Aerodynamic Impact of Tractor-Trailer in Drafting Configuration

SAE International Journal of Commercial Vehicles

Volumn 7, Issue 2, 2014, Pages 619-625

  Smith, Jeff ^a   Mihelic, Rick ^a   Gifford, Brandon ^b   Ellis, Matthew ^b  

^a Peterbilt   (United States)

^b EXA CORPORATION   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS; ROAD VEHICLES; ROADS AND STREETS; TRACTORS (AGRICULTURAL); TRACTORS (TRUCK); TWO PHASE FLOW; WIND TUNNELS;

AERODYNAMIC ANALYSIS; AERODYNAMIC INTERACTIONS; LATTICE BOLTZMANN METHOD; ON-ROAD TESTING; PHYSICAL TESTING; SEPARATION DISTANCES; TRAFFIC INTERACTIONS; VEHICLE INTERACTIONS;

AERODYNAMIC CONFIGURATIONS;

EID: 84907611588     PISSN: 1946391X     EISSN: 19463928     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.4271/2014-01-2436     Document Type: Article

References (38)

1. Hucho, W-H. et al., “Aerodynamics of Road Vehicles(Fourth Edition)”, ISBN: 0-7680-0029-7,1998.
2. Patten, J., McAuliffe, E., Mayda, W., and Tanguay, B, “Review of Aerodynamic Drag Reduction Devices for Heavy Trucks and Buses”, National Research Council Canada NRC Technical Report CSTT-HVC-TR-205, 2012.
3. NACFE, “CR England Peloton Technology Platooning Test Nov 2013”, North American Council on Fuel Economy NACFE Michael Roeth letter to Josh Switkes, Peloton, http://nacfe.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/CR-England.pdf, Dec. 2013
4. McCallen, R., Salari, K., Ortega, J., Castellucci, P., et. al., “Aerodynamic Design of Heavy Vehicles Reporting Period January 15, 2004 through April 15, 2004”, U.S. Department of Energy DOE Report UCLR-TR-203795, 2003.
5. Stanford University, “Reducing Aerodynamic Drag and Fuel Consumption,” Fred Browand presented at Stanford University Global Climate and Energy (GCEP) Advanced Transportation Workshop, https://gcep.stanford.edu/pdfs/ChEHeXOTnf3dHH5qjYRXMA/10_Browand_10_11_trans.pdf, Oct. 10-11, 2005.
6. Alam, Al A., Gattami, A., Johansson, K., “An Experimental Study on the Fuel Reduction Potential of Heavy Duty Vehicle Platooning,” presented at 13th International IEEE Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITTSC), 2010, doi:10.1109/ITSC.2010.5625054.
7. Bogdan, M., Browand, F., “The Aerodynamic Forces on Misaligned Platoons,” California PATH Research Report UCB-ITS-PRR-98-4, 1998, ISSN:1055-1425.
8. Gateway Cities Council of Governments,” Gateway Cities Technology Plan for Goods Movement Task 1:Background Research,” Cambridge Systematics Inc., paper submitted to Los Angeles Metropolitan Transportation Authority & Gateway Cities Council of Governments, http://www.gatewaycog.org/download/ITS%20Background%20Research/Gateway%20Cities%20ITS%20Plan%20Background%20Research%20Report.pdf, Mar. 2012.
9. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Cambridge Systematics Inc., et. al., “Separation of Vehicles - CMV Only Lanes,” National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Report 649 and National Cooperative Freight Research Program (NCFRP) Report 3, 2010, ISBN 978-0-309-15475-8
10. FleetOwner Magazine, “Volvo Trucks Leads First Successful “Platooning” Test,” Brian Straight,,http://fleetowner.com/trucking_around_world/archive/truck-platooning-test-0124, 24-Jan., 2011.
11. Recovery Act - Systems Level Technology Development, Integration, and Demonstration for Efficient Class 8 Trucks (SuperTruck) and Advanced Technology Powertrains For Light-Duty Vehicles (ATP-LD) Funding Opportunity: DE-FOA-0000079 - Cooperative Agreement number DE-EE0003403.
12. Romberg, G., Chianese, F., Lajoie, R., “Aerodynamics of Race Cars in Drafting and Passing Situations,” SAE Paper 1971-02-01, 1972, doi:10.4271/710213
13. Nørstrud, H., et. al., “Sport Aerodynamics,” CISM International Centre for Mechanical Sciences Volume 506 2008, ISBN: 978-3-211-89296-1 doi:10.1007/978-3-211- 89297-8
14. Defraeye, T., Blocken, B., Koninckx, E., Hespel, P., et.al., “Aerodynamic study of different cyclist positions: CFD analysis and full-scale wind-tunnel tests,” Journal of biomechanics (Impact Factor: 2.66). 02/2010; 43(7):1262-8. doi:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2010.01.025
15. Hay, G. and Passman, R., “Wake Turbulence Training Aid”, US Department of Transportation DOT Report, DOT-VNTSC-FAA-95-4, 1995.
16. Leuschen, J., “Considerations for the Wind Tunnel Simulation of Tractor-Trailer Combinations: Correlation of Full- and Half-Scale Measurements,” SAE Int. J. Commer. Veh. 6(2):529-538, 2013, doi:10.4271/2013-01-2456.
17. Ortega J., Salari K., Brown A., Schoon R., “Aerodynamic drag reduction of class 8 heavy vehicles: a full-scale wind tunnel study”. LLNL-TR-628153, March 19, 2013
18. Wood, R., “A Review of Reynolds Number Effects on the Aerodynamics of Commercial Ground Vehicles,” SAE Int. J. Commer. Veh. 5(2):628-639, 2012, doi:10.4271/2012-01-2045.
19. Walter, J., Bordner, J., Nelson, B., Boram, A., “The Windshear Rolling Road Wind Tunnel”, SAE Paper 2012- 04-16, 2012, doi:10.4271/2012-01-0300
20. McArthur, D., Burton, D., Thompson, M., and Sheridan, J., “Development of a Wind Tunnel Test Section for Evaluation of Heavy Vehicle Aerodynamic Drag at Scale of 1:3,” SAE Technical Paper 2013-01-2455, 2013, doi:10.4271/2013-01-2455.
21. SAE International Surface Vehicle Recommended Practice, “Wind Tunnel Test Procedure for Trucks and Buses”, SAE Standard J1252, Rev. Jul. 2012.
22. SAE International Surface Vehicle Recommended Practice, “Road Load Measurement and Dynamometer Simulation Using Coastdown Techniques,” SAE Standard J1263, Rev. Mar. 2010.
23. SAE International Surface Vehicle Recommended Practice, “Road Load Measurement Using Onboard Anemometry and Coastdown Techniques,” SAE Standard J2263, Rev. Dec. 2008.
24. SAE International Surface Vehicle Recommended Practice, “Fuel Consumption Test Procedure - Type II,” SAE Standard J1321, Rev. Feb. 2012.
25. Truck Maintenance Council Recommended Practice, “Type IV Fuel Economy Test Procedure,” RP-1109B, Original issue Mar. 1996.
26. Leuschen, J., “The Effects of Ground Simulation on Tractor-Trailer Combinations,” SAE Int. J. Commer. Veh. 6(2):510-521, 2013, doi:10.4271/2013-01-2454.
27. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, “Transportation Energy Data Book: Edition 31,” http://info.ornl.gov/sites/publications/files/Pub37730.pdf, July 2012
28. Rocky Mountain InstituteOgburn Michael, “Transformational Trucks: Determining the Energy Efficiency Limits of a Class-8 Tractor-Trailer”, et. al. white paper T08-1, http://www.rmi.org/Knowledge-Center/Library/T08-08_TransformationalTrucksEnergyEfficiency, July 2008
29. DOE SuperTruck Annual Merit Review, Project ID: ARRAVT081, http://www4.eere.energy.gov/vehiclesandfuels/resources/merit-review/sites/default/files/arravt081_vss_damon_2013_o.pdf, May 2013.
30. Wood, R., Bauer, S., “Simple and Low-Cost Aerodynamic Drag Reduction Devices for Tractor-Trailer Trucks”, SAE Paper 2003-01-3377, 2003, doi:10.4271/2003-01-3377.
31. Cooper, K. and Watkins, S., “The Unsteady Wind Environment of Road Vehicles, Part One: A Review of the On-road Turbulent Wind Environment,” SAE Technical Paper 2007-01-1236, 2007, doi:10.4271/2007-01-1236.
32. Watkins, S. and Cooper, K., “The Unsteady Wind Environment of Road Vehicles, Part Two: Effects on Vehicle Development and Simulation of Turbulence,” SAE Technical Paper 2007-01-1237, 2007, doi:10.4271/2007-01-1237.
33. Cummins Inc., “Cummins MPG Guide - Secrets of Better Fuel Economy The Physics of MPG”, Hugh Vandivier white paper, http://cumminsengines.com/uploads/docs/Secrets%20of%20Better%20Fuel%20Economy_whitepaper.pdf, Nov. 2010
34. Kotapati, R., Keating, A., Kandasamy, S., Duncan, B. et al., “The Lattice-Boltzmann-VLES Method for Automotive Fluid Dynamics Simulation, a Review,” SAE Technical Paper 2009-26-0057, 2009, doi:10.4271/2009-26-0057.
35. Heinecke, M., Beedy, J., Horrigan, K., and Sengupta, R., “Aerodynamic Study of a Production Tractor Trailer Combination using Simulation and Wind Tunnel Methods,” SAE Technical Paper 2010-01-2040, 2010, doi:10.4271/2010-01-2040.
36. Horrigan, K., Duncan, B., Keating, A., Gupta, A. et al., “Aerodynamic Simulations of a Generic Tractor-Trailer: Validation and Analysis of Unsteady Aerodynamics,” SAE Technical Paper 2008-01-2612, 2008, doi:10.4271/2008-01-2612.
37. United States Environmental Protection Agency, “Greenhouse Gas Emissions Standards and Fuel Efficiency Standards for Medium- and Heavy-Duty Engines and Vehicles,” 40 CFR § 1037.521 Aerodynamic Measurements, Federal Register Volume 76, No. 179, Page 57415, September 15, 2011.
38. SAE International Surface Vehicle Recommended Practice, “Guidelines for Aerodynamic Assessment of Medium and Heavy Vehicle Commercial Ground Vehicles Using Computation Fluid Dynamics,” SAE Standard J2966, Issued Sep. 2013.