Terrestrial and submarine evidence for the extent and timing of the Last Glacial Maximum and the onset of deglaciation on the maritime-Antarctic and sub-Antarctic islands

Quaternary Science Reviews

Volumn 100, Issue , 2014, Pages 137-158

  Hodgson, Dominic A ^a,c   Graham, Alastair G C ^b   Roberts, Stephen J ^a   Bentley, Michael J ^c   Cofaigh, Colm O ^c   Verleyen, Elie ^d   Vyverman, Wim ^d   Jomelli, Vincent ^e   Favier, Vincent ^f   Brunstein, Daniel ^e   Verfaillie, Deborah ^f   Colhoun, Eric A ^g   Saunders, Krystyna M ^h   Selkirk, Patricia M ⁱ   Mackintosh, Andrew ^j   Hedding, David W ^k   Nel, Werner ^l   Hall, Kevin ^m   McGlone, Matt S ⁿ   Van der Putten, Nathalie ^o   Dickens, William A ^a   Smith, James A ^a   more..

^a BRITISH ANTARCTIC SURVEY   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF EXETER   (United Kingdom)

^c DURHAM UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^d GHENT UNIVERSITY   (Belgium)

^e UNIVERSITÉ PARIS 1 PANTHÉON SORBONNE   (France)

^f LABORATOIRE DE GLACIOLOGIE ET GÉOPHYSIQUE DE L ENVIRONNEMENT   (France)

^g UNIVERSITY OF NEWCASTLE   (Australia)

^h UNIVERSITY OF BERN   (Switzerland)

ⁱ MACQUARIE UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^j VICTORIA UNIVERSITY OF WELLINGTON   (New Zealand)

^k UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AFRICA   (South Africa)

^l UNIVERSITY OF FORT HARE   (South Africa)

^m UNIVERSITY OF NORTHERN BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

ⁿ LANDCARE RESEARCH   (New Zealand)

^o LUND UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

more..

Author keywords

Antarctic ice sheet; Climate; Deglaciation; Maritime Antarctica glaciation; Quaternary; Sub Antarctica

Indexed keywords

GLACIAL GEOLOGY; GLACIERS; ISOTOPES; SUBMARINES;

ANTARCTIC ICE SHEETS; CLIMATE; DEGLACIATIONS; MARITIME ANTARCTICA; QUATERNARY; SUB-ANTARCTICA;

ICE;

CONTINENTAL SHELF; COSMOGENIC RADIONUCLIDE; DEGLACIATION; GLACIAL HISTORY; GLACIER DYNAMICS; ICE SHEET; LAST GLACIAL MAXIMUM; PALEOCLIMATE; RADIOCARBON DATING;

ANTARCTIC ICE SHEET; ANTARCTICA; SOUTHERN OCEAN;

EID: 84907596396     PISSN: 02773791     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2013.12.001     Document Type: Article

References (169)

1. Adamson D.A., Selkirk P.M., Colhoun E.A. Landforms of aeolian, tectonic and marine origin in the Bauer Bay-Sandy Bay region of subantarctic Macquarie Island. Pap. Proc. R. Soc. Tasmania. 1988, 122(1):65-82.
2. Adamson D.A., Selkirk P.M., Price D.M., Ward N., Selkirk J.M. Pleistocene uplift and palaeoenvironments of Macquarie Island: evidence from palaeobeaches and sedimentary deposits. Pap. Proc. R. Soc. Tasmania. 1996, 130(2):25-32.
3. Anderson R.S., Dühnforth M., Colgan W., Anderson L. Far-flung moraines: exploring the feedback of glacial erosion on the evolution of glacier length. Geomorphology 2012, 179:269-285.
4. Aldiss D.T., Edwards E.J. The Geology of the Falkland Islands 1999, British Geological Survey Technical Report. WC/99/10.
5. Allen C.S., Smellie J.L. Volcanic features and hydrological setting of southern Thule, south Sandwich islands. Antarct. Sci. 2008, 20(3):301-308.
6. Allen C.S., Pike J., Pudsey C.J. Last glacial-interglacial sea-ice cover in the SW Atlantic and its potential role in global deglaciation. Quat. Sci. Rev. 2011, 30(19-20):2446-2458.
7. Arnaud F., Révillon S., Poulenard J., Boone D., Heirman K. First reconstruction of last millennium flooding activity on Kerguelen archipelago (50°S, sub-Antarctic Indian Ocean) from Lake Armor sediment: implications for southern hemisphere cyclonic circulation changes. Geophys. Res. Abs. 2009, 11:10436.
8. Aubert de la Rue E. Remarques sur la disparition des glaciers de la Peninsule Courbet (Archipel de Kerguelen). Terres Austr. Antarct. Franç. Paris 1967, 40:3-19.
9. Balco G. Asurprisingly large marine ice cap at Heard Island during the Last Glacial Maximum?. Antarctica: A Keystone in a Changing World - Online Proceedings of the 10th ISAES 2007, USGS Open-File Report 2007-1047. A.K. Cooper, C.R. Raymond (Eds.).
10. Balco G., Stone J., Lifton N., Dunai T. Asimple, internally consistent, and easily accessible means of calculating surface exposure ages and erosion rates from Be-10 and Al-26 measurements. Quat. Geochronol. 2008, 3:174-195.
11. Barnes D.K.A., Hodgson D.A., Convey P., Allen C.S., Clarke A. Incursion and excursion of Antarctic biota: past, present and future. Global Ecol. Biogeogr. 2006, 15:121-142.
12. Barrow C.J. Postglacial pollen diagrams from South Georgia (sub-Antarctic) and West Falkland Island (South Atlantic). J.Biogeogr. 1978, 5:251-274.
13. Beaman R.J., O'Brien P.E. Kerguelen Plateau Bathymetric Grid, November 2010, Record 2011/22 2011, 18. Geoscience Australia, Canberra, Australia.
14. Bellair P. Un exemple de glaciation aberrante, les Iles Kerguelen. Com. Natl. Franc. Rech. Antarc. 1965, 11:1-27.
15. Bennett K.D., Gribnitz K.H., Kent L.E. Pollen analysis of a Quaternary peat sequence on Gough Island, South Atlantic. New. Phytol. 1989, 113:417-422.
16. Bentley M.J., Anderson J.B. Glacial and marine geological evidence for the ice sheet configuration in the Weddell Sea-Antarctic Peninsula region during the last glacial maximum. Antarct. Sci. 1998, 10:309-325.
17. Bentley M.J., Evans D.J.A., Fogwill C.J., Hansom J.D., Sugden D.E., Kubik P.W. Glacial geomorphology and chronology of deglaciation, South Georgia, sub-Antarctic. Quat. Sci. Rev. 2007, 26(5-6):644-677.
18. Berthier E., Le Bris R., Mabileau L., Testut L., Remy F. Ice wastage on the Kerguelen Islands (49 degrees S, 69 degrees E) between 1963 and 2006. J.Geophys. Res. Earth Surface 2009, 114. 10.1029/2008JF001192.
19. Björck S., Malmer N., Hjort C., Sandgren P., Ingólfsson O., Wallen B., Smith R.I.L., Jonsson B.L. Stratigraphic and paleoclimatic studies of a 5500-year-old moss bank on Elephant Island, Antarctica. Arct. Alp. Res. 1991, 23(4):361-374.
20. Björck S., Rundgren M., Ljung K., Unkel I., Wallin Å. Multi-proxy analyses of a peatbog on Isla de los Estados, easternmost Tierra del Fuego: a unique record of the variable Southern Hemisphere Westerlies since the last deglaciation. Quat. Sci. Rev. 2012, 42:1-14.
21. Blunier T., Chappellaz J., Schwander J., Dallenbach A., Stauffer B., Stocker T.F., Raynaud D., Jouzel J., Clausen H.B., Hammer C.U., Johnsen S.J. Asynchrony of Antarctic and Greenland climate change during the last glacial period. Nature 1998, 394(6695):739-743.
22. Boelhouwers K., Meiklejohn K.I., Holness S.D., Hedding D.W. Geology, geomorphology and climate change. The Prince Edward Islands. Land-sea Interactions in a Changing Ecosystem 2008, 65-96. Sun Press, Stellenbosch, South Africa. S.L. Chown, P.W. Froneman (Eds.).
23. Bougère J. Dynamique actuelle à Ile de la Possession (Archipel de Crozet): Substitution de processus geomorphologiques 1992, (PhD thesis), l'Univerisité de Nice Sophia Antipolis, Reúnion.
24. Campbell I.B. Soil pattern of Campbell Island. N. Z. J. Sci. 1981, 24:111-135.
25. Camps P., Henry B., Prévot M., Faynot L. Geomagnetic palaeosecular variation recorded in Plio-Pleistocene volcanic rocks from Possession Island (Crozet Archipelago, southern Indian Ocean). J.Geophys. Res. 2001, 106(B2):1961-1971.
26. Carmichael N. Macquarie Island, its conservation and management. Pap. Proc. R. Soc. Tasmania. 2007, 141(1):11-17.
27. Chen J.L., Wilson C.R., Blankenship D.D., Tapley B.D. Antarctic mass rates from GRACE. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2006, 33:L11502.
28. Chevallier L. Carte géologique au 1:50 000. Archipe! Crozet, Ile de la Possession. Com. Natl. Franç. Rech. Antarc. 1981, 50:16.
29. Chown S.L., Froneman P.W. The Prince Edward Islands: Land Sea Interactions in a Changing Ecosystem 2008, 470. African Sun Media, Stellenbosch, South Africa.
30. Clapperton C.M. Evidence of cirque glaciation in the Falkland Islands. J.Glaciol. 1971, 10(58):121-125.
31. Clapperton C.M. Geomorphology of the Stromness Bay-Cumberland Bay area, South Georgia. Br. Antarct. Surv. Sci. Rep 1971, 70.
32. Clapperton C.M., Sugden D.E. The maximum extent of glaciers in part of West Falkland. J.Glaciol. 1976, 17(75):73-77.
33. Clapperton C.M., Sugden D.E., Birnie R.V., Hansom J.D., Thom G. Glacier fluctuations in South Georgia in comparison with other island groups in the Scotia Sea. Antarctic Glacial History and World Palaeoenvironments 1978, 95-104. A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam. E.M. Van Zinderen Bakker (Ed.).
34. Clapperton C.M., Sugden D.E. Holocene glacier fluctuations in South America and Antarctica. Quat. Sci. Rev. 1988, 7:185-198.
35. Clapperton C.M., Sugden D.E., Birnie J., Wilson M.J. Later-Glacial and Holocene glacier fluctuations and environmental change on South Georgia, Southern Ocean. Quat. Res. 1989, 31:210-228.
36. Clapperton C.M. Quaternary glaciations in the Southern Ocean and Antarctic Peninsula area. Quat. Sci. Rev. 1990, 9(2-3):229-252.
37. Clark R., Huber U.M., Wilson P. Late Pleistocene sedments and environmental change at Plaza Creek, Falkland Islands, South Atlantic. J.Quat. Sci. 1998, 13:95-105.
38. Clarke A., Barnes D.K.A., Hodgson D.A. How isolated is Antarctica?. Trends. Ecol. Evol. 2005, 20(1):1-3.
39. Cogley G.J., Berthier E., Donoghue S. Glaciers of the Subantarctic Islands 2010, Global Land Ice Measurements from Space, Chapter 37B.
40. 14C dates and the raised marine terrace of Macquarie Island; some comments. Search 1973, 4(11-12):499-501.
41. Colhoun E.A., Goede A. Areconnaissance survey of the glaciation of Macquarie Island. Pap. Proc. R. Soc. Tasmania. 1974, 108:1-19.
42. Collins L.G., Pike J., Allen C.S., Hodgson D.A. High resolution reconstruction of southwest Atlantic sea-ice and its role in the carbon cycle during marine isotope stages 3 and 2. Palaeoceanography 2012, 27:PA3217. 10.1029/2011PA002264.
43. Convey P., Gibson J.A.E., Hillenbrand C.-D., Hodgson D.A., Pugh P.J.A., Smellie J.L., Stevens M.I. Antarctic terrestrial life - challenging the history of the frozen continent?. Biol. Rev. 2008, 83:103-117.
44. Cook A.J., Poncet S., Cooper A.P.R., Herbert D.J., Christie D. Glacier retreat on South Georgia and implications for the spread of rats. Antarct. Sci. 2010, 22(3):255-263.
45. Crohn P.W. The geology and geomorphology of Macquarie Island with special emphasis on heavy metal trace element distribution. ANARE Res. Note 1986, 39:28.
46. Fenton J.H.C. The formation of vertical edges on Antarctic moss peat banks. Arctic Antar. Alp. Res. 1982, 14(1):21-26.
47. Fenton J.H.C., Smith R.I.L. Distribution, composition and general characteristics of the moss banks of the maritime Antarctic. Br. Antarct. Surv. Bull. 1983, 51:215-236.
48. Fleming C.A., Mildenhall D.C., Moar N.T. Quaternary sediments and plant microfossils from Enderby Islands, Auckland Islands. J.R. Soc. N. Z. 1976, 6:433-458.
49. Fraser C.I., Nikula R., Ruzzante D.E., Waters J.M. Poleward bound: biological impacts of Southern Hemisphere glaciation. Trends. Ecol. Evol. 2012, 27(8). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2012.04.011.
50. Frenot Y., Gloaguen J.C., Picot G., Bougère J., Benjamin D. Azorella selago Hook. used to estimate glacier fluctuations and climatic history in the Kerguelen Islands over the last two centuries. Oecologia 1993, 95:140-144.
51. Frenot Y., Gloaguen J.C., Tréhen P. Climate change in Kerguelen islands and colonization of recently deglaciated areas by Poa kerguelensis and Poa annua. Antarctic Communities: Species, Structure and Survival 1997, 358-366. Cambridge University Press. F. Battaglia, J. Valencia, D.W.H. Walton (Eds.).
52. Frenot Y., Gloaguen J.C., Van De Vijver B., Beyens L. Datation de quelques sédiments tourbeux holocènes et oscillations glaciaires aux Iles Kerguelen. C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris 1997, 320:567-573.
53. Fretwell P.T., Tate A.J., Deen T.J., Belchier M. Compilation of a new bathymetric dataset of South Georgia. Antarct. Sci. 2009, 21(2):171-174.
54. Giret A. Notice de la Carte Géologique au 1/50 000 de l'Ile de la Possession, Iles Crozet. Com. Natl. Franç. Rech. Arct. Antarct. 1987, 58:17-41.
55. Giret P.A., Weis D., Zhou X., Cottin J.-Y., Tourpin S. Les Ies Crozet. Géologues 2003, 137:15-23.
56. Golledge N.R., Fogwill C.J., Mackintosh A.M., Buckley K.M. Dynamics of the Last Glacial Maximum Antarctic ice-sheet and its response to ocean forcing. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2012, 10.1073/pnas.1205385109.
57. González-Wevar C.A., Saucède T., Morley S.A., Chown S.L., Poulin E. Extinction and recolonization of maritime Antarctica in the limpet Nacella concinna (Strebel, 1908) during the last glacial cycle: toward a model of Quaternary biogeography in shallow Antarctic invertebrates. Mol. Ecol. 2013, 22(20):5221-5236.
58. Gordon J.E., Haynes V.M., Hubbard A. Recent glacier changes and climate trends on South Georgia. Global Planet Change 2008, 60(1-2):72-84.
59. Graham A.G.C., Fretwell P.T., Larter R.D., Hodgson D.A., Wilson C.K., Tate A.J., Morris P. New bathymetric compilation highlights extensive paleo-ice sheet drainage on the continental shelf, South Georgia, sub-Antarctica. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 2008, 9(13). 10.1029/2008GC001993.
60. Gribnitz K.H., Kent L.E., Dixon R.D. Volcanic ash, ash soils and the inferred Quaternary climate of sub-Antarctic Marion Island. S-Afr. Tydskr. Wet. 1986, 82:629-635.
61. Grobler G.C., Bastos A.D.S., Treasure A.M., Chown S.L. Cryptic species, biogeographic complexity and the evolutionary history of the Ectemnorhinus group in the subAntarctic, including a description of Bothrometopus huntleyi, n. sp. Antarct. Sci. 2011, 23(3):211-224.
62. Hall B.L. Holocene glacial history of Antarctica and the sub-Antarctic islands. Quat. Sci. Rev. 2009, 28:2213-2230.
63. Hall K. Some observations on the former sea levels of Marion Island. S.Afr. J. Antarct. Res. 1977, 7:19-22.
64. Hall K. Review of present and Quaternary periglacial processes and landforms of the maritime and sub-Antarctic region. S.Afr. J. Sci. 2002, 98:71-81.
65. Hall K. Quaternary glaciation of the sub-Antarctic Islands. Quaternary Glaciations - Extent and Chronology. Part III 2004, 339-352. Elsevier, Amsterdam. J.U. Ehlers, P.L. Gibbard (Eds.).
66. Hall K., Meiklejohn I., Bumby A. Marion Island (sub-Antarctic) volcanism and glaciation new findings and reconstructions. Antarct. Sci. 2011, 23(2):155-163.
67. Hall K., Meiklejohn K.I. Glaciation in southern Africa and in the sub-Antarctic. Quaternary Glaciations - Extent and Chronology: a Closer Look 2011, 1081-1085. Elsevier, Amsterdam. J. Ehlers, P.L. Gibbard, P.D. Hughes (Eds.).
68. Hall K.J. Rapid deglaciation as an initiator of volcanic activity: an hypothesis. Earth Surf. Proces. Landf. 1982, 7:45-51.
69. Hall K.J. Evidence in favour of total ice cover on sub-Antarctic Kerguelen Island during the last glacial. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 1984, 47:225-232.
70. Hansom J.D., Evans D.J.A., Sanderson D.C.W., Bingham R.G., Bentley M.J. Constraining the age and formation of stone runs in the Falkland Islands using Optically Stimulated Luminescence. Geomorphology 2008, 94:117-130.
71. Hedding D.W. Spatial inventory of landforms in the recantly exposed central highland of sub-Antarctic Marion Island. S.Afr. Geogr. J. 2008, 90(1):11-21.
72. Heirman K. AWind of Change: Changes in Position and Intensity of the Southern Hemisphere Westerlies during Oxygen Isotope Stages 3. 2 and 1 2011, (PhD thesis), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
73. Heisinger B., Lal D., Jull A.J.T., Kubik P., Ivy-Ochs S., Knie K., Nolte E. Production of selected cosmogenic radionuclides by muons: 2. Capture of negative muons. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2002, 200(3-4):357-369.
74. Heisinger B., Lal D., Jull A.J.T., Kubik P., Ivy-Ochs S., Neumaier S., Knie K., Lazarev V., Nolte E. Production of selected cosmogenic radionuclides by muons: 1. Fast muons. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2002, 200(3-4):345-355.
75. Herron M.J., Anderson J.B. Late Quaternary glacial history of the south Orkney plateau, Antarctica. Quat. Res. 1990, 33:265-275.
76. Hodgson D.A., Graham A.G.C., Griffiths H.J., Roberts S.J., Ó Cofaigh C., Bentley M.J., Evans D.J.A. Glacial history of sub-Antarctic South Georgia based on the submarine geomorphology of its fjords Quat. Sci. Rev. 2014, 89:129-147.
77. Ivins E.R., James T.S. Antarctic glacial isostatic adjustment: a new assessment. Antarct. Sci. 2005, 17(4):541-553.
78. Jacka T.H., Budd W.F., Holder A. Afurther assessment of surface temperature changes at stations in the Antarctic and Southern Ocean, 1949-2002. Ann. Glaciol. 2004, 39:331-338.
79. Johnson R.G., Andrews J.T. Glacial terminations in theoxygen isotope record of deep sea cores: hypothesis of massive Antarctic ice-shelf destruction. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 1986, 53:107-138.
80. Jones V.J., Hodgson D.A., Chepstow-Lusty A. Palaeolimnological evidence for marked Holocene environmental changes on Signy Island, Antarctica. Holocene 2000, 10(1):43-60.
81. Kaplan M.R., Hein A.S., Hubbard A. Can glacial erosion limit the extent of glaciation?. Geomorphology 2009, 103(2):172-179.
82. Kiernan K., McConnell A. Geomorphology of the sub-Antarctic Australian Territory of Heard Island-McDonald Island. Aust. Geogr. 1999, 30(2):159-195.
83. Kiernan K., McConnell A. Glacier retreat and melt-lake expansion at Stephenson Glacier, Heard Island World Heritage area. Polar. Rec. 2002, 38(207):297-308.
84. Kiernan K., McConnell A. Periglacial processes on Heard Island, southern Indian Ocean. Pap. Proc. R. Soc. Tasmania. 2008, 142(2):1-12.
85. King J.C., Turner J. Antarctic Meteorology and Climatology. Cambridge Atmospheric and Space Science Series 1997, 409. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
86. King M.A., Bingham R.J., Moore P., Whitehouse P.L., Bentley M.J., Milne G.A. Lower satellite-gravimetry estimates of Antarctic sea-level contribution. Nature 2012, 491:586-589. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature11621.
87. Lal D. Cosmic-ray labeling of erosion surfaces - in situ nuclide production-rates and erosion models. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1991, 104(2-4):424-439.
88. Leat P.T., Tate A.J., Tappin D.R., Day S.J., Owen M.J. Growth and mass wasting of volcanic centers in the northern South Sandwich arc, revealed by new multibeam mapping. Mar. Geol. 2010, 275:110-126.
89. Lebouvier M., Frenot Y. Conservation and management in the French sub-Antarctic islands and surrounding seas. Pap. Proc. R. Soc. Tasmania. 2007, 141(1):23-28.
90. Ledingham R., Peterson J.A. Raised beach deposits and the distribution of structural lineaments on Macquarie Island. Pap. Proc. R. Soc. Tasmania. 1984, 118:223-235.
91. Lee J.I., Bak Y.-S., Yoo K.-C., Lim H.S., Yoon H.I., Yoon S.H. Climate changes in the South Orkney Plateau during the last 8600 years. Holocene 2010, 20:395-404.
92. Lewis Smith R.I., Clymo R.S. An extraordinary peat-forming community on the Falkland Islands. Nature 1984, 309:617-620.
93. Löffler E., Sullivan M.E. The extent of former glaciation on Macquarie Island. Search 1980, 11:246-247.
94. Long A., Bentley M., Scaife R. Sea-level and Vegetation History of the Falkland Islands: An interim report for the Shackleton Fund 2005, Department of Geography, University of Durham, UK.
95. Lundqvist J. Notes on till and moraine formation at some Heard Island glaciers. Geogr. Anna. Ser. Phys. Geogr. 1988, 70(3):225-234.
96. Marsh P.D., Thomson J.W. Report on Antarctic fieldwork: the Scotia metamorphic complex on Elephant island and Clarence island, South Shetland Islands. Br. Antarct. Surv. Bull. 1985, 69:71-75.
97. Marshall P. Article XXIX. - the geology of Campbell island and the Snares. Based mainly on observations and collections made during an Expedition in the Government Steamer "Hinemoa" (Captain J. Bollons) in November, 1907 1909, 680-744. Philosophical Institute of Canterbury. John Mackay, Government Printer, Wellington N.Z. C. Chilton (Ed.).
98. Matthews D.W., Malling D.H. The geology of the south Orkney islands. I. Signy Island. Sci. Rep. Falkl. Islands Depend. Surv. 1967, 25:0-32.
99. Mawson D. Macquarie Island: Its Geography and Geology. Australas. Antarctic Expedition 1911-14. Scientific Reports Series A: 5 1943.
100. McCormac F., Hogg A., Blackwell P., Buck C., Higham T., Reimer P. Shcal04 southern hemisphere calibration 0-11.0 cal Kyr BP. Radiocarbon 2004, 46:1087-1092.
101. McCracken K.G., Wilson R.E., Peters J.L., Winker K., Martin A.R. Late Pleistocene colonization of south Georgia by yellow-billed pintails pre-dates the Last Glacial Maximum. J.Biogeogr. 2013, Published online: 26 JUN 2013. 10.1111/jbi.12162.
102. McDougall I., Verwoerd W., Chevallier L. K-Ar geochronology of Marion Island, southern Ocean. Geol. Mag. 2001, 138:1-17.
103. McGlone M.S., Moar N.T., Wardle P., Meurk C.D. The lateglacial and Holocene vegetation and environmental history of Campbell Island, far southern New Zealand. Holocene 1997, 7:1-12.
104. McGlone M.S., Wilmshurst J.M., Wiser S.K. Lateglacial and Holocene vegetation and climatic change on Auckland island, subantarctic New Zealand. Holocene 2000, 10(6):719-728.
105. McGlone M.S. The Late Quaternary peat, vegetation and climate history of the Southern Oceanic Islands of New Zealand. Quat. Sci. Rev. 2002, 21(4-6):683-707.
106. McGlone M.S., Turney C.S.M., Wilmshurst J.M., Renwick J., Pahnke K. Divergent trends in land and ocean temperature in the Southern Ocean over the past 18,000 years. Nat. Geosci. 2010, 10.1038/NGEO931.
107. McIvor E. Heard and McDonald islands. Pap. Proc. R. Soc. Tasmania. 2007, 141(1):7-10.
108. Mercer J. Glaciers of the Antarctic. Antarctic Map Folio Series 1967, vol. 7. American Geographical Society.
109. Mitchell N.C. Susceptibility of mid-ocean ridge volcanic islands and seamounts to large-scale landsliding. J.Geophys. Res. 2003, 108(B8):2397. 10.1029/2002JB001997.
110. Mortimer E., van Vuuren B.J. Phylogeography of Eupodes minutus (Acari: Prostigmata) on sub-Antarctic Marion Island reflects the impact of historical events. Polar. Biol. 2007, 30:471-476.
111. Mortimer E., McGeoch M.A., Daniels S.R., Jansen Van Vuuren B. Growth form and population genetic structure of Azorella selago on subAntarctic Marion Island. Antarct. Sci. 2008, 20(4):381-390.
112. Mortimer E., van Vuuren B., Lee J.E., Marshall D.J., Convey P., Chown S.L. Mite dispersal among the Southern Ocean Islands and Antarctica before the last glacial maximum. Proc. R. S. Lond. B 2011, 278(1709):1247-1255. 10.1098/rspb.2010.1779.
113. Mortimer E., Jansen Van Vuuren B., Meiklejohn K.I., Chown S.L. Phylogeography of a mite, Halozetes fulvus, reflects the landscape history of a young volcanic island in the sub-Antarctic. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 2012, 105:131-145.
114. Myburgh M., Chown S.L., Daniels S.R., Jansen Van Vuuren B. Population structure, propagule pressure, and conservation biogeography in the sub-Antarctic: lessons from indigenous and invasive springtails. Divers. Distrib. 2007, 13(2):143-154.
115. Nel W. ASpatial Inventory of Glacial, Periglacial and Rapid Mass Movement Forms on Part of Marion Island: Implications for Quaternary Environmental Change 2001, University of Pretoria, South Africa, Pretoria.
116. Nougier J. Aspects de morpho-tectonique glaciaire aux Iles Kerguelen. Rev. Géogr. Phys. Géol. Dyn. 1972, 14:499-505.
117. Ooms M., Van de Vijver B., Temmerman S., Beyens L. AHolocene palaeoenviromental study of a sediment core from Ile de la Possession, Iles Crozet, sub-Antarctica. Antarct. Sci. 2011, 23(5):431-441.
118. Orheim O. The glaciers of Bouvetøya. Nor. Polarinst. Skr. 1981, 175:79-84.
119. Pendlebury S.F., Barnes-Keoghan I.P. Climate and climate change in the Sub-Antarctic. Pap. Proc. R. Soc. Tasmania. 2007, 14(1):67-81.
120. Pollard D., DeConto R. Modelling West Antarctic ice sheet growth and collapse through the past five million years. Nature 2009, 458:329-332.
121. Quilty P.G. Origin and evolution of the sub-Antarctic islands: the foundation. Pap. Proc. R. Soc. Tasmania. 2007, 141(1):35-58.
122. Rabassa J. Quaternary of Tierra del Fuego, southernmost South America: an updated review. Quat. Int. 2000, 68-71:217-240.
123. Recasens C., Ariztegui D., Gebhardt C., Gogorza C., Haberzettl T., Hahn A., Kliem P., Lisé-Pronovost A., Lücke A., Maidana N.I., Mayr C., Ohlendorf C., Schäbitz F., St-Onge G., Wille M., Zolitschka B., ScienceTeam P. New insights into paleoenvironmental changes in Laguna Potrok Aike, Southern Patagonia, since the Late Pleistocene: the PASADO multiproxy record. Holocene 2011, 0959683611429833.
124. Roberts S.J., Hodgson D.A., Shelley S., Royles J., Griffiths H.J., Thorne M.A.S., Deen T.J. Establishing age constraints for 19th and 20th century glacier fluctuations on South Georgia (South Atlantic) using lichenometry. Geogr. Ann. (A) 2010, 92A(1):125-139.
125. Rojas M., Moreno P., Kageyama M., Crucifix M., Hewitt C., Abe-Ouchi A., Ohgaito R., Brady E.C., Hope P. The Southern Westerlies during the last glacial maximum in PMIP2 simulations. Clim. Dyn. 2009, 32:525-548. 10.1007/s00382-008-0421-7.
126. Rosqvist G.C., Rietti-Shati M., Shemesh A. Late glacial to middle Holocene climatic record of lacustrine biogenic silica oxygen isotopes from a Southern Ocean island. Geology 1999, 27(11):967-970.
127. Rosqvist G.C., Schuber P. Millennial-scale climate changes on South Georgia, Southern Ocean. Quat. Res. 2003, 59:470-475.
128. 2 assimilation and peat accumulation rates in Antarctica. Global Change Biol. 2012, 18:3112-3124. 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2012.02750.x.
129. Ruddell A. An inventory of present glaciers on Heard Island and their historical variation. Heard Island. Southern Ocean Sentinel 2005, 28-51. Surrey Beatty & Sons, Chipping Norton. K. Green, E. Woehler (Eds.).
130. Ryan W.B.F., Carbotte S.M., Coplan J.O., O'Hara S., Melkonian A., Arko R., Weissel R.A., Ferrini V., Goodwillie A., Nitsche F., Bonczkowski J., Zemsky R. Global multi-resolution topography synthesis. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 2009, 10(3):Q03014. 10.1029/2008GC002332.
131. Schalke H.J.W.G., van Zinderen Bakker E.M.S. History of the vegetation. Marion and Prince Edward Islands. Report on the South African Biological and Geo-logical Expedition, 1965-1966 1971, 89-97. A.A. Balkema, Cape Town. E.M. Van Zinderen Bakker, J.M. Winterbottom, R.A. Dyer (Eds.).
132. Schoof C. Ice sheet grounding line dynamics: steady states, stability and hysteresis. J.Geophys. Res. Earth Surf. 2007, 112:F03S28.
133. Scott L. Palynological indications of the Quaternary vegetation history of Marion Island (sub-Antarctic). J.Biogeogr. 1985, 12:413-431.
134. Selkirk-Bell J.M., Selkirk P.M. Vegetation-banked terraces on subantarctic Macquarie Island: a reappraisal. Arct. Antarc. Alp. Res. 2013, 45(2):261-274.
135. Selkirk D.R., Selkirk P.M., Griffin K. Palynological evidence for Holocene environmental change and uplift on Wireless Hill, Macquarie Island. Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. 1982, 107(1):1-17.
136. Selkirk D.R., Selkirk P.M., Bergstrom D.M., Adamson D.A. Ridge top peats and palaeolake deposits on Macquarie Island. Pap. Proc. R. Soc. Tasmania 1988, 122(1):83-90.
137. Selkirk J.M. Active vegetation-banked terraces on Macquarie Island. Zeitsschr. Geomorph. N. F. 1998, 42(4):243-496.
138. Selkirk P.M., Seppelt R.D., Selkirk D.R. Subantarctic Macquarie Island: Environment and Biology 1990, 285. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
139. Selkirk P.M., McBride T.P., Keenan H.M., Adamson D.A. Palaeolake deposits and cliff retreat on subantarctic Macquarie Island. Quaternary Research in Australian Antarctica: Future Directions 1991, 45-53. ADFA, Canberra. D.S. Gillieson, S.J. Fitzsimons (Eds.).
140. Singer B.S., Ackert R.P.J., Guillou H. 40Ar/39Ar and K-Ar chronology of Pleistocene glaciations in Patagonia. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 2004, 116:434-450.
141. Smith R.I.L. Types of peat and peat-forming vegetation on South Georgia. Br. Antarct. Surv. Bull. 1981, 53:119-139.
142. Speight R. Article XXX. - Physiography and geology of the Auckland, Bounty and Antipodes islands. Based mainly on observations and collections made during an Expedition in the Government Steamer "Hinemoa" (Captain J. Bollons) in November, 1907 1909, 705-744. Philosophical Institute of Canterbury. John Mackay, Government Printer, Wellington N.Z. C. Chilton (Ed.).
143. Stager J.C., Mayewski P.A., White J., Chase B.M., Neumann F.H., Meadows M.E., King C.D., Dixon D.A. Precipitation variability in the winter rainfall zone of South Africa during the last 1400 yr linked to the austral westerlies. Clim. Past 2012, 8:877-887.
144. Stone J.O. Air pressure and cosmogenic isotope production. J.Geophys. Res. - Atmos. 2000, 105(B10):23753-23759.
145. Sugden D.E., Clapperton C.M. The maximum ice extent on island groups in the Scotia Sea, Antarctica. Quat. Res. 1977, 7:268-282.
146. Sugden D.E., Bentley M.J., Fogwill C.J., Hulton N.R.J., McCulloch R.D., Purves R.S. Late-glacial glacier events in southernmost South America: a blend of 'northern' and 'southern' hemispheric climatic signals. Geogr. Ann.: Ser. A, Phys. Geogr. 2005, 87(2):273-288.
147. Sumner P.D., Meiklejohn K.I., Boelhouwers J.C., Hedding D.W. Climate change melts Marion Island snow and ice. S.Afr. J. Sci. 2004, 100:395-398.
148. Taylor B.W. The Flora, Vegetation and Soils of Macquarie Island. ANARE Reports, Series B 1955, vol. II:192. Botany.
149. Testut L., Wöppelmann G., Simon B., Téchiné P. The sea level at Port-aux-Français, Kerguelen Island, from 1950 to the present. Ocean Dyn. 2005, 10.1007/s10236-005-0056-8.
150. Thost D.E., Truffer M. Glacier recession on Heard Island, southern Indian ocean. Arctic Antarc. Alp. Res. 2008, 40:199-214.
151. Toggweiler J.R., Russell J.L., Carson S.R. Midlatitude westerlies, atmospheric CO2, and climate change during the ice ages. Palaeoceanography 2006, 21:PA2005. 10.1029/2005PA001154.
152. Vallon M. Bilan de masse et fluctuations récentes du Glacier Ampère (Iles Kerguelen, TAAF). Zeitschr. Gletscherkd. Glazialgeol. 1977, 13:55-85.
153. Van der Putten N., Stieperaere H., Verbruggen C., Ochyra R. Holocene palaeoecology and climate history of South Georgia (sub-Antarctic) based on a macrofossil record of bryophytes and seeds. Holocene 2004, 14(3):382-392.
154. Van der Putten N., Verbruggen C. The onset of deglaciation of Cumberland Bay and Stromness Bay, South Georgia. Antarct. Sci. 2005, 17(1):29-32.
155. Van der Putten N. Post-glacial Palaeoecology and Palaeoclimatology in the Sub-Antarctic 2008, 266. University of Ghent, Ghent.
156. Van der Putten N., Hébrard J.P., Verbruggen C., Van de Vijver B., Disnar J.R., Spassov S., de Beaulieu J.L., De Dapper M., Keravis D., Hus J., Thouveny N., Frenot Y. An integrated palaeoenvironmental investigation of a 6200 year old peat sequence from Ile de la Possession, Iles Crozet, sub-Antarctica. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 2008, 270:179-185.
157. Van der Putten N., Verbruggen C., Ochyra R., Spassov S., de Beaulieu J.-L., Dapper M.D., Hus J., Thouveny N. Peat bank growth, Holocene palaeoecology and climate history of South Georgia (sub-Antarctica), based on a botanical macrofossil record. Quat. Sci. Rev. 2009, 28:65-79.
158. Van der Putten N., Verbruggen C., Ochyra R., Verleyen E., Frenot Y. Subantarctic flowering plants: pre-glacial survivors or post-glacial immigrants?. J.Biogeogr. 2010, 37(3):582-592.
159. Van der Putten N., Mauquoy D., Verbruggen C., Björck S. Subantarctic peatlands and their potential as palaeoenvironmental and palaeoclimatic archives. Quat. Int. 2012, 268:65-76.
160. Van der Putten N., Verbruggen C., Alexanderson H., Björck S., Van de Vijver B. Postglacial sedimentary and geomorphological evolution of a small sub-Antarctic fjord landscape, Stromness Bay, South Georgia. Antarct. Sci. 2013, 25(03):409-419.
161. Verwoerd W.J. Geology. Marion and Prince Edward Islands 1971, 40-53. Balkema, Cape Town. E.M. Van Zinderen Bakker, J.M. Winterbottom, R.A. Dyer (Eds.).
162. Wagstaff S.J., Breitwieser I., Ito M. Evolution and biogeography of Pleurophyllum (Astereae, Asteraceae), a small genus of megaherbs endemic to the subantarctic islands. Am. J. Bot. 2011, 98(1):62-75. 10.3732/ajb.1000238.
163. Wasell A. Diatom Stratigraphy and Evidence of Environmental Changes in Selected Lake Basins in the Antarctic and South Georgia 1993, Report 23, Stockholm University, Department of Quaternary Research, Stockholm.
164. Wilson P., Clark R., Birnie J., Moore D.M. Late Pleistocene and Holocene landscape evolution and environmental change in the Lake Sullivan area, Falkland Islands, South Atlantic. Quat. Sci. Rev. 2002, 21:1821-1840.
165. 26Al) surface exposure dating. J.Quat. Sci. 2008, 23(5):461-473.
166. Wright J.B. Contributions to the volcanic succession and petrology of the Auckland Islands II. Upper parts of the Ross Volcano. Trans. R. Soc. N. Z. Geol. 1967, 5:71-87.
167. Yeloff D., Mauquoy D., Barber K., Way S., van Geel B., Turney C.S.M. Volcanic ash deposition and long-term vegetation change on subantarctic Marion Island. Arct. Antarc. Alp. Res. 2007, 39(3):500-511. 10.1657/1523-0430(06-040)[YELOFF]2.0.CO;2.
168. Young S.B., Schofield E.K. Pollen evidence for late Quaternary climate changes on Kerguelen islands. Nature 1973, 245:311-312.
169. Young S.B., Schofield E.K. Palynological evidence for the Late Glacial occurrence of Pringlea and Lyallia on Kergulen Islands. Rhodora 1973, 75:239-247.