Measurement of HIV-1 viral load for drug resistance surveillance using dried blood spots: Literature review and modeling of contribution of DNA and RNA

AIDS Reviews

Volumn 16, Issue 3, 2014, Pages 160-171

  Parkin, Neil T ^a  

^a DATA FIRST CONSULTING INC   (United States)

Author keywords

DNA; Dried blood spot; Drug resistance; HIV 1; RNA; Viral load

Indexed keywords

ANTI HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS AGENT; CELL DNA; NUCLEIC ACID; VIRUS DNA; VIRUS RNA;

ANTIVIRAL RESISTANCE; ANTIVIRAL THERAPY; BIOSAFETY; BLOOD SAMPLING; BLOOD STORAGE; CAPILLARY BLOOD; CD4 LYMPHOCYTE COUNT; CONTAMINATION; DIAGNOSTIC KIT; DRIED BLOOD SPOT TESTING; DRUG SURVEILLANCE PROGRAM; GENOTYPE; HEMATOLOGY ANALYZER; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS 1; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS 1 INFECTION; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTED PATIENT; LIMIT OF DETECTION; NONHUMAN; PATIENT CARE; PLASMA; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION SYSTEM; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; REAL TIME POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; REVIEW; RNA TRANSCRIPTION; SCALE UP; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; THROMBOCYTE ADHESION; VIRUS CONCENTRATION; VIRUS INHIBITION; VIRUS LOAD; VIRUS MUTATION; VIRUS PARTICLE; WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION; BLOOD; GENETICS; HIV INFECTIONS; ISOLATION AND PURIFICATION; THEORETICAL MODEL; VIROLOGY;

DNA, VIRAL; HIV INFECTIONS; HIV-1; HUMANS; LIMIT OF DETECTION; MODELS, THEORETICAL; REAL-TIME POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; RNA, VIRAL; VIRAL LOAD;

EID: 84907520364     PISSN: 11396121     EISSN: 16986997     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (71)

1. Roberts T, Bygrave H, Fajardo E, Ford N. Challenges and opportunities for the implementation of virological testing in resource-limited settings. J Int AIDS Soc. 2012;15:17324.
2. Belec L, Bonn J. Challenges in implementing HIV laboratory monitoring in resource-constrained settings: how to do more with less. Future Microbiol. 2011;6:1251-60.
3. Sollis K, Smit P, Fiscus S, et al. Systematic Review of the Performance of HIV Viral Load Technologies on Plasma Samples. PLoS One. 2014;9:e85869.
4. Duncombe C, Ball A, Passarelli C, Hirnschall G. Treatment 2.0: catalyzing the next phase of treatment, care and support. Curr Opin HIV AIDS. 2013;8:4-11.
5. Kahn J, Marseille E. Viral load monitoring for antiretroviral therapy in resource-poor settings: an evolving role. AIDS. 2013;27:1509-11.
6. Estill J, Egger M, Blaser N, et al. Cost-effectiveness of point-of-care viral load monitoring of antiretroviral therapy in resource-limited settings: mathematical modeling study. AIDS. 2013;27:1483-92.
7. Jordan M, Bennett D, Bertagnolio S, Gilks C, Sutherland D. World Health Organization surveys to monitor HIV drug resistance prevention and associated factors in sentinel antiretroviral treatment sites. Antivir Ther. 2008;13(Suppl 2):15-23.
8. Jordan M, Bennett D, Wainberg M, et al. Update on World Health Organization HIV drug resistance prevention and assessment strategy: 2004-2011. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;54(Suppl 4):S245-9.
9. World Health Organization. 2013. Consolidated guidelines on the use of antiretroviral drugs for treating and preventing HIV infection: Recommendations for a public health approach. Available at: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/85321/1/9789241505727-eng.pdf [Accessed September 23, 2013].
10. Bertagnolio S, Parkin N, Jordan M, Brooks J, Garcia-Lerma J. Dried blood spots for HIV-1 drug resistance and viral load testing: A review of current knowledge and WHO efforts for global HIV drug resistance surveillance. AIDS Rev. 2010;12:195-208.
11. Hamers R, Smit P, Stevens W, Schuurman R, Rinke de Wit T. Dried fluid spots for HIV type-1 viral load and resistance genotyping: a systematic review. Antivir Ther. 2009;14:619-29.
12. Johannessen A. Dried blood spots in HIV monitoring: applications in resource-limited settings. Bioanalysis. 2010;2:1893-908.
13. Smit P, Sollis K, Fiscus S, et al. Systematic review of the use of dried blood spots for monitoring HIV viral load and for early infant diagnosis. PLoS One. 2014;9:e86461.
14. Pasternak A, Lukashov V, Berkhout B. Cell-associated HIV RNA: a dynamic biomarker of viral persistence. Retrovirology. 2013;10:41.
15. Stevens W, Scott L, Crowe S. Quantifying HIV for monitoring antiretroviral therapy in resource-poor settings. J Infect Dis. 201;201(Suppl 1):S16-26.
16. Johannessen A, Troseid M, Calmy A. Dried blood spots can expand access to virological monitoring of HIV treatment in resource-limited settings. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2009;64:1126-9.
17. Garrido C, Zahonero N, Corral A, Arredondo M, Soriano V, de Mendoza C. Correlation between human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) RNA measurements obtained with dried blood spots and those obtained with plasma by use of Nuclisens EasyQ HIV-1 and Abbott RealTime HIV load tests. J Clin Microbiol. 2009;47:1031-6.
18. Marconi A, Balestrieri M, Comastri G, et al. Evaluation of the Abbott Real-Time HIV-1 quantitative assay with dried blood spot specimens. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2009;15:93-7.
19. Mbida A, Sosso S, Flori P, et al. Measure of viral load by using the Abbott Real-Time HIV-1 assay on dried blood and plasma spot specimens collected in 2 rural dispensaries in Cameroon. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2009;52:9-16.
20. Lofgren S, Morrissey A, Chevallier C, et al. Evaluation of a dried blood spot HIV-1 RNA program for early infant diagnosis and viral load monitoring at rural and remote healthcare facilities. AIDS. 2009;23:2459-66.
21. Arredondo M, Garrido C, Parkin N, et al. Comparison of HIV-1 RNA measurements obtained by using plasma and dried blood spots in the automated Abbott real-time viral load assay. J Clin Microbiol. 2012;50:569-72.
22. Vidya M, Saravanan S, Rifkin S, et al. Dried blood spots versus plasma for the quantitation of HIV-1 RNA using a real-Time PCR, m2000rt assay. J Virol Methods. 2012;181:177-81.
23. David S, Sachithanandham J, Jerobin J, Parasuram S, Kannangai R. Comparison of HIV-1 RNA level estimated with plasma and DBS samples: a pilot study from India (South). Indian J Med Microbiol. 2012;30:403-6.
24. Neogi U, Gupta S, Rodridges R, et al. Dried blood spot HIV-1 RNA quantification: a useful tool for viral load monitoring among HIV-infected individuals in India. Indian J Med Res. 2012;136:956-62.
25. Monleau M, Aghokeng A, Eymard-Duvernay S, et al. Field evaluation of dried blood spots for routine HIV-1 viral load and drug resistance monitoring in patients receiving antiretroviral therapy in Africa and Asia. J Clin Microbiol. 2014;52:578-86.
26. Alvarez-Munoz M, Zaragoza-Rodriguez S, Rojas-Montes O, et al. High correlation of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 viral load measured in dried-blood spot samples and in plasma under different storage conditions. Arch Med Res. 2005;36:382-6.
27. Kane C, Ndiaye H, Diallo S, et al. Quantitation of HIV-1 RNA in dried blood spots by the real-time NucliSENS EasyQ HIV-1 assay in Senegal. J Virol Methods. 2008;148:291-5.
28. Leelawiwat W, Young N, Chaowanachan T, et al. Dried blood spots for the diagnosis and quantitation of HIV-1: stability studies and evaluation of sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of infant HIV-1 infection in Thailand. J Virol Methods. 2009;155:109-17.
29. Johannessen A, Garrido C, Zahonero N, et al. Dried blood spots perform well in viral load monitoring of patients who receive antiretroviral treatment in rural Tanzania. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;49:976-81.
30. van Deursen P, Oosterlaken T, Andre P, et al. Measuring human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RNA loads in dried blood spot specimens using NucliSENS EasyQ HIV-1 v2.0. J Clin Virol. 2010;47:120-5.
31. Rottinghaus E, Ugbena R, Diallo K, et al. Dried blood spot specimens are a suitable alternative sample type for HIV-1 viral load measurement and drug resistance genotyping in patients receiving first-line antiretroviral therapy. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;54:1187-95.
32. Mercier-Delarue S, Vray M, Plantier J, et al. Higher specificity of nucleic acid sequence-based amplification isothermal technology than of realtime PCR for quantification of HIV-1 RNA on dried blood spots. J Clin Microbiol. 2014;52:52-6.
33. Fajardo E, Metcalf C, Chaillet P, et al. Prospective evaluation of diagnostic accuracy of dried blood spots from finger prick samples for determination of HIV-1 load with the NucliSENS Easy-Q HIV-1 version 2.0 assay in Malawi. J Clin Microbiol. 2014;52:1343-51.
34. Rouet F, Chaix M, Nerrienet E, et al. Impact of HIV-1 genetic diversity on plasma HIV-1 RNA Quantification: usefulness of the Agence Nationale de Recherches sur le SIDA second-generation long terminal repeatbased real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction test. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2007;45:380-8.
35. Rouet F, Ekouevi D, Chaix M, et al. Transfer and evaluation of an automated, low-cost real-time reverse transcription-PCR test for diagnosis and monitoring of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection in a West African resource-limited setting. J Clin Microbiol. 2005;43:2709-17.
36. Monleau M, Montavon C, Laurent C, et al. Evaluation of different RNA extraction methods and storage conditions of dried plasma or blood spots for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RNA quantification and PCR amplification for drug resistance testing. J Clin Microbiol. 2009;47:1107-18.
37. Monleau M, Butel C, Delaporte E, Boillot F, Peeters M. Effect of storage conditions of dried plasma and blood spots on HIV-1 RNA quantification and PCR amplification for drug resistance genotyping. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2010;65:1562-6.
38. Reigadas S, Schrive M, Aurillac-Lavignolle V, Fleury H. Quantitation of HIV-1 RNA in dried blood and plasma spots. J Virol Methods. 2009;161:177-80.
39. Viljoen J, Gampini S, Danaviah S, et al. Dried blood spot HIV-1 RNA quantification using open real-time systems in South Africa and Burkina Faso. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2010;55:290-8.
40. Yapo V, d'Aquin Toni T, Desmonde S, et al. Evaluation of dried blood spot diagnosis using HIV1-DNA and HIV1-RNA Biocentric assays in infants in Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire. The Pedi-Test DBS ANRS 12183 Study. J Virol Methods. 2013;193:439-45.
41. Andreotti M, Pirillo M, Guidotti G, et al. Correlation between HIV-1 viral load quantification in plasma, dried blood spots, and dried plasma spots using the Roche COBAS Taqman assay. J Clin Virol. 2010;47:4-7.
42. Ouma K, Basavaraju S, Okonji J, et al. Evaluation of quantification of HIV-1 RNA viral load in plasma and dried blood spots by use of the semiautomated Cobas Amplicor assay and the fully automated Cobas Ampliprep/TaqMan assay, version 2.0, in Kisumu, Kenya. J Clin Microbiol. 2013;51:1208-18.
43. Pirillo M, Recordon-Pinson P, Andreotti M, Mancini M, Amici R, Giuliano M. Quantification of HIV RNA from dried blood spots using the Siemens VERSANT(R) HIV-1 RNA (kPCR) assay. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2011;66:2823-6.
44. Tanriverdi S, Chen L, Chen S. A rapid and automated sample-to-result HIV load test for near-patient application. J Infect Dis. 2010;201(Suppl 1):S52-8.
45. Lee T, Stromberg R, Henrard D, Busch M. Effect of platelet-associated virus on assays of HIV-1 in plasma. Science. 1993;262:1585-6.
46. Lee T, Stromberg R, Heitman J, Sawyer L, Hanson C, Busch M. Distribution of HIV type 1 (HIV-1) in blood components: detection and significance of high levels of HIV-1 associated with platelets. Transfusion. 1998;38:580-8.
47. Zhu Y, Gong Y, Cimino G. Quantitative analysis of HIV-1 RNA in plasma preparations. J Virol Methods. 1995;52:287-99.
48. Buckton A, Prabhu D, Cane P, Pillay D. No evidence for cross-contamination of dried blood spots excised using an office hole-punch for HIV-1 drug resistance genotyping. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2009;63:615-16.
49. Parry CM, Parkin N, Diallo K, et al. Field study of dried blood spot specimens for HIV-1 drug resistance genotyping. J Clin Microbiol. 2014;52:2868-75.
50. Mtapuri-Zinyowera S, Taziwa F, Metcalf C, et al. Field evaluation of performance of dried blood spots (DBS) from finger-prick for the determination of viral load in a resource-constrained setting in urban and rural Zimbabwe. Presented at The 7th International AIDS Society Conference on HIV Pathogenesis, Treatment and Prevention, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; June 30-July 3, 2013. [Abstract WEPE610.]
51. Rutstein S, Kamwendo D, Lugali L, et al. Measures of viral load using Abbott RealTime HIV-1 Assay on venous and fingerstick dried blood spots from provider-collected specimens in Malawian District Hospitals. J Clin Virol. 2014;60:392-8.
52. Barth R, van der Loeff M, Schuurman R, Hoepelman A, Wensing A. Virological follow-up of adult patients in antiretroviral treatment programmes in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review. Lancet Infect Dis. 2010;10:155-66.
53. Kaiser P, Joos B, Niederost B, Weber R, Gunthard H, Fischer M. Productive human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection in peripheral blood predominantly takes place in CD4/CD8 double-negative T lymphocytes. J Virol. 2007;81:9693-706.
54. Wyl V, Gianella S, Fischer M, et al. Early antiretroviral therapy during primary HIV-1 infection results in a transient reduction of the viral setpoint upon treatment interruption. PLoS One. 2011;6:e27463.
55. Avettand-Fenoel V, Flandre P, Chaix M, et al. Impact of 48 week lopinavir/ritonavir monotherapy on blood cell-associated HIV-1-DNA in the MONARK trial. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2010;65:1005-7.
56. Schmid A, Gianella S, von Wyl V, et al. Profound depletion of HIV-1 transcription in patients initiating antiretroviral therapy during acute infection. PLoS One. 2010;5:e13310.
57. Furtado M, Callaway D, Phair J, et al. Persistence of HIV-1 transcription in peripheral-blood mononuclear cells in patients receiving potent antiretroviral therapy. N Engl J Med. 1999;340:1614-22.
58. Pasternak A, Jurriaans S, Bakker M, Prins J, Berkhout B, Lukashov V. Cellular levels of HIV unspliced RNA from patients on combination antiretroviral therapy with undetectable plasma viremia predict the therapy outcome. PLoS One. 2009;4:e8490.
59. Eriksson S, Graf E, Dahl V, et al. Comparative analysis of measures of viral reservoirs in HIV-1 eradication studies. PLoS Pathog. 2013;9:e1003174.
60. Yukl S, Shergill A, Ho T, et al. The distribution of HIV DNA and RNA in cell subsets differs in gut and blood of HIV-positive patients on ART: implications for viral persistence. J Infect Dis. 2013;208:1212-20.
61. Fischer M, Joos B, Wong J, et al. Attenuated and nonproductive viral transcription in the lymphatic tissue of HIV-1-infected patients receiving potent antiretroviral therapy. J Infect Dis. 2004;189:273-85.
62. Waters L, Kambugu A, Tibenderana H, et al. Evaluation of filter paper transfer of whole-blood and plasma samples for quantifying HIV RNA in subjects on antiretroviral therapy in Uganda. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2007;46:590-3.
63. Liu C, Mauk M, Gross R, et al. Membrane-based, sedimentation-assisted plasma separator for point-of-care applications. Anal Chem. 2013;85:10463-70.
64. Gonzalez-Serna A, Min J, Woods C, et al. Performance of HIV-1 drug resistance testing at low-level viremia and its ability to predict future virologic outcomes and viral evolution in treatment-naive individuals. Clin Infect Dis. 2014;58:1165-73.
65. Mackie N, Phillips A, Kaye S, Booth C, Geretti A. Antiretroviral drug resistance in HIV-1-infected patients with low-level viremia. J Infect Dis. 2010;201:1303-7.
66. Prosperi M, Mackie N, Di Giambenedetto S, et al. Detection of drug resistance mutations at low plasma HIV-1 RNA load in a European multicentre cohort study. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2011;66:1886-96.
67. Richman D. Editorial commentary: Extending HIV drug resistance testing to low levels of plasma viremia. Clin Infect Dis. 2014;58:1174-5.
68. Santoro M, Fabeni L, Armenia D, et al. Reliability and clinical relevance of the HIV-1 drug resistance test in patients with low viremia levels. Clin Infect Dis. 2014;58:1156-64.
69. Parkin N, Deeks S, Wrin M, et al. Loss of antiretroviral drug susceptibility at low viral load during early virological failure in treatment-experienced patients. AIDS. 2000;14:2877-87.
70. Kleshik F, Brooks J, Cosenza C, Battersby T. Analytical performance of an automated assay quantifying HIV-1 from dried blood spots. J Clin Virol. 2013;57:271-3.
71. Mehta N, Trzmielina S, Nonyane B, et al. Low-cost HIV-1 diagnosis and quantification in dried blood spots by real time PCR. PLoS One. 2009;4:e5819.