Exercise-induced arterial hypertension - an independent factor for hypertrophy and a ticking clock for cardiac fatigue or atrial fibrillation in athletes?

F1000Research

Volumn 3, Issue , 2014, Pages

  Leischik, Roman ^a   Spelsberg, Norman ^a   Niggemann, Hiltrud ^a   Dworrak, Birgit ^a   Tiroch, Klaus ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WITTEN HERDECKE   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

OXYGEN;

ADULT; AEROBIC EXERCISE; ANAEROBIC EXERCISE; ARTICLE; ATHLETE; BLOOD PRESSURE; CARDIAC FATIGUE; CONTROLLED STUDY; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY; ENDURANCE TRAINING; ERGOMETRY; EXERCISE INDUCED ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION; FATIGUE; HEART ATRIUM FIBRILLATION; HEART HYPERTROPHY; HEART LEFT VENTRICLE HYPERTROPHY; HEART LEFT VENTRICLE MASS; HEART MUSCLE; HEART VENTRICLE REMODELING; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MUSCLE RIGIDITY; OXYGEN CONSUMPTION; PHYSICAL ACTIVITY; PREDICTIVE VALUE; PROBABILITY; PROGNOSIS; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; STEADY STATE;

EID: 84908057144     PISSN: 20461402     EISSN: 1759796X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.4001.1     Document Type: Article

References (80)

1. Verdecchia P Schillaci G Borgioni C: Prognostic significance of serial changes in left ventricular mass in essential hypertension. Circulation. 1998;97(1):48-54. 9443431 10.1161/01.CIR.97.1.48
2. Mensah GA Pappas TW Koren MJ: Comparison of classification of the severity of hypertension by blood pressure level and by World Health Organization criteria in the prediction of concurrent cardiac abnormalities and subsequent complications in essential hypertension. J Hypertens. 1993;11(12):1429-1440. 8133025
3. McLenachan JM Henderson E Morris KI: Ventricular arrhythmias in patients with hypertensive left ventricular hypertrophy. N Engl J Med. 1987;317(13):787-792. 2957590 10.1056/NEJM198709243171302
4. Gottdiener JS Brown J Zoltick J: Left ventricular hypertrophy in men with normal blood pressure: relation to exaggerated blood pressure response to exercise. Ann Intern Med. 1990;112(3):161-166. 2136981 10.7326/0003-4819-112-3-161
5. Lauer MS Levy D Anderson KM: Is there a relationship between exercise systolic blood pressure response and left ventricular mass? The Framingham Heart Study. Ann Intern Med. 1992;116(3):203-210. 1530806 10.1097/00042752-199207000-00025
6. Schultz MG Otahal P Cleland VJ: Exercise-induced hypertension, cardiovascular events, and mortality in patients undergoing exercise stress testing: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Hypertens. 2013;26(3):357-366. 23382486 10.1093/ajh/hps053
7. Allison TG Cordeiro MA Miller TD: Prognostic significance of exercise-induced systemic hypertension in healthy subjects. Am J Cardiol. 1999;83(3):371-375. 10072226 10.1016/S0002-9149(98)00871-6
8. Hart G: Exercise-induced cardiac hypertrophy: a substrate for sudden death in athletes? Exp Physiol. 2003;88(5):639-644. 12955164 10.1113/eph8802619
9. Lauschke J Maisch B: Athlete's heart or hypertrophic cardiomyopathy? Clin Res Cardiol. 2009;98(2):80-88. 18853091 10.1007/s00392-008-0721-2
10. Fagard R: Athlete's heart. Heart. 2003;89(12):1455-1461. 14617564 10.1136/heart.89.12.1455 1767992
11. Warburton DE Nicol CW Bredin SS: Health benefits of physical activity: the evidence. CMAJ. 2006;174(6):801-809. 16534088 10.1503/cmaj.051351 1402378
12. Danaei G Ding EL Mozaffarian D: The preventable causes of death in the United States: comparative risk assessment of dietary, lifestyle, and metabolic risk factors. PLoS Med. 2009;6(4):e1000058. 19399161 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000058 2667673
13. Douglas PS: Cardiac considerations in the triathlete. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1989;21(5 Suppl):S214-218. 2691833
14. Michelsen S Knutsen KM Stugaard M: Is left ventricular mass in apparently healthy, normotensive men correlated to maximal blood pressure during exercise? Eur Heart J. 1990;11(3):241-248. 2138544
15. Oxborough D Birch K Shave R: "Exercise-induced cardiac fatigue"?--a review of the echocardiographic literature. Echocardiography. 2010;27:1130-1140.
16. Wilson M O'Hanlon R Prasad S: Diverse patterns of myocardial fibrosis in lifelong, veteran endurance athletes. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2011;110(6):1622-1626. 21330616 10.1152/japplphysiol.01280.2010 3119133
17. O'Keefe JH Harshal RP Lavie CJ: Potential adverse cardiovascular effects from excessive endurance exercise. Mayo Clin Proc. 2012;87(6):587-595. 22677079 10.1016/j.mayocp.2012.04.005 3538475
18. Blair SN Kohl HW Gordon NF: How much physical activity is good for health? Annu Rev Public Health. 1992;13:99-126. 1599603 10.1146/annurev.pu.13.050192.000531
19. Eaton SB Eaton Iii SB: An evolutionary perspective on human physical activity: implications for health. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol. 2003;136(1):153-159. 14527637 10.1016/S1095-6433(03)00208-3
20. Leischik R: Endurance Sport and Cardiac Injury. Polish Heart Journal, Kardiologia Polska.Ahead of Print. 2014-04-08.2014. Reference Source
21. Andersen K Farahmand B Ahlbom A: Risk of arrhythmias in 52 755 long-distance cross-country skiers: a cohort study. Eur Heart J. 2013;34(47):3624-3631. 23756332 10.1093/eurheartj/eht188
22. Calvo N Brugada J Sitges M: Atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter in athletes. Br J Sports Med. 2012;46(Suppl 1):i37-43. 23097477 10.1136/bjsports-2012-091171
23. Leischik R Littwitz H: Slow recovery of the right and left ventricular deformation after conversion from atrial fibrillation. American Journal of Sports Science. 2014;2:13-16. Reference Source
24. Whyte G Sheppard M George K: Post-mortem evidence of idiopathic left ventricular hypertrophy and idiopathic interstitial myocardial fibrosis: is exercise the cause? BMJ Case Rep. 2009;2009: bcr08.2008.0758. 21686644 10.1136/bcr.08.2008.0758 3030112
25. Rowe WJ: A world record marathon runner with silent ischemia without coronary atherosclerosis. Chest. 1991;99(5):1306-1308. 2019205 10.1378/chest.99.5.1306
26. Leischik R Spelsberg N Littwitz H: Physiological performance and cardiac function in female ironman-triathletes. American Journal of Sports Science. 2014;2:41-47. Reference Source
27. Marijon E Tafflet M Celermajer DS: Sports-related sudden death in the general population. Circulation. 2011;124(6):672-681. 21788587 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.008979
28. Pluim BM Zwinderman AH van der Laarse A: The athlete's heart a meta-analysis of cardiac structure and function. Circulation. 2000;101(3):336-344. 10645932 10.1161/01.CIR.101.3.336
29. Bray MS Hagberg JM Perusse L: The human gene map for performance and health-related fitness phenotypes: the 2006-2007 update. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2009;41(1):35-73. 19123262 10.1249/01.mss.0000233789.01164.4f
30. Alvarez R Terrados N Ortolano R: Genetic variation in the renin-angiotensin system and athletic performance. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2000;82(1-2):117-120. 10879452 10.1007/s004210050660
31. George KP Wolfe LA Burggraf GW: The 'athletic heart syndrome'. A critical review. Sports Med. 1991;11(5):300-330. 1829849 10.2165/00007256-199111050-00003
32. Adams TD Yanowitz FG Fisher AG: Heritability of cardiac size: an echocardiographic and electrocardiographic study of monozygotic and dizygotic twins. Circulation. 1985;71(1):39-44. 4038369 10.1161/01.CIR.71.1.39
33. Cumming DC Wall SR Galbraith MA: Reproductive hormone responses to resistance exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1987;19(3):234-238. 3110538 10.1249/00005768-198706000-00009
34. Kaplan NM Deveraux RB Miller HS Jr: 26th Bethesda conference: recommendations for determining eligibility for competition in athletes with cardiovascular abnormalities. Task Force4: systemic hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1994;24(4):885-888. 7930221
35. Roalstad MS: Physiologic testing of the ultraendurance triathlete. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1989;21(5 Suppl):S200-204. 2691831 10.1249/00005768-198910001-00013
36. Lang RM Bierig M Devereux RB: Recommendations for chamber quantification. Eur J Echocardiogr. 2006;7(2):79-108. 16458610 10.1016/j.euje.2005.12.014
37. Nagueh SF Appleton CP Gillebert TC: Recommendations for the evaluation of left ventricular diastolic function by echocardiography. Eur J Echocardiogr. 2009;10(2):165-193. 19270053 10.1093/ejechocard/jep007
38. Beaver WL Wasserman K Whipp BJ: A new method for detecting anaerobic threshold by gas exchange. J Appl Physiol (1985). 1986;60(6):2020-2027. 3087938
39. Wasserman K Whipp BJ Koyl SN: Anaerobic threshold and respiratory gas exchange during exercise. J Appl Physiol. 1973;35(2):236-243. 4723033
40. Devereux RB Alonso DR Lutas EM: Echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular hypertrophy: comparison to necropsy findings. Am J Cardiol. 1986;57(6):450-458. 2936235 10.1016/0002-9149(86)90771-X
41. Bove KE Rowlands DT Scott RC: Observations on the assessment of cardiac hypertrophy utilizing a chamber partition technique. Circulation. 1966;33(4):558-568. 5939473 10.1161/01.CIR.33.4.558
42. Longas Tejero MA Casanovas Lenguas JA: [Prevalence of hypertensive response to exercise in a group of healthy young male athletes. Relationship with left ventricular mass and prospective clinical implications]. Rev Esp Cardiol. 1996;49(2):104-110. 8948719
43. Laurent S Cockcroft J Van Bortel L: Expert consensus document on arterial stiffness: methodological issues and clinical applications. Eur Heart J. 2006;27(21):2588-2605. 17000623 10.1093/eurheartj/ehl254
44. Pelliccia A Fagard R Bjørnstad HH: Recommendations for competitive sports participation in athletes with cardiovascular disease: a consensus document from the Study group of Sports Cardiology of the Working group of Cardiac Rehabilitation and Exercise Physiology and the Working group of Myocardial and Pericardial Diseases of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J. 2005;26(14):1422-1445. 15923204 10.1093/eurheartj/ehi325
45. Suriano R Bishop D: Physiological attributes of triathletes. J Sci Med Sport. 2010;13(3):340-347. 19577959 10.1016/j.jsams.2009.03.008
46. Atchley AE Jr Douglas PS: Left ventricular hypertrophy in athletes: morphologic features and clinical correlates. Cardiol Clin. 2007;25(3):371-382, v. 17961791 10.1016/j.ccl.2007.06.009
47. Dickhuth H Hipp A Niess A: Differenzialdiagnostik der physiologischen Herzhypertrophie (Sportherz). Deutsche Zeitschrift für Sportmedizin. 2001;52:205-210. Reference Source
48. Henschen S: Skilanglauf und Skiwettlauf. Eine medizinische Sportstudie. Mitt Med Klin Upsala. 1899;2:74.
49. Douglas PS O'Toole ML Katz SE: Left ventricular hypertrophy in athletes. Am J Cardiol. 1997;80(10):1384-1388. 9388126
50. Douglas PS O'Toole ML Hiller WD: Left ventricular structure and function by echocardiography in ultraendurance athletes. Am J Cardiol. 1986;58(9):805-809. 3766422 10.1016/0002-9149(86)90358-9
51. Bekaert I Pannier JL Van de Weghe C: Non-invasive evaluation of cardiac function in professional cyclists. Br Heart J. 1981;45(2):213-218. 6450600 10.1136/hrt.45.2.213 482513
52. Fagard R Aubert A Staessen J: Cardiac structure and function in cyclists and runners. Comparative echocardiographic study. Br Heart J. 1984;52(2):124-129. 6743430 10.1136/hrt.52.2.124 481600
53. Maron BJ Pelliccia A: The heart of trained athletes: cardiac remodeling and the risks of sports, including sudden death. Circulation. 2006;114(15):1633-1644. 17030703 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.613562
54. Solberg EE Gjertsen F Haugstad E: Sudden death in sports among young adults in Norway. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. 2010;17(3):337-341. 20038839 10.1097/HJR.0b013e328332f8f7
55. Maron BJ Thompson PD Ackerman MJ: Recommendations and considerations related to preparticipation screening for cardiovascular abnormalities in competitive athletes: 2007 update: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism: endorsed by the American College of Cardiology Foundation. Circulation. 2007;115(12):1643-1655. 17353433 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.181423
56. Corrado D Basso C Rizzoli G: Does sports activity enhance the risk of sudden death in adolescents and young adults? J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;42(11):1959-1963. 14662259 10.1016/j.jacc.2003.03.002
57. McCann GP Muir DF Hillis WS: Athletic left ventricular hypertrophy: long-term studies are required. Eur Heart J. 2000;21(5):351-353. 10666348 10.1053/euhj.1999.1783
58. Shephard RJ: The athlete's heart: is big beautiful? Br J Sports Med. 1996;30(1):5-10. 8665119 10.1136/bjsm.30.1.5 1332256
59. La gerche A Burns AT Mooney DJ: Exercise-induced right ventricular dysfunction and structural remodelling in endurance athletes. Eur Heart J. 2012;33(8):998-1006. 22160404 10.1093/eurheartj/ehr397
60. Neilan TG Januzzi JL Lee-Lewandrowski E: Myocardial injury and ventricular dysfunction related to training levels among nonelite participants in the Boston marathon. Circulation. 2006;114(22):2325-2333. 17101848 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.647461
61. Rifai N Douglas PS O'Toole M: Cardiac troponin T and I, echocardiographic [correction of electrocardiographic] wall motion analyses, and ejection fractions in athletes participating in the Hawaii Ironman Triathlon. Am J Cardiol. 1999;83(7):1085-1089. 10190525
62. Shave RE Dawson E Whyte G: Evidence of exercise-induced cardiac dysfunction and elevated cTnT in separate cohorts competing in an ultra-endurance mountain marathon race. Int J Sports Med. 2002;23(7):489-494. 12402180 10.1055/s-2002-35069
63. Tanindi A Cemri M: Troponin elevation in conditions other than acute coronary syndromes. Vasc Health Risk Manag. 2011;7:597-603. 22102783 10.2147/VHRM.S24509 3212425
64. Shave R George KP Atkinson G: Exercise-induced cardiac troponin T release: a meta-analysis. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2007;39(12):2099-2106. 18046180 10.1249/mss.0b013e318153ff78
65. Kim YJ Shin YO Lee JB: The effects of running a 308km ultra-marathon on cardiac markers. Eur J Sport Sci. 2014;14 Suppl 1:S92-97. 24444250 10.1080/17461391.2011.654267
66. Leischik R: Ugly duckling or Nosferatu? - marathon running and cardiovascular function How to screen the athletes?2014. Reference Source
67. Burstein B Nattel S: Atrial fibrosis: mechanisms and clinical relevance in atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;51(8):802-809. 18294563 10.1016/j.jacc.2007.09.064
68. Kim JH Malhotra R Chiampas G: Cardiac arrest during long-distance running races. N Engl J Med. 2012;366(2):130-140. 22236223 10.1056/NEJMoa1106468
69. Shaper AG Wannamethee G Walker M: Physical activity, hypertension and risk of heart attack in men without evidence of ischaemic heart disease. J Hum Hypertens. 1994;8(1):3-10. 8151604
70. Kurl S Laukkanen JA Rauramaa R: Systolic blood pressure response to exercise stress test and risk of stroke. Stroke. 2001;32(9):2036-2041. 11546894 10.1161/hs0901.095395
71. Harris KM Henry JT Rohman E: Sudden death during the triathlon. Jama. 2010;303(13):1255-7. 20371783 10.1001/jama.2010.368
72. Rogers MW Probst MM Gruber JJ: Differential effects of exercise training intensity on blood pressure and cardiovascular responses to stress in borderline hypertensive humans. J Hypertens. 1996;14(11):1369-1375. 8934367
73. Kelley GA Sharpe Kelley K: Aerobic exercise and resting blood pressure in older adults: a meta-analytic review of randomized controlled trials. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2001;56(5):M298-303. 11320110 10.1093/gerona/56.5.M298
74. Whelton SP Chin A Xin X: Effect of aerobic exercise on blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials. Ann Intern Med. 2002;136(7):493-503. 11926784 10.7326/0003-4819-136-7-200204020-00006
75. Cornelissen VA Fagard RH: Effects of endurance training on blood pressure, blood pressure-regulating mechanisms, and cardiovascular risk factors. Hypertension. 2005;46(4):667-75. 16157788 10.1161/01.HYP.0000184225.05629.51
76. Walker AJ Bassett DR Jr Duey WJ: Cardiovascular and plasma catecholamine responses to exercise in blacks and whites. Hypertension. 1992;20(4):542-8. 1398889 10.1161/01.HYP.20.4.542
77. Vanhees L Fagard R Lijnen P: Effect of antihypertensive medication on endurance exercise capacity in hypertensive sportsmen. J Hypertens. 1991;9(11):1063-8. 1661765 10.1097/00004872-199111000-00013
78. Ehrlich JR Hohnloser SH Nattel S: Role of angiotensin system and effects of its inhibition in atrial fibrillation: clinical and experimental evidence. Eur Heart J. 2006;27(5):512-8. 16311236 10.1093/eurheartj/ehi668
79. Zoghi M Gurgun C Yavuzgil O: QT dispersion in patients with different etiologies of left ventricular hypertrophy: the significance of QT dispersion in endurance athletes. Int J Cardiol. 2002;84(2-3):153-9. 12127367
80. Leischik R Spelsberg N Niggermann H: Data of exercise-induced arterial hypertension in triathletes. Figshare. 2014. Data Source