What do community pharmacists do?: Results from a work sampling study in London

International Journal of Pharmacy Practice

Volumn 22, Issue 5, 2014, Pages 309-318

  Davies, James E ^a   Barber, Nicholas ^a   Taylor, David ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Community pharmacy; Counselling; Dispensing; Professional practice

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; COUNSELING; HUMAN; MONITORING; PHARMACIST; PHARMACY; PRESCRIPTION; TASK PERFORMANCE; UNITED KINGDOM; ADULT; AGED; EPIDEMIOLOGY; FEMALE; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT; PATIENT EDUCATION; PILOT STUDY; PROFESSIONAL STANDARD; STATISTICS AND NUMERICAL DATA;

ADULT; AGED; COMMUNITY PHARMACY SERVICES; FEMALE; HUMANS; LONDON; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PATIENT EDUCATION AS TOPIC; PHARMACISTS; PILOT PROJECTS; PROFESSIONAL ROLE; SAMPLING STUDIES; TASK PERFORMANCE AND ANALYSIS;

EID: 84908109451     PISSN: 09617671     EISSN: 20427174     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/ijpp.12083     Document Type: Article

References (48)

1. Edmunds J, Calnan MW. The reprofessionalisation of community pharmacy? An exploration of attitudes to extended roles for community pharmacists amongst pharmacists and General Practioners in the United Kingdom. Soc Sci Med 2001; 53: 943-955.
2. Hepler C, Strand L. Opportunities and responsibilities in pharmaceutical care. Am J Hosp Pharm 1990; 47: 533-543.
3. Department of Health, Pharmacy in. England: Building on Strengths - Delivering the Future. (Cm 7341). London: The Stationary Office, 2008.
4. Schommer JC et al. Community pharmacists' work activities in the United States during 2000. J Am Pharm Assoc 2002; 42: 399-406.
5. NewZealandMinistry ofHealth,Medicines New Zealand. Contributing to Good Health Outcomes for All New Zealanders. Wellington: Ministry of Health, 2007.
6. Australian Goverment & The Pharmacy Guild of Australia. The Fifth community pharmacy agreement between the commonwealth of Australia and the Pharmacy Guild of Australia. 2010.
7. Bouvy M et al. White Paper on pharmacy in the Netherlands: position on pharmacy, pharmacists and pharmacy practice, ed. R.D.P. Association. 2011: KNMP.
8. PSNC. The New Contract for Community Pharmacy. London: Pharmaceutical Services Negotiating Committee, 2004.
9. Blenkinsopp A et al. National Evaluation of the New Community Pharmacy Contract. London: Pharmacy Practice Research Trust, 2009.
10. Fisher CM et al. Study of community pharmacy practice.Part 1. Pharmacists' work patterns. J Soc Adm Pharm 1991; 8: 15-24.
11. Savage I. The changing face of pharmacy practice - evidence from 20 years of work sampling studies. Int J Pharm Pract 1999; 7: 209-219.
12. Emmerton L, Jefferson K. Work sampling observations of community pharmacists: a review. Int J Pharm Pract 1996; 4: 75-78.
13. RutterPMet al. Pharmacy research: the place of work measurement. Int J Pharm Pract 1998; 6: 46-58.
14. Rascati KL et al.Work measurement in pharmacy research. Am J Hosp Pharm 1986; 43: 2445-2452.
15. Bell HM et al. A self-reported work sampling study in community pharmacy practice. Pharm World Sci 1999; 21: 210-216.
16. McCann L et al. A self-reported worksampling study in community pharmacy practice: a 2009 update. Pharm World Sci 2010; 32: 536-543.
17. Marklin RW,Cherney K.Working postures of dentists and dental hygienists. J Calif Dent Assoc 2005; 33: 133-136.
18. Ampt A et al. A comparison of selfreported and observational work sampling techniques for measuring time in nursing tasks. J Health Serv Res Policy 2007; 12: 18-24.
19. PloylearmsangC et al. Standard time of an outpatient prescription processing at Samut Sakhon Hospital. AACP AnnualMeeting, 2003. 104(Jul).
20. Ardern-Jones J et al. The impact of the introduction of a ward-based automated medicines vending unit on nursing tasks and time in the Emergency Department. Int J Pharm Pract 2009; 17: 345-349.
21. Lin AC et al. Re-engineering a pharmacy work system and layout to facilitate patient counseling. Am J Health Syst Pharm 1996; 53: 1558-1564.
22. Ryu S et al. Evaluation of unit dose system for parenteral medication: experience of Asan Medical Center. ASHP Midyear Clinical Meeting, 2002. 37(Dec): p. intl-l-24.
23. Ryu SG, Kim JT. Unit dose system for parenteral nutrition; Implementation and evaluation.ASHPMidyear Clinical Meeting, 2003. 38(Dec): p. INTL-L-18.
24. Rutter PM et al. Validation of a subjective evaluation study using work sampling. J Soc Adm Pharm 1999; 16: 174-185.
25. Rascati KL et al. Multidimensional work sampling to evaluate the effects of computerization in an outpatient pharmacy. Am J Hosp Pharm 1987; 44: 2060-2067.
26. General Pharmaceutical Council. Guidance for Responsible Pharmacists. London: GPhC, 2010. http://www .pharmacyregulation.org/sites/default/ files/GPhC%20Responsible%20 pharmacist%20guidance.pdf (accessed April 2013).
27. Summerfield M et al. Determining staffing requirements in institutional pharmacy. Am J Health Syst Pharm 1978; 35: 1487-1495.
28. Savage I. Time for prescription and OTC advice in independant community practice. Pharm J 1997; 258: 873-877.
29. Rutter P et al. Subjective evaluation of how community pharmacists in Great Britain spend their time. J Soc Adm Pharm 1998; 15: 252-261.
30. Dupclay L, Jr et al. Analysis of grocery chain pharmacists' work-related behaviors. J Am Pharm Assoc 1999; 39: 74-81.
31. Dickson W. Measuring pharmacist time use: a note on the use of fixedinterval work sampling. Am J Health Syst Pharm 1978; 35: 1241-1243.
32. Nelson AA, Jr et al. Task analysis of a pharmacist's activities in a 45-bed rural hospital with comprehensive pharmaceutical services. Am J Hosp Pharm 1977; 34: 1063-1068.
33. Bond C et al. The effect of the new community pharmacy contract on the community pharmacy workforce, ed. Pharmacy Practice Research Trust. Univerisity of Aberdeen, Keele Univeristy,WebstarHealth. 2008. http://www.pharmacyresearchuk.org/ waterway/wp-content/uploads/ 2012/11/The-effect-of-the-new-community-pharmacy-contract-on-the-community-pharmacy-workforce.pdf (accessed November 2013).
34. The NHS information Centre Prescribing Support Unit. Prescriptions Dispensed in the Community: England, Statistics for 1999 to 2009. London: Department of Health, 2010.
35. Department of Health, Self Care - A Real Choice. Self Care Support - A Practical Option. London: Department of Health, 2005.
36. Schommer JC,Wiederholt JB. Pharmacists' perceptions of patients' needs for counseling. Am J Hosp Pharm 1994; 51: 478-485.
37. Angelo LB et al. Impact of community pharmacy automation on workflow, workload and patient interaction. J Am PharmAssoc 2005; 45: 138-144.
38. Schommer JC et al. Pharmacists' desired and actual times in work activities: evidence of gaps from the 2004 National PharmacistWorkforce Study. J Am PharmAssoc 2006; 46: 340-347.
39. Scott DM.2006North Dakota pharmacists' wage and workload assessment. J PharmTechnol 2009; 25: 14-23.
40. NHS Prescription Services. MUR statistics. Jan 2012. 2012. http://psnc .org.uk/funding-and-statistics/nhsstatistics/ mur-statistics/ (accessed November 2013).
41. Blenkinsopp A et al. Community pharmacists' experience of providing medicines use reviews: findings from the national evaluation of the community pharmacy contractual framework. Int J Pharm Pract 2007; 15(Suppl. 2): B45-B46.
42. Westbrook JI,Ampt A. Design, application and testing of the Work Observation Method by Activity Timing (WOMBAT) to measure clinicians' patterns of work and communication. Int J Med Inform2009; 78S: S25-S33.
43. Tucker P et al. Rest breaks and accident risk. The Lancet 2003; 361: 680.
44. Mobach M. The general pharmacy work explored in The Netherlands. PharmWorld Sci 2008; 30: 353-359.
45. Mobach MP. The counter and consultation roomwork explored in theNetherlands. PharmWorld Sci 2008; 30: 360-366.
46. Fleming H.No rest for the weary. Drug Top 1999; 143: 50-56.
47. Midwest Pharmacy Workforce Research Consortium. 2009 National Pharmacist Workforce Survey : final report of the 2009 national sample survey of the pharmacist workforce to determine contemporary demogrpahic and practice characteristics. Midwest Pharmacy Workforce Research Consortium: PharmacyManpower Project, Inc. 2010.
48. Alderman CP, Farmer C. A brief analysis of clinical pharmacy interventions undertaken in an Australian teaching hospital. J Qual Clin Pract 2001; 21: 99-103.