Does WISC-IV Underestimate the Intelligence of Autistic Children?

Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders

Volumn 46, Issue 5, 2016, Pages 1582-1589

  Nader, Anne Marie ^a,b   Courchesne, Valérie ^a,b   Dawson, Michelle ^a   Soulières, Isabelle ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITÉ DE MONTRÉAL   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITÉ DU QUÉBEC À MONTRÉAL   (Canada)

Author keywords

Abstract reasoning; Autism; Children; Intelligence; Raven s progressive matrices; Wechsler scales

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; ASSESSMENT OF HUMANS; AUTISM; AUTISM DIAGNOSTIC INTERVIEW REVISED; AUTISM DIAGNOSTIC OBSERVATION SCHEDULE; BRAIN DEVELOPMENT; CHILD; CLINICAL ARTICLE; COMPARATIVE STUDY; CONTROLLED STUDY; DSM-IV-TR; FEMALE; HUMAN; INTELLIGENCE QUOTIENT; MALE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RAVENS PROGRESSIVE MATRICES; SCHOOL CHILD; SEMI STRUCTURED INTERVIEW; WECHSLER INTELLIGENCE SCALE FOR CHILDREN; WECHSLER INTELLIGENCE SCALE FOR CHILDREN IV; ADOLESCENT; AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER; INTELLIGENCE; INTELLIGENCE TEST; PHYSIOLOGY; PSYCHOLOGY; STANDARDS; WECHSLER INTELLIGENCE SCALE;

ADOLESCENT; AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER; CHILD; FEMALE; HUMANS; INTELLIGENCE; INTELLIGENCE TESTS; MALE; WECHSLER SCALES;

EID: 84907886525     PISSN: 01623257     EISSN: 15733432     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10803-014-2270-z     Document Type: Article

References (53)

1. American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders—Text revision. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
2. American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (Vol. 5). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
3. Au-Yeung, S. K., Kaakinen, J. K., & Benson, V. (2013). Cognitive perspective-taking during scene perception in autism spectrum disorder: Evidence from eye movements. Autism Research,. doi:10.1002/aur.1352.
4. Baird, G., Simonoff, E., Pickles, A., Chandler, S., Loucas, T., Meldrum, D., et al. (2006). Prevalence of disorders of the autism spectrum in a population cohort of children in South Thames: the Special Needs and Autism Project (SNAP). The Lancet,368(9531), 210–215.
5. Barbeau, E. B., Soulières, I., Dawson, M., Zeffiro, T. A., & Mottron, L. (2013). The level and nature of autistic intelligence III: Inspection time. Journal of Abnormal Psychology,122(1), 295–301.
6. Bölte, S., Dziobek, I., & Poustka, F. (2009). Brief report: The level and nature of autistic intelligence revisited. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,39(4), 678–682.
7. Boso, M., Forth, J., Bordin, A., Faggioli, R., D’Angelo, E., Politi, P., et al. (2013). Transposition ability in a young musician with autism and blindness: Testing cognitive models of autism. Psychomusicology: Music, Mind, and Brain,23(2), 109–116.
8. Caron, M. J., Mottron, L., Berthiaume, C., & Dawson, M. (2006). Cognitive mechanisms, specificity and neural underpinnings of visuospatial peaks in autism. Brain,129(Pt 7), 1789–1802. doi:10.1093/brain/awl072.
9. Carpenter, P. A., Just, M. A., & Shell, P. (1990). What one intelligence test measures: A theoretical account of the processing in the Raven Progressive Matrices Test. Psychological Review,97(3), 404–431.
10. Charman, T., Pickles, A., Simonoff, E., Chandler, S., Loucas, T., & Baird, G. (2011). IQ in children with autism spectrum disorders: Data from the Special Needs and Autism Project (SNAP). Psychological Medecine: A Journal of Research in Psychiatry and the Allied Sciences,41(3), 619–627.
11. Courchesne, V., Simard-Meilleur, A. A., Soulières, I. (2012) Intelligence testing in autistic children regarded as very low-functioning: The good surprise. In International Meeting for Autism Research, Toronto, Canada.
12. Dawson, M., Soulieres, I., Gernsbacher, M. A., & Mottron, L. (2007). The level and nature of autistic intelligence. Psychological Science,18(8), 657–662. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01954.x.
13. Flynn, J. R. (2000). IQ gains, WISC subtests, and fluid g: g theory and the relevance of Spearman’s hypothesis to race (followed by Discussion). In G. R. Bock, J. A. Goode, & K. Webb (Eds.), The nature of intelligence (Novartis Foundation Symposium 233, pp. 202–227). New York: Wiley.
14. Fox, M. C., & Charness, N. (2010). How to gain eleven IQ points in ten minutes: Thinking aloud improves Raven’s matrices performance in older adults. Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition: A Journal on Normal and Dysfunctional Development,17(2), 191–204.
15. Goldstein, S., Naglieri, J. A., & Ozonoff, S. (2008). Assessment of autism spectrum disorders. New York: Guilford Press.
16. Happe, F. G. (1994). Wechsler IQ profile and theory of mind in autism: a research note. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry,35(8), 1461–1471.
17. Happe, F. (1999). Autism: cognitive deficit or cognitive style? Trends Cogn Sci,3(6), 216–222.
18. Hayashi, M., Kato, M., Igarashi, K., & Kashima, H. (2008). Superior fluid intelligence in children with Asperger’s disorder. Brain and Cognition,66(3), 306–310. doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2007.09.008.
19. Heaton, P. (2009). Assessing musical skills in autistic children who are not savants. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences,364(1522), 1443–1447. doi:10.1098/rstb.2008.0327.
20. Heaton, P., Davis, R. E., & Happé, F. G. (2008). Research note: Exceptional absolute pitch perception for spoken words in an able adult with autism. Neuropsychologia, 46(7), 2095–2098.
21. Hobson, P. (2002). The cradle of thought: Exploring the origins of thinking. London: Macmillan.
22. Jones, C. R., Happe, F., Golden, H., Marsden, A. J., Tregay, J., Simonoff, E., et al. (2009). Reading and arithmetic in adolescents with autism spectrum disorders: Peaks and dips in attainment. Neuropsychology,23(6), 718–728. doi:10.1037/a0016360.
23. Joseph, R. M. (2011). The significiance of IQ and differential cognitive abilities. In D. A. Fein (Ed.), The neuropsychology of autism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
24. Just, M. A., Cherkassky, V. L., Keller, T. A., & Minshew, N. J. (2004). Cortical activation and synchronization during sentence comprehension in high-functioning autism: Evidence of underconnectivity. Brain,127(Pt 8), 1811–1821. doi:10.1093/brain/awh199awh199.
25. Just, M. A., Keller, T. A., Malave, V. L., Kana, R. K., & Varma, S. (2012). Autism as a neural systems disorder: A theory of frontal-posterior underconnectivity. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews,36(4), 1292–1313.
26. Kane, M. J., & Engle, R. W. (2002). The role of prefrontal cortex in working-memory capacity, executive attention, and general fluid intelligence: An individual-differences perspective. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review,9(4), 637–671.
27. Koshino, H., Carpenter, P. A., Minshew, N. J., Cherkassky, V. L., Keller, T. A., & Just, M. A. (2005). Functional connectivity in an fMRI working memory task in high-functioning autism. Neuroimage,24(3), 810–821. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.09.028.
28. Lord, C., Rutter, M., DiLavore, P. C., & Risi, S. (1999). Autism diagnostic observation schedule. Los Angeles: Western Psychological Services.
29. Lord, C., Rutter, M., & Le Couteur, A. (1994). Autism Diagnosis Interview-Revised: A revised version of a diagnostic interview for caregivers of individuals with possible pervasive developmental disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,24, 659–685.
30. Mackintosh, N. (2011). IQ and human intelligence. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
31. Mayes, S., & Calhoun, S. (2008). WISC-IV and WIAT-II profiles in children with high-functioning autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,38(3), 428–439. doi:10.1007/s10803-007-0410-4.
32. Miller, L. (1989). Musical savants: Exceptional skill in the mentally retarded. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
33. Mottron, L. (2004). Matching strategies in cognitive research with individuals with high-functioning autism: Current practices, instrument biases, and recommendations. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,34(1), 19–27.
34. Mottron, L., Bouvet, L., Bonnel, A., Samson, F., Burack, J. A., Dawson, M., et al. (2013). Veridical mapping in the development of exceptional autistic abilities. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews,37(2), 209–228. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.11.016.
35. Mottron, L., Dawson, M., & Soulières, I. (2009). Enhanced perception in savant syndrome: Patterns, structure and creativity. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences,364(1522), 1385–1391. doi:10.1098/rstb.2008.0333.
36. Mottron, L., Dawson, M., Soulieres, I., Hubert, B., & Burack, J. (2006). Enhanced perceptual functioning in autism: An update, and eight principles of autistic perception. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,36(1), 27–43. doi:10.1007/s10803-005-0040-7.
37. Nader, A. M., Jelenic, P., & Soulières, I. (2012). Cognitive profile in autistic versus Asperger children: A comparison of WISC-III and WISC-IV profiles. International Meeting for Autism Research.
38. Neisser, U. (Ed.) (1998). Introduction: Rising test scores and what they mean. In The rising curve: Long-term gains in IQ and related measures (pp. 3–22). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
39. Oliveras-Rentas, R., Kenworthy, L., Roberson, R, I. I. I., Martin, A., & Wallace, G. (2012). WISC-IV profile in high-functioning autism spectrum disorders: Impaired processing speed is associated with increased autism communication symptoms and decreased adaptive communication abilities. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,42(5), 655–664. doi:10.1007/s10803-011-1289-7.
40. Pring, L. (2008). Memory characteristics in individuals with savant skills. In J. Boucher & D. Bowler (Eds.), Memory in autism: Theory and practice (pp. 210–230). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
41. Raven, J., Raven, J. C., & Court, J. H. (1998). Raven manual: Section 3. Standard progressive matrices. Oxford: Oxford Psychologists Press.
42. Samson, F., Mottron, L., Soulières, I., & Zeffiro, T. A. (2012). Enhanced visual functioning in autism: An ALE meta-analysis. Human Brain Mapping,33(7), 1553–1581.
43. Shah, A., & Frith, U. (1993). Why do autistic individuals show superior performance on the block design task? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry,34(8), 1351–1364.
44. Sinclair, J. (1999). Why I dislike “person first” language. Retrieved from http://web.archive.org/web/20090210190652/http://web.syr.edu/jisincla/person_first.htm.
45. Snow, R. E., Kyllonen, P. C., & Marshalek, B. (1984). The topography of ability and learning correlations. Advances in the Psychology of Human Intelligence,2, 47–103.
46. Soulières, I., Dawson, M., Gernsbacher, M. A., & Mottron, L. (2011). The level and nature of autistic intelligence II: What about Asperger syndrome? PLoS ONE,6(9), e25372. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0025372.
47. Soulieres, I., Dawson, M., Samson, F., Barbeau, E. B., Sahyoun, C. P., Strangman, G. E., et al. (2009). Enhanced visual processing contributes to matrix reasoning in autism. Human Brain Mapping,. doi:10.1002/hbm.20831.
48. Stevenson, J. L., & Gernsbacher, M. A. (2013). Abstract spatial reasoning as an autistic strength. PLoS ONE,8(3), e59329.
49. Unsworth, N., & Engle, R. W. (2005). Working memory capacity and fluid abilities: Examining the correlation between Operation Span and Raven. Intelligence,33(1), 67–81.
50. Vivanti, G., Barbaro, J., Hudry, K., Dissanayake, C., & Prior, M. (2013). Intellectual development in autism spectrum disorders: New insights from longitudinal studies. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 7, 354. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00354.
51. Wechsler, D. (1991). Wechsler intelligence scale for children, 3rd edition (WISC-III). San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.
52. Wechsler, D. (2003). Wechsler intelligence scale for children, 4th edition (WISC-IV). San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.
53. Williams, E., Thomas, K., Sidebotham, H., & Emond, A. (2008). Prevalence and characteristics of autistic spectrum disorders in the ALSPAC cohort. Developmental Medecine and Child Neurology,50(9), 672–677. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8749.2008.03042.x.