L, Levinson W, Redelmeier DA: Universal Health Insurance and Health Care Access for Homeless Persons. Am J Public Health 2010, 100(8):1454-1461.
22. Kushel MB, Vittinghoff E, Haas JS: Factors associated with the health care utilization of homeless persons. JAMA 2001, 285(2):200-206.
23. Schulze B, Angermeyer MC: Subjective experiences of stigma. A focus group study of schizophrenic patients, their relatives and mental health professionals. Soc Sci Med 2003, 56(2):299.
24. Stuart H: Fighting stigma and discrimination is fighting for mental health. Canadian Public Policy 2005, 31(s1):21-28.
25. Hulchanski JDC, Chau P, Hwang S, Paradis SE: Canadian Population Health Initiative of the Canadian Institute for Health Information: Mental Health, Mental Illness, and Homelessness in Canada. In Finding Home: Policy Options for Addressing Homelessness in Canada (e-book), Chapter 2.3. Edited by Hulchanski JDC, Chau P, Hwang S, Paradis SE. Toronto, ON: Cities Centre Press, University of Toronto; 2009.
26. Aday LA: At risk in America: The health and health care needs of vulnerable populations in the United States. 2nd edition. San Francisco, CA: John Wiley & Sons; 2001.
27. Hwang S, Stergiopoulos V, O'Campo P, Gozdzik A: Ending homelessness among people with mental illness: the At Home/Chez Soi randomized trial of a Housing First intervention in Toronto. BMC Public Health 2012, 12(1):787.
28. Goering PN, Streiner DL, Adair C, Aubry T, Barker J, Distasio J, Hwang SW, Komaroff J, Latimer E, Somers J: The At Home/Chez Soi trial protocol: a pragmatic, multi-site, randomised controlled trial of a Housing First intervention for homeless individuals with mental illness in five Canadian cities. BMJ open 2011, 1(2). 2 e000323 doi:10.
29. Sheehan DV, Lecrubier Y, Sheehan KH, Amorim P, Janavs J, Weiller E, Hergueta T, Baker R, Dunbar GC: The Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI): the development and validation of a structured diagnostic psychiatric interview for DSM-IV and ICD-10. J Clin Psychiatry 1998, 59(Suppl 20):22-33.
30. Crowe C, Hardill K: Nursing research and political change: the street health report. Can Nurse 1993, 89(1):21-24.
31. Khandor E, Mason K: The street health report 2007. Creative Commons: Toronto, ON; 2007.
32. 2006 Census of Population. [http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/censusrecensement/2006/index-eng.cfm]
33. Yau M, O'Reilly J: 2006 Student Census, Grades 7-12: System Overview Toronto. Report No. 07/08-01. Toronto, ON: Toronto District School Board; 2007.
34. Goering P: Making a Difference: Ontario's Community Mental Health Evaluation Initiative. Canadian Mental Health Association: Toronto, ON; 2004.
35. Shern DL, Wilson NZ, Coen AS, Patrick DC, Foster M, Bartsch DA, Demmler J: Client outcomes II: Longitudinal client data from the Colorado treatment outcome study. Milbank Q 1994, 72(1):123-148.
36. Boothroyd RA, Chen HJ: The psychometric properties of the Colorado Symptom Index. Adm Policy Ment Health and Ment Health Serv Res 2008, 35(5):370-378.
37. Conrad KJ, Yagelka JR, Matters MD, Rich AR, Williams V, Buchanan M: Reliability and validity of a modified Colorado Symptom Index in a national homeless sample. Ment Health Serv Res 2001, 3(3):141-153.
38. Greenwood RM, Schaefer-McDaniel NJ, Winkel G, Tsemberis SJ: Decreasing psychiatric symptoms by increasing choice in services for adults with histories of homelessness. Am J Community Psychol 2005, 36(3):223-238.
39. Sheehan DV, Lecrubier Y, Sheehan KH, Amorim P, Janavs J, Weiller E, Hergueta T, Baker R, Dunbar GC: The Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI): the development and validation of a structured diagnostic psychiatric interview for DSM-IV and ICD-10. J Clin Psychiatry 1998, 59:22-33.
40. Amorim P, Lecrubier Y, Weiller E, Hergueta T, Sheehan D: DSM-IH-R Psychotic Disorders: procedural validity of the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI). Eur Psychiatry 1998, 13 (1):26-34.
41. Lecrubier Y, Sheehan D, Weiller E, Amorim P, Bonora I, Harnett Sheehan K, Janavs J, Dunbar G: The Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI). A short diagnostic structured interview: reliability and validity according to the CIDI. Eur Psychiatry 1997, 12(5):224-231.
42. Sheehan D, Lecrubier Y, Harnett Sheehan K, Janavs J, Weiller E, Keskiner A, Schinka J, Knapp E, Sheehan M, Dunbar G: The validity of the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) according to the SCID-P and its reliability. Eur Psychiatry 1997, 12(5):232-241.
43. Dennis ML, Chan YF, Funk RR: Development and validation of the GAIN Short Screener (GSS) for internalizing, externalizing and substance use disorders and crime/violence problems among adolescents and adults. Am J Addict 2006, 15(s1):s80-s91.
44. Dennis ML, Titus JC, White M, Unsicker J, Hodgkins D: Global Appraisal of Individual Needs (GAIN): Administration Guide for the GAIN and Related Measures, version 5. Bloomington, IL. In.: Chestnut Health Systems; 2006.
45. Hwang SW, Chambers C, Chiu S, Katic M, Kiss A, Redelmeier DA, Levinson W: A comprehensive assessment of health care utilization among homeless adults under a system of universal health insurance. Am J Public Health 2013, 103(S2):S294-S301.
46. Kushel MB, Perry S, Bangsberg D, Clark R, Moss AR: Emergency department use among the homeless and marginally housed: results from a community-based study. Am J Public Health 2002, 92(5):778-784.
47. Han B, Wells BL: Inappropriate emergency department visits and use of the Health Care for the Homeless Program services by homeless adults in the northeastern United States. J Public Health Manag Pract 2003, 9(6):530-537.
48. Dennis DL, Buckner JC, Lipton FR, Levine IS: A decade of research and services for homeless mentally ill persons: Where do we stand? Am Psychol 1991, 46(11):1129-1138.
49. Stein JA, Gelberg L: Homeless men and women: Differential associations among substance abuse, psychosocial factors, and severity of homelessness. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 1995, 3(1):75-86.
50. Parlament of Canada: The Standing Senate Committee on Social Affairs, Science and Technology, Mental Health, Mental Illness and Addiction. Interim Report, Mental Health, Mental Illness and Addiction: Issues and Options for Canada M, Report 3. Ottawa, ON: The Standing Senate Committee on Social Affairs, Science and Technology; 2004.
51. Borrell LN, Jacobs DR, Williams DR, Pletcher MJ, Houston TK, Kiefe CI: Self-reported racial discrimination and substance use in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Adults Study. Am J Epidemiol 2007, 166(9):1068-1079.
52. Kelaher M, Paul S, Lambert H, Ahmad W, Paradies Y, Davey Smith G: Discrimination and health in an English study. Soc Sci Med 2008, 66(7):1627-1636.
53. Beiser M, Noh S, Hou F, Kaspar V, Rumens J: Southeast Asian refugees' perceptions of racial discrimination in Canada. Canadian Ethnic Studies 2001, 33(1):46-70.
54. Noh S, Kaspar V, Wickrama K: Overt and subtle racial discrimination and mental health: preliminary findings for Korean immigrants. Journal Information 2007, 97(7):1269-1274.
55. Hankivsky O, Christoffersen A: Intersectionality and the determinants of health: A Canadian perspective. Critical Public Health 2008, 18 (3):271-283.
56. Gaebel W, Zäske H, Baumann A: The relationship between mental illness severity and stigma. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2006, 113(s429):41-45.
57. Parlament of Canada: The Standing Senate Committee on Social Affairs, Science and Technology, Mental Health, Mental Illness and Addiction. Interim Report, Mental Health, Mental Illness and Addiction: Overview of Policies and Programs in Canada, Report 1. Ottawa, ON: The Standing Senate Committee on Social Affairs, Science and Technology; 2004.
58. Johnson TP, Freels SA, Parsons JA, Vangeest JB: Substance abuse and homelessness: social selection or social adaptation? Addiction 1997, 92(4):437-445.
59. Gerrard M, Stock ML, Roberts ME, Gibbons FX, O'Hara RE, Weng C-Y, Wills TA: Coping with racial discrimination: The role of substance use. Psychol Addict Behav 2012, 26(3):550.
60. Didenko E, Pankratz N: Substance use: Pathways to homelessness? Or a way of adapting to street life. Visions: BC's Mental Health and Addictions Journal 2007, 4(1):9-10.
61. Hankivsky O, Reid C, Cormier R, Varcoe C, Clark N, Benoit C, Brotman S: Exploring the promises of intersectionality for advancing women's health research. Int J Equity Health 2010, 9(5):1-15.
62. Crenshaw K: ' Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics, and Violence against Women of Colour '. In Critical Race Theory: The Key Writings that Informed the Movement. Edited by Crenshaw K, Gotanda N, Peller G, Thomas K. New York: New York Press; 1995:357-383. 1995.
63. Ahern J, Stuber J, Galea S: Stigma, discrimination and the health of illicit drug users. Drug Alcohol Depend 2007, 88:188-196.
64. Schulz AJ, Mullings L: Intersectionality and health: an introduction. In Gender, race, class, and health: Intersectional approaches. Edited by Schulz AJ, Mullings L. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass; 2006:3-20.
65. Bhui K, Shanahan L, Harding G: Homelessness and mental illness: a literature review and a qualitative study of perceptions of the adequacy of care. Int J Soc Psychiatry 2006, 52(2):152-165.
66. Kim MM, Swanson JW, Swartz MS, Bradford DW, Mustillo SA, Elbogen EB: Healthcare barriers among severely mentally ill homeless adults: Evidence from the five-site health and risk study. Adm Policy Ment Health 2007, 34(4):363-375.
67. Leipersberger T: An Investigation of Mental Health Care Delivery from Consumers' Perspectives. J Hum Behav Soc Environ 2007, 15(1):1-21.
68. Padgett DK, Henwood B, Abrams C, Davis A: Engagement and retention in services among formerly homeless adults with co-occurring mental illness and substance abuse: Voices from the margins. Psychiatr Rehabil J 2008, 31(3):226-233.
69. Link BG, Struening EL, Rahav M, Phelan JC, Nuttbrock L: On stigma and its consequences: evidence from a longitudinal study of men with dual diagnoses of mental illness and substance abuse. J Health Soc Behav 1997, 38:177-190.
70. Gelberg L, Browner CH, Lejano E, Arangua L: Access to women's health care: A qualitative study of barriers perceived by homeless women. Women Health 2004, 40(2):87-100.
71. Buchanan D, Rohr L, Kehoe L, Glick SB, Jain S: Changing attitudes toward homeless people. J Gen Intern Med 2004, 19(5p2):566-568.
72. Nyamathi AM, Leake B, Gelberg L: Sheltered versus nonsheltered homeless women. J Gen Intern Med 2001, 15(8):565-572.