Examiner and simulated patient ratings of empathy in medical student final year clinical examination: Are they useful?

BMC Medical Education

Volumn 14, Issue 1, 2014, Pages

  Wright, Barry ^a,b   McKendree, Jean ^a   Morgan, Lewys ^a   Allgar, Victoria L ^a   Brown, Andrew ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF HULL   (United Kingdom)

^b Child Adolescent Mental Health Service   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Empathy; Final clinical examination; Medical students; OSCE; OSLER; Simulated patients

Indexed keywords

CLINICAL COMPETENCE; DOCTOR PATIENT RELATION; EDUCATION; EMPATHY; HEALTH PERSONNEL ATTITUDE; HUMAN; MEDICAL EDUCATION; MEDICAL STUDENT; PSYCHOLOGY; PSYCHOMETRY; REPRODUCIBILITY; STATISTICS AND NUMERICAL DATA; TEACHING; UNITED KINGDOM;

ATTITUDE OF HEALTH PERSONNEL; CLINICAL COMPETENCE; EDUCATION, MEDICAL; EDUCATIONAL MEASUREMENT; EMPATHY; ENGLAND; HUMANS; PATIENT SIMULATION; PHYSICIAN-PATIENT RELATIONS; PSYCHOMETRICS; REPRODUCIBILITY OF RESULTS; STUDENTS, MEDICAL;

EID: 84908114079     PISSN: None     EISSN: 14726920     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1186/1472-6920-14-199     Document Type: Article

References (37)

1. An overview of the medical school admission process and use of applicant data in decision making: what has changed since the 1980s? Monroe A, Quinn E, Samuelson W, Dunleavy DM, Dowd KW, Acad Med 2013 88 672 681 10.1097/ACM.0b013e31828bf252 23524917
2. Selecting medical students. Brown CA, Lilford RJ, BMJ 2008 336 786 10.1136/bmj.39517.679977.80 18403501
3. Educating for empathy. Stepien KA, Baernstein A, J Gen Intern Med 2005 21 524 530
4. A systematic review of tests of empathy in medicine. Hemmerdinger JM, Stoddart SDR, Lilford RJ, BMC Med Educ 2007 7 24 10.1186/1472-6920-7-24 17651477
5. What is clinical empathy? Halpern J, J Gen Intern Med 2003 18 670 674 10.1046/j.1525-1497.2003.21017.x 12911651
6. Postgraduate Medical Education and Training Board, Educating Tomorrow's Doctors-Future Models of Medical Training; Medical Workforce Shape and Training Expectations London: PMETB 2008
7. The King's Fund, The Quality of Patient Engagement and Involvement in Primary Care. An Enquiry Into the Quality of General Practice in England London: The King's Fund 2010
8. Assessment of clinical competence. Wass V, Van der Vleuten C, Shatzer J, Jones R, Lancet 2001 357 945 949 10.1016/S0140-6736(00)04221-5 11289364
9. The importance of empathy as an interviewing skill in medicine. Bellet PS, Maloney MJ, JAMA 1991 266 1831 1832 10.1001/jama.1991.03470130111039 1909761
10. Empathy in medical students as compared to academic performance, clinical competence and gender. Hojat M, Gonella JS, Mangione S, Nasca TJ, Veloski JJ, Erdmann JB, Callahan CA, Magee M, Med Educ 2002 36 522 527 10.1046/j.1365-2923.2002.01234.x 12047665
11. A model of empathic communication in the medical interview. Suchman A, Markakis K, Beckman H, Frankel R, JAMA 1997 27 678 682
12. Narrative medicine: a model for empathy, reflection, profession and trust. Charon R, JAMA 2001 286 1897 1902 10.1001/jama.286.15.1897 11597295
13. The dynamics of change: cancer patients' preferences for information, involvement and support. Butow P, Maclean M, Dunn S, Tattersall M, Boyer M, Ann Oncol 1997 8 857 863 10.1023/A:1008284006045 9358935
14. Effectiveness of interventions to improve patient compliance: a meta-analysis. Roter D, Hall J, Merisca R, Nordstrom B, Cretin D, Svarstad B, Med Care 1997 36 1138 1161
15. How do distress and well-being relate to medical student empathy? a multicenter study. Thomas MR, Dyrbye LN, Hintington JF, Lawson KL, Novotny PJ, Sloan JA, Shanafelt TD, J Gen Intern Med 2007 22 177 183 10.1007/s11606-006-0039-6 17356983
16. Relationship between medical student burnout, empathy, and professionalism climate. Brazeau C, Schroeder R, Rovi S, Boyd L, Acad Med 2010 85 33 S36 20881699
17. Evaluating communication skills in the structured clinical examination format: reliability and generalizability. Hodges B, Turnbull J, Cohen R, Bienenstock A, Norman G, Med Educ 2009 30 38 43
18. Assessing competence in communication and inter-personal skills. the Kalamzoo II report. Duffy FD, Gordon GH, Whelan G, Cole-Kelly K, Frankel R, Acad Med 2004 79 495 507 10.1097/00001888-200406000-00002 15165967
19. Emotional intelligence and clinical skills. preliminary results from a comprehensive clinical performance examination. Stratton TD, Elam CL, Murphy-Spencer AE, Quinlivan SL, Acad Med 2005 80 34 S37 10.1097/00001888-200510001-00012 16199454
20. Measurement of empathy among Japanese medical students: psychometric and scores differences by gender and level of general education. Kataoka H, Koide N, Ochi K, Hojat M, Gonella J, Acad Med 2009 84 1192 1197 10.1097/ACM.0b013e3181b180d4 19707056
21. Empathy is related to clinical competence in medical care. Ogle J, Bushnell JA, Caputi P, Med Educ 2013 47 824 831 10.1111/medu.12232 23837429
22. Rating scales for the assessment of empathic communication in medical interviews (REM): scale development, reliability and validity. Nicolai J, Demmel R, Hagen J, J ClinPsycholin Med Settings 2007 14 367 375 10.1007/s10880-007-9081-8
23. Simulated patients and objective structured clinical examinations: review of their use in medical education. Wallace J, Rao R, Haslam R, Adv Psychiatr Treat 2002 8 342 348 10.1192/apt.8.5.342
24. Measuring medical students empathy skills. Evans BJ, Stanley RO, Burrows GD, Br J Med Psychol 1993 66 121 133 10.1111/j.2044-8341.1993.tb01735.x 8353106
25. Using standardized patients for teaching and assessment. de Champlain AF, Margolis MJ, King A, Klass DJ, Acad Med 1997 72 85 S87 10.1097/00001888-199710001-00029 9347749
26. Defining and assessing professional competence. Epstein RM, Hundert EM, JAMA 2002 287 226 235 10.1001/jama.287.2.226 11779266
27. Medical students self-reported empathy and simulated patients assessments of students empathy:-an analysis by gender and ethnicity. Berg K, Majdan JF, Berg D, Veloski J, Hojat M, Acad Med 2011 86 984 988 10.1097/ACM.0b013e3182224f1f 21694558
28. Correlation of communication skills for emotional empathy and academic achievement on clinical performance examinations. Jang SS, Seo JH, Cho GJ, Hong SC, Woo HO, Korean J Med Educ 2010 22 2 121 130 10.3946/kjme.2010.22.2.121
29. A final clinical examination using a sequential design to improve cost-effectiveness. Cookson J, Fagan G, Mohsen A, McKendree J, Crossley J, Med Educ 2011 45 741 747 10.1111/j.1365-2923.2010.03926.x 21649707
30. The functional architecture of human empathy. Decety J, Jackson P, Behav Cog Neuro Rev 2004 3 71 100 10.1177/1534582304267187
31. Responding to the emotions of others: dissociating forms of empathy through the study of typical and psychiatric populations. Blair RJ, Conscious Cogn 2005 14 698 718 10.1016/j.concog.2005.06.004 16157488
32. Cohen J, Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum 2 1988
33. The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data. Landis JR, Koch GC, Biometrics 1977 33 159 174 10.2307/2529310 843571
34. Rituals of verification: the role of simulation in developing and evaluating empathic communication. Wear D, Varley JD, Pat Educ Couns 2008 71 2 153 156 10.1016/j.pec.2008.01.005
35. Empathy scores in medical school and 440 ratings of empathetic behaviour 3 years later. Hojat M, Mangione S, Nasca TJ, Gonella JS, J Soc Psychol 2005 14 663 672
36. Medical students see that academic misconduct is common. Eysenbach G, BMJ 2001 322 1307 10.1136/bmj.322.7297.1307
37. A comparison of four empathy instruments in simulated patient medical student interactions. Jarski RW, Gjerde CL, Bratton BD, Brown DD, Matthes SS, J Med Educ 1985 60 545 551 4009669