Exploration of the patient-therapist relationship in psychotherapy

American Journal of Psychiatry

Volumn 171, Issue 10, 2014, Pages 1056-1066

  Høglend, Per ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OSLO   (Norway)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALLIANCE FOCUSED TREATMENT; COGNITIVE THERAPY; CORRELATIONAL STUDY; DOCTOR PATIENT RELATION; EFFECT SIZE; EMPIRICISM; FUNCTIONAL ANALYTIC PSYCHOTHERAPY; HUMAN; HUMAN RELATION; LARGE SCALE PRODUCTION; MENTALIZATION BASED TREATMENT; PSYCHODYNAMIC PSYCHOTHERAPY; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); REVIEW; TRANSFERENCE FOCUSED PSYCHOTHERAPY; TRANSFERENCE WORK; TREATMENT OUTCOME; PROCEDURES; PSYCHOTHERAPY;

HUMANS; PROFESSIONAL-PATIENT RELATIONS; PSYCHOTHERAPY; TRANSFERENCE (PSYCHOLOGY);

EID: 84907482331     PISSN: 0002953X     EISSN: 15357228     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2014.14010121     Document Type: Review

References (99)

1. Moore BE, Fine BD: Psychoanalytic Terms and Concepts. New Haven, Conn, Yale University Press, 1990
2. Andersen SM, Przybylinski E: Experiments on transference in interpersonal relations: implications for treatment. Psychotherapy (Chic) 2012; 49:370-383
3. Gelso CJ, Bhatia A: Crossing theoretical lines: the role and effect of transference in nonanalytic psychotherapies. Psychotherapy (Chic) 2012; 49:384-390
4. Gill MM: Analysis of Transference. New York, International Universities Press, 1982
5. Gabbard GO, Westen D: Rethinking therapeutic action. Int J Psychoanal 2003; 84:823-841
6. Kernberg OF, Diamond D, Yeomans FE, Clarkin JF, Levy KN: Mentalization and attachment in borderline patients in transference focused psychotherapy, in Mind to Mind: Infant Research, Neuroscience, and Psychoanalysis. Edited by Jurist E, Slade A, Berger S. New York, Other Press, 2008, pp 167-201
7. Levy KN, Scala JW: Transference, transference interpretations, and transference-focused psychotherapies. Psychotherapy (Chic) 2012; 49:391-403
8. DeFife JA, Hilsenroth MJ, Kuutman K: Beyond transference: fostering growth through therapeutic immediacy, in Handbook of Contemporary Psychodynamic Approaches to Psychopathology. Edited by Luyten P, Mayes LC, Fonagy P, Target M, Blatt SJ. New York, Guilford (in press)
9. Høglend P, Gabbard GO: When is transference work useful in psychodynamic psychotherapy? a review of empirical research, in Psychodynamic Psychotherapy Research: Evidence-Based Practice and Practice-Based Evidence. Edited by Levy A, Ablon JS, Kächele H. New York, Springer, 2012, pp 449-467
10. Michels R: The theory of therapeutic action. Psychoanal Q 2007; 76(Oct suppl):1725-1733
11. Frances A, Perry S: Transference interpretations in focal therapy. Am J Psychiatry 1983; 140:405-409
12. Binder JL, Strupp HH: "Negative process": a recurrently discovered and underestimated facet of therapeutic process and outcome in the individual psychotherapy of adults. Clin Psychol Sci Pract 1997; 4:121-139
13. Bateman A, Fonagy P: The use of transference in dynamic psychotherapy (letter). Am J Psychiatry 2007; 164:680
14. Mitchel S: Relational Concepts in Psychoanalysis: An Integration. Cambridge, Mass, Harvard University Press, 1988
15. Westen D, Gabbard GO: Developments in cognitive neuroscience, II: implications for theories of transference. J Am Psychoanal Assoc 2002; 50:99-134
16. Gabbard GO: Long-Term Psychodynamic Psychotherapy: A Basic Text, 2nd ed. Arlington, Va, American Psychiatric Publishing, 2010
17. Sandler J: Countertransference and role-responsiveness. Int Rev Psychoanal 1976; 3:43-47
18. Westen D: The scientific legacy of Sigmund Freud: toward a psychodynamically informed psychological science. Psychol Bull 1998; 124:333-371
19. Marmarosh CL: Empirically supported perspectives on transference. Psychotherapy (Chic) 2012; 49:364-369
20. Caspi A: The child is father of the man: personality continuities from childhood to adulthood. J Pers Soc Psychol 2000; 78:158-172
21. Fonagy P, Target M: Psychoanalytic Theories: Perspectives From Developmental Psychopathology. London, Whurr, 2003
22. Reichborn-Kjennerud T, Ystrøm E, Neale MC, Aggen SH, Mazzeo SE, Knudsen GP, Tambs K, Czajkowsky NO, Kendler KS: Structure of genetic and environmental risk factors for symptoms of DSM-IV borderline personality disorder. JAMA Psychiatry 2013; 70:1206-1214
23. Suderman M, McGowan PO, Sasaki A, Huang TCT, Hallett MT, Meaney MJ, Turecki G, Szyf M: Conserved epigenetic sensitivity to early life experience in the rat and human hippocampus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2012; 109(suppl 2):17266-17272
24. Danese A, Moffit TE, Harrington H, Milne BJ,, Polanczyk G, Pariante CM, Poulton R, Caspi A: Adverse childhood experiences and adult risk factors for age-related disease: depression, inflammation, and clustering of metabolic risk makers. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2009; 163:1135-1143
25. Weiss EL, Longhurst JG, Mazure CM: Childhood sexual abuse as a risk factor for depression in women: psychosocial and neurobiological correlates. Am J Psychiatry 1999; 156:816-828
26. Harmon-Jones E, Winkielman P: Social Neuroscience: Integrating Biological and Psychological Explanations of Social Behavior. New York, Guilford, 2007
27. Bowlby J: Separation anxiety. Int J Psychoanal 1960; 41:89-113
28. Kendler KS, Neale MC, Prescott CA, Kessler RC, Heath AC, Corey LA, Eaves LJ: Childhood parental loss and alcoholism in women: a causal analysis using a twin-family design. Psychol Med 1996; 26:79-95
29. Henderson CR Jr, Cole R, Eckenrode J, Kitzman H, Luckey D, Pettitt L, Sidora K, Morris P, Powers J: Long-term effects of nurse home visitation on children's criminal and antisocial behavior: 15-year follow-up of a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 1998; 280:1238-1244
30. Kaufman J, Yang B-Z, Douglas-Palumberi H, Houshyar S, Lipschitz D, Krystal JH, Gelernter J: Social supports and serotonin transporter gene moderate depression in maltreated children. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004; 101:17316-17321
31. Kendler KS, Halberstadt LJ: The road not taken: life experiences in monozygotic twin pairs discordant for major depression. Mol Psychiatry 2013; 18:975-984
32. Kendler KS, Ohlsson H, Sundquist K, Sundquist J: Within-family environmental transmission of drug abuse: a Swedish national study. JAMA Psychiatry 2013; 70:235-242
33. Roffman JL, Marci CD, Glick DM, Dougherty DD, Rauch SL: Neuroimaging and the functional neuroanatomy of psychotherapy. Psychol Med 2005; 35:1385-1398
34. Karlsson H, Hirvonen J, Salminen J, Hietala J: Increased serotonin receptor 1A binding in major depressive disorder after psychotherapy, but not after SSRI pharmacotherapy, is related to improved social functioning capacity. Psychother Psychosom 2013; 82:260-261
35. McGrath CL, Kelley ME, Holtzheimer PE, Dunlop BW, Craighead WE, Franco AR, Craddock RC, Mayberg HS: Toward a neuroimaging treatment selection biomarker for major depressive disorder. JAMA Psychiatry 2013; 70:821-829
36. Perroud N, Salzmann A, Prada P, Nicastro R, Hoeppli M-E, Furrer S, Ardu S, Krejci I, Karege F, Malafosse A: Response to psychotherapy in borderline personality disorder and methylation status of the BDNF gene. Transcult Psychiatry 2013; 3:e207
37. Crits-Christoph P: The interpersonal interior of psychotherapy. Psychother Res 1998; 8:1-16
38. Bradley R, Heim AK, Westen D: Transference patterns in the psychotherapy of personality disorders: empirical investigation. Br J Psychiatry 2005; 186:342-349
39. Multon KD, Patton MJ, Kivlighan DM: Development of the Missouri Transference Scale. J Couns Psychol 1996; 43:243-252
40. Loughead JW, Luborsky L, Weingarten CP, Krause ED, German RE, Kirk D, Gur RC: Brain activation during autobiographical relationship episode narratives: a core conflictual relationship theme approach. Psychother Res 2010; 20:321-336
41. Høglend P: Analysis of transference in psychodynamic psychotherapy: a review of empirical research. Can J Psychoanal 2004; 12:279-300
42. Kernberg OF, Burstein E, Coyne L, Applebaum A, Horwitz L, Voth H: Psychotherapy and Psychoanalysis: Final Report of the Menninger Foundation's Psychotherapy Research Project. Topeka, Kan, Menninger Foundation, 1972
43. Malan DH: Toward the Validation of Dynamic Psychotherapy. New York, Plenum, 1976
44. Marziali EA, Sullivan JM: Methodological issues in the content analysis of brief psychotherapy. Br J Med Psychol 1980; 53:19-27
45. Marziali EA: Prediction of outcome of brief psychotherapy from therapist interpretive interventions. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1984; 41:301-304
46. Piper WE, Debbane EG, Bienvenu J-P, de Carufel F, Garant J: Relationships between the object focus of therapist interpretations and outcome in short-term individual psychotherapy. Br J Med Psychol 1986; 59:1-11
47. Marmar CR, Weiss DS, Gaston L: Toward the validation of the California Therapeutic Alliance Rating System. Psychol Assess 1989; 1:46-52
48. Piper WE, Azim HF, Joyce AS, McCallum M: Transference interpretations, therapeutic alliance, and outcome in short-term individual psychotherapy. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1991; 48:946-953
49. Høglend P: Transference interpretations and long-term change after dynamic psychotherapy of brief to moderate length. Am J Psychother 1993; 47:494-507
50. Connolly M, Crits-Christoph P, Shappell S, Barber J, Luborsky L, Shaffer C: Relation of transference interpretations to outcome in the early sessions of brief supportive-expressive psychotherapy. Psychother Res 1999; 9:485-495
51. Ogrodniczuk JS, Piper WE, Joyce AS, McCallum M: Transference interpretations in short-term dynamic psychotherapy. J Nerv Ment Dis 1999; 187:571-578
52. Piper WE, Ogrodniczuk JS, Joyce AS, McCallum M, Rosie JS, O'Kelly JG, Steinberg PI: Prediction of dropping out in time-limited, interpretive individual psychotherapy. Psychotherapy 1999; 36:114-122
53. Schut AJ, Castonguay LG, Flanagan KM, Yamasaki AS, Barber JP, Bedics JD, Smith TL: Therapist interpretation, patient-therapist interpersonal process, and outcome in psychodynamic psychotherapy for avoidant personality disorder. Psychotherapy 2005; 42:494-511
54. Ryum T, Stiles TC, Svartberg M, McCullough L: The role of transference work, the therapeutic alliance, and their interaction in reducing interpersonal problems among psychotherapy patients with Cluster C personality disorders. Psychotherapy (Chic) 2010; 47:442-453
55. Henry WP, Strupp HH, Schacht TE, Gaston L: Psychodynamic approaches, in Handbook of Psychotherapy and Behavior Change. Edited by Bergin AE, Garfield S. New York, Wiley, 1994, pp 467-508
56. McCullough L, Winston A, Farber BA, Porter F, Pollack J, Laikin M, Vingiano W, Trujillo M: The relationship of patient-therapist interaction to the outcome in brief dynamic psychotherapy. Psychotherapy 1991; 28:525-533
57. Milbrath C, Bond M, Cooper S, Znoj HJ, Horowitz MJ, Perry JC: Sequential consequences of therapists' interventions. J Psychother Pract Res 1999; 8:40-54
58. Crits-Christoph P, Connolly Gibbons MB, Mukherjee D: Psychotherapy process-outcome research, in Bergin and Garfield's Handbook of Psychotherapy and Behavior Change. Edited by Lambert MJ. New York, Wiley, 2013, pp 298-340
59. Kuutmann K, Hilsenroth MJ: Exploring in-session focus on the patient-therapist relationship: patient characteristics, process and outcome. Clin Psychol Psychother 2012; 19:187-202
60. Hill CE, Gelso CJ, Chui H, Spangler PT, Hummel A, Huang T, Jackson J, Jones RA, Palma B, Bhatia A, Gupta S, Ain SC, Klingaman B, Lim RH, Liu J, Hui K, Jezzy MM, Miles JR: To be or not to be immediate with clients: the use and perceived effects of immediacy in psychodynamic/interpersonal psychotherapy. Psychother Res 2014; 24:299-315
61. Høglend P, Heyerdahl O, Amlo S, Engelstad V, Fossum A, Sørbye Ø, Sørlie T: Interpretations of the patient-therapist relationship in brief dynamic psychotherapy: effects on long-term mode-specific changes. J Psychother Pract Res 1993; 2:296-306
62. Høglend P: Analysis of transference in patients with personality disorders. J Pers Disord 1996; 10:122-131
63. Clarkin JF, Levy KN, Lenzenweger MF, Kernberg OF: Evaluating three treatments for borderline personality disorder: a multiwave study. Am J Psychiatry 2007; 164:922-928
64. Levy KN, Meehan KB, Kelly KM, Reynoso JS, Weber M, Clarkin JF, Kernberg OF: Change in attachment patterns and reflective function in a randomized control trial of transference-focused psychotherapy for borderline personality disorder. J Consult Clin Psychol 2006; 74:1027-1040
65. Doering S, Hörz S, Rentrop M, Fischer-Kern M, Schuster P, Benecke C, Buchheim A, Martius P, Buchheim P: Transference-focused psychotherapy v treatment by community psychotherapists for borderline personality disorder: randomised controlled trial. Br J Psychiatry 2010; 196:389-395
66. Bateman A, Fonagy P: Mentalization-Based Treatment: Practical Guide. Oxford, UK, Oxford University Press, 2006
67. Morken K, Karterud S, Arefjord N: Transforming disorganized attachment through mentalization-based treatment. J Contemp Psychother 2014; 44:117-126
68. Bateman A, Fonagy P: Randomized controlled trial of out-patient mentalization-based treatment versus structured clinical management for borderline personality disorder. Am J Psychiatry 2009; 166:1355-1364
69. Rossouw TI, Fonagy P: Mentalization-based treatment for self-harm in adolescents: a randomized controlled trial. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2012; 51:1304-1313, e3
70. Safran JD, Muran JC: Negotiating the Therapeutic Alliance: A Relational Treatment Guide. New York, Guilford, 2000
71. Muran JC, Safran JD, Samstag LW, Winston A: Evaluating an alliance focused treatment for personality disorders. Psychotherapy 2005; 42:532-545
72. Crits-Christoph P, Connolly Gibbons MB, Crits-Christoph K, Narducci J, Schamberger M, Gallop R: Can therapists be trained to improve their alliances? a preliminary study of alliance-fostering psychotherapy. Psychother Res 2006; 16:268-281
73. Safran JD, Muran JC, Eubanks-Carter C: Repairing alliance ruptures. Psychotherapy (Chic) 2011; 48:80-87
74. Høglend P, Amlo S, Marble A, Bøgwald K-P, Sørbye Ø, Sjaastad MC, Heyerdahl O: Analysis of the patient-therapist relationship in dynamic psychotherapy: an experimental study of transference interpretations. Am J Psychiatry 2006; 163:1739-1746
75. Høglend P, Bøgwald K-P, Amlo S, Marble A, Ulberg R, Sjaastad MC, Sørbye Ø, Heyerdahl O, Johansson P: Transference interpretations in dynamic psychotherapy: do they really yield sustained effects? Am J Psychiatry 2008; 165:763-771
76. Høglend P, Dahl HS, Hersoug AG, Lorentzen S, Perry JC: Long-term effects of transference interpretation in dynamic psychotherapy of personality disorders. Eur Psychiatry 2011; 26:419-424
77. Ulberg R, Høglend P, Marble A, Johansson P: Women respond more favorably to transference intervention than men: a randomized study of long-term effects. J Nerv Ment Dis 2012; 200:223-229
78. Ulberg R, Johansson P, Høglend P: Patient sex as moderator of effects of transference interpretation in a randomized controlled study of dynamic psychotherapy. Can J Psychiatry 2009; 54:78-86
79. Johansson P, Høglend P, Ulberg R, Amlo S, Marble A, Bøgwald KP, Sørbye Ø, Sjaastad MC, Heyerdahl O: The mediating role of insight for long-term improvements in psychodynamic therapy. J Consult Clin Psychol 2010; 78:438-448
80. Connolly MB, Crits-Christoph P, Shelton RC, Hollon S, Kurtz JE, Barber JP, Butler SF, Baker S, Thase ME: The reliability and validity of a measure of self-understanding of interpersonal patterns. J Couns Psychol 1999; 46:472-482
81. Gibbons MB, Crits-Christoph P, Barber JP, Wiltsey Stirman S, Gallop R, Goldstein LA, Temes CM, Ring-Kurtz S: Unique and common mechanisms of change across cognitive and dynamic psychotherapies. J Consult Clin Psychol 2009; 77:801-813
82. Kallestad H, Valen J, McCullough L, Svartberg M, Høglend P, Stiles TC: The relationship between insight gained during therapy and long-term outcome in short-term dynamic psychotherapy and cognitive therapy for cluster C personality disorders. Psychother Res 2010; 20:526-534
83. Høglend P, Hersoug AG, Bøgwald K-P, Amlo S, Marble A, Sørbye Ø, Røssberg JI, Ulberg R, Gabbard GO, Crits-Christoph P: Effects of transference work in the context of therapeutic alliance and quality of object relations. J Consult Clin Psychol 2011; 79:697-706
84. Dahl HS, Røssberg JI, Crits-Christoph P, Hersoug AG, Gabbard GO, Perry JC, Ulberg R, Høglend P: Long-term effects of analysis of the patient-therapist relationship in the context of patients' personality pathology and therapists' parental feelings. J Consult Clin Psychol (Epub ahead of print, Mar 24, 2014)
85. Rosser RM, Moynihan CM, Denford J, Heslop A, Muir B, Macklin D, Guz A: The Charing Cross-Cassel Focal Psychotherapy Research Project: method of content analysis. Psychother Psychosom 1983; 40:81-94
86. Caligor E, Hilsenroth MJ, Devlin M, Rutherford BR, Terry M, Roose SP: Will patients accept randomization to psychoanalysis? a feasibility study. J Am Psychoanal Assoc 2012; 60:337-360
87. Banon E, Perry JC, Semeniuk T, Bond M, de Roten Y, Hersoug AG, Despland J-N: Therapist interventions using the Psychodynamic Interventions Rating Scale (PIRS) in dynamic therapy, psychoanalysis and CBT. Psychother Res 2013; 23:121-136
88. Ulberg R, Amlo S, Critchfield KL, Marble A, Høglend P: Transference interventions and the process between therapist and patient. Psychotherapy (Epub ahead of print, March 17, 2014)
89. Castonguay LG, Schut AJ, Aikins D, Constantino MJ, Lawrenceau JP, Bologh L, Burns DD: Repairing alliance ruptures in cognitive therapy: a preliminary investigation of an integrative therapy for depression. J Psychother Integration 2004; 14:4-20
90. Constantino MJ, Marnell ME, Haile AJ, Kanther-Sista SN, Wolman K, Zappert L, Arnow BA: Integrative cognitive therapy for depression: a randomized pilot comparison. Psychotherapy (Chic) 2008; 45:122-134
91. Vocsiano C, Klein DN, Arnow B, Rivera C, Blalock JA, Rothbaum B, Viviian D, Markowitz JC, Koscis JH, Manber R, Castonguay L, Rush AJ, Borian F, McCullough JP, Kornstein SG, Riso LP, Thase ME: Therapist variables that predict symptom change in psychotherapy with chronically depressed outpatients. Psychotherapy 2004; 41:255-265
92. Kanter JW, Tsai M, Holman G, Koerner K: Preliminary data from a randomized pilot study of web-based functional analytic psychotherapy therapist training. Psychotherapy (Chic) 2013; 50:248-255
93. Sanislow CA, Pine DS, Quinn KJ, Kozak MJ, Garvey MA, Heinssen RK, Wang PS-E, Cuthbert BN: Developing constructs for psychopathology research: research domain criteria. J Abnorm Psychol 2010; 119:631-639
94. Holt-Lunstad J, Smith TB, Layton JB: Social relationships and mortality risk: a meta-analytic review. PLoS Med 2010; 7:e1000316
95. Kosfeld M, Heinrichs M, Zak PJ, Fischbacher U, Fehr E: Oxytocin increases trust in humans. Nature 2005; 435:673-676
96. Buchheim A, Viviani R, Kessler H, Kächele H, Cierpka M, Roth G, George C, Kernberg OF, Bruns G, Taubner S: Changes in prefrontal-limbic function in major depression after 15 months of long-term psychotherapy. PLoS ONE 2012; 7:e33745
97. Abbass AA, Nowoweiski SJ, Bernier D, Tarzwell R, Beutel ME: Review of psychodynamic psychotherapy neuroimaging studies. Psychother Psychosom 2014; 83:142-147
98. Kerr JN, Denk W: Imaging in vivo: watching the brain in action. Nat Rev Neurosci 2008; 9:195 -205
99. Tye KM, Deisseroth K: Optogenetic investigation of neural circuits underlying brain disease in animal models. Nat Rev Neurosci 2012; 13:251-266