Memory for flip-flopping: Detection and recollection of political contradictions

Memory and Cognition

Volumn 42, Issue 7, 2014, Pages 1198-1210

  Putnam, Adam L ^a   Wahlheim, Christopher N ^a   Jacoby, Larry L ^a  

^a WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Change detection; Contradiction; Politics; Proactive interference; Recursive reminding

Indexed keywords

ADULT; HUMAN; PHYSIOLOGY; POLITICS; RECALL; YOUNG ADULT;

ADULT; HUMANS; MENTAL RECALL; POLITICS; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84907690088     PISSN: 0090502X     EISSN: 15325946     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3758/s13421-014-0419-9     Document Type: Article

References (36)

1. Anderson, J. J. (2011). The Romneycare bout. The Weekly Standard. Retrieved from www.weeklystandard.com/blogs/romneycare-bout_598289.html?page=1
2. Anderson, M. C., & Neely, J. H. (1996). Interference and inhibition in memory retrieval. In E. L. Bjork & R. A. Bjork (Eds.), Memory (pp. 237–313). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
3. Asch, S. E. (1969). A reformulation of the problem of associations. American Psychologist, 24, 92–102. doi:10.1037/h0027121
4. Bates, D., Maechler, M., Bolker, B., & Walker, S. (2014). lme4: Linear mixed-effects models using Eigen and S4. [R package version 1.0-6]. Retrieved from http://CRAN.R-project.org/package=lme4
5. Benjamin, A. S., & Tullis, J. (2010). What makes distributed practice effective? Cognitive Psychology, 61, 228–247. doi:10.1016/j.cogpsych.2010.05.004
6. Bottoms, H. C., Eslick, A. N., & Marsh, E. J. (2010). Memory and the Moses illusion: Failures to detect contradictions with stored knowledge yield negative memorial consequences. Memory, 18, 670–678. doi:10.1080/09658211.2010.501558
7. Butler, A. C., Zaromb, F. M., Lyle, K. B., & Roediger, H. L., III. (2009). Using popular films to enhance classroom learning: The good, the bad, and the interesting. Psychological Science, 20, 1161–1168. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02410.x
8. Cialdini, R. B. (1993). Influence. New York, NY: Quill William Morrow.
9. Geraghty, J. (2008). Measuring the flip-flops. National Review Online. Retrieved from www.nationalreview.com
10. Greene, E., Flynn, M. S., & Loftus, E. F. (1982). Inducing resistance to misleading information. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 21, 207–219. doi:10.1016/S0022-5371(82)90571-0
11. Hintzman, D. L. (2011). Research strategy in the study of memory: Fads, fallacies, and the search for the “coordinates of truth.”. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 6, 253–271. doi:10.1177/1745691611406924
12. Jacoby, L. L. (1974). The role of mental contiguity in memory: Registration and retrieval effects. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 13, 483–496. doi:10.1016/S0022-5371(74)80001-0
13. Jacoby, L. L., & Wahlheim, C. N. (2013). On the importance of looking back: The role of recursive remindings in recency judgments and cued recall. Memory & Cognition, 41, 625–637. doi:10.3758/s13421-013-0298-5
14. Jacoby, L. L., Wahlheim, C. N., & Yonelinas, A. P. (2013). The role of detection and recollection of change in list differentiation. Memory & Cognition, 41, 638–649. doi:10.3758/s13421-013-0313-x
15. Lodge, M., Steenbergen, M. R., & Brau, S. (1995). The responsive voter: Campaign information and the dynamics of candidate evaluation. American Political Science Review, 89, 309–326. doi:10.2307/2082427
16. Loftus, E. F. (1977). Shifting human color memory. Memory & Cognition, 5, 696–699. doi:10.3758/BF03197418
17. Loftus, E. F. (1979). Reactions to blatantly contradictory information. Memory & Cognition, 7, 368–374. doi:10.3758/BF03196941
18. Loftus, E. F. (1992). When a lie becomes memory’s truth: Memory distortion after exposure to misinformation. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 1, 121–123. doi:10.1111/1467-8721.ep10769035
19. Loftus, E. F. (2005). Planting misinformation in the human mind: A 30-year investigation of the malleability of memory. Learning and Memory, 12, 361–366. doi:10.1101/lm.94705
20. Loftus, E. F., Miller, D. G., & Burns, H. J. (1978). Semantic integration of verbal information into a visual memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 4, 19–31. doi:10.1037/0278-7393.4.1.19
21. Macmillan, N. A., & Creelman, C. D. (2005). Detection theory: A user’s guide (2nd ed.). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
22. Metcalfe, J. (1990). Composite holographic associative recall model (CHARM) and blended memories in eyewitness testimony. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 119, 145–160. doi:10.1037/0096-3445.119.2.145
23. Morris, E. (2005, January 18). Where’s the rest of him? The New York Times. Retrieved from www.nytimes.com
24. Otero, J., & Kintsch, W. (1992). Failures to detect contradictions in a text: What readers believe versus what they read. Psychological Science, 3, 229–235. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.1992.tb00034.x
25. Pew Research Center (2010, November 18). Public knows basic facts about politics, economics, but struggles with specifics: Few aware of inflation rate or TARP and deficit specifics. Retrieved from www.pewresearch.org/2010/11/18/public-knows-basic-facts-about-politics-economics-but-struggles-with-specifics/
26. R Development Core Team. (2013). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Retrieved from www.R-project.org/
27. Redlawsk, D. P. (2001). You must remember this: A test of the on-line model of voting. The Journal of Politics, 63, 29–58. doi:10.1111/0022-3816.00058
28. Ross, D. F., Ceci, S. J., Dunning, D., & Toglia, M. P. (1994). Unconscious transference and lineup identification: Toward a memory blending approach. In D. F. Ross, J. D. Read, & M. P. Toglia (Eds.), Adult eyewitness testimony: Current trends and developments (pp. 80–100). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
29. Safire, W. (1988, March 13). On language; phantom of the phrases. New York Times. Retrieved from www.nytimes.com
30. Sahakyan, L., & Kelley, C. M. (2002). A contextual change account of the directed forgetting effect. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 28, 1064–1072. doi:10.1037/0278-7393.28.6.1064
31. Trumble, D. (2012, November 7). Romney lost because he was too damn good at running.. against himself. The Huffington Post. Retrieved from www.huffingtonpost.com
32. Umanath, S., Butler, A. C., & Marsh, E. J. (2012). Positive and negative effects of monitoring popular films for historical inaccuracies. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 26, 556–567. doi:10.1002/acp.2827
33. Umanath, S., & Marsh, E. J. (2012). Aging and the memorial consequences of catching contradictions with prior knowledge. Psychology and Aging, 27, 1033–1038. doi:10.1037/a0027242
34. Wahlheim, C. N. (2014). Proactive effects of memory in young and older adults: The role of change recollection. Memory & Cognition. doi:10.3758/s13421-014-0411-4
35. Wahlheim, C. N., & Jacoby, L. L. (2013). Remembering change: The critical role of recursive remindings in proactive effects of memory. Memory & Cognition, 41, 1–15. doi:10.3758/s13421-012-0246-9
36. Wahlheim, C. N., Maddox, G. B., & Jacoby, L. L. (2014). The role of reminding in the effects of spaced repetitions on cued recall: Sufficient but not necessary. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 40, 94–105. doi:10.1037/a0034055