Stratigraphic and spatial distribution of ochre and ochre processing tools at Porc-Epic Cave, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia

Quaternary International

Volumn 343, Issue , 2014, Pages 85-99

  Rosso, Daniela Eugenia ^a,b   d'Errico, Francesco ^a,c   Zilhão, João ^b,d  

^a UNIVERSITÉ BORDEAUX 1   (France)

^b UNIVERSITY OF BARCELONA   (Spain)

^c UNIVERSITY OF BERGEN   (Norway)

^d INSTITUCIÓ CATALANA DE RECERCA I ESTUDIS AVANÇATS ICREA   (Spain)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE; ARTIFACT; CHRONOSTRATIGRAPHY; MESOLITHIC; SETTLEMENT HISTORY; SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION; TOOL USE; VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION;

DIRE DAWA; ETHIOPIA; PORC EPIC;

GASTROPODA;

EID: 84906792895     PISSN: 10406182     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.quaint.2013.10.019     Document Type: Article

References (100)

1. Agresti A. Categorical Data Analysis 2002, 91-101. Wiley, New York. second ed.
2. Anovitz L.M., Elam J.M., Riciputi L.R., Cole D.R. The failure of obsidian hydration dating: sources, implications, and new directions. Journal of Archaeological Science 1999, 26:735-752.
3. Assefa Z. Faunal remains from Porc-Epic: paleoecological and zooarchaeological investigations from a Middle Stone Age site in southeastern Ethiopia. Journal of Human Evolution 2006, 51:50-75.
4. Assefa Z., Lam Y.M., Mienis H.K. Symbolic use of terrestrial gastropod opercula during the Middle Stone Age at Porc-Epic Cave, Ethiopia. Current Anthropology 2008, 49(4):746-756.
5. Barham L.S. Possible early pigment use in south-central Africa. Current Anthropology 1998, 39(5):703-710.
6. Barham L.S. Systematic pigment use in the Middle Pleistocene of southcentral Africa. Current Anthropology 2002, 43:181-190.
7. Bednarik R.G. An Acheulian haematite pebble with striations. Rock Art Research 1990, 7:75.
8. Brandt S.A., Fisher E.C., Hildebrand E.A., Vogelsang R., Ambrose S.H., Lesur J., Wang H. Early MIS 3 occupation of Mochena Borago Rockshelter, Southwest Ethiopian Highlands: implications for Late Pleistocene archaeology, paleoenvironments and modern human dispersals. Quaternary International 2012, 274:38-54.
9. Breuil H. Peintures Rupestres Préhistoriques du Harrar Abyssinie. L'Anthropologie 1934, 44:473-483.
10. Breuil H., Teilhard de Chardin P., Wernert P. Le Paléolithique du Harrar. L'Anthropologie 1951, 55:219-230.
11. Bronk Ramsey C. Radiocarbon calibration and analysis of stratigraphy: the oxcal program. Radiocarbon 1995, 37(2):425-430.
12. Caron F., d'Errico F., Del Moral P., Santos F., Zilhão J. The Reality of Neandertal Symbolic Behavior at the Grotte du Renne, Arcy-sur-Cure, France. Plos One 2011, 6(6):1-11.
13. Chavaillon J., Berthelet A. The archaeological sites of Melka Kunture. Studies on the Early Paleolithic Site of Melka Kunture, Ethiopia 2004, 25-80. Origines, Istituto Italiano di Preistoria e Protostoria, Florence. J. Chavaillon, M. Piperno (Eds.).
14. Conard N.J. Acritical view of the evidence for a Southern African origin of behavioural modernity. South African Archaeological Society Goodwin Series 2008, 10:175-179.
15. Couraud C. Pour une étude méthodologique des colorants préhistoriques. Bulletin de la Société préhistorique française 1983, 80(4):104-110.
16. Couraud C. Pigments utilisés en Préhistoire. Provenance, préparation, mode d'utilisation. L'Anthropologie 1988, 92(1):17-28.
17. d'Errico F. The invisible frontier. A multiple species model for the origin of behavioural modernity. Evolutionary Anthropology 2003, 12:188-202.
18. d'Errico F., Stringer C.B. Evolution, revolution or saltation scenario for the emergence of modern cultures?. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 2011, 366:1060-1069.
19. d'Errico F., Henshilwood C., Lawson G., Vanhaeren M., Tillier A.-M., Soressi M., Bresson F., Maureille B., Nowell A., Lakarra J., Backwell L., Julien M. Archaeological evidence for the emergence of language, symbolism, and music: an alternative multidisciplinary perspective. Journal of World Prehistory 2003, 17(1):1-70.
20. d'Errico F., Henshilwood C.S., Vanhaeren M., van Niekerk K. Nassarius kraussianus shell beads from Blombos Cave: evidence for symbolic behaviour in the Middle Stone Age. Journal of Human Evolution 2005, 48:3-24.
21. d'Errico F., Salomon H., Vignaud C., Stringer C.B. Pigments from the Middle Palaeolithic levels of Es-Skhul. Journal of Archaeological Science 2010, 37:3099-3110.
22. d'Errico F., Backwell L., Villa P., Degano I., Lucejko J.J., Bamford M.K., Higham T.F.G., Colombini M.P., Beaumont P.B. Early evidence of San material culture represented by organic artifacts from Border Cave, South Africa. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 2012, 103(33):13214-13219.
23. d'Errico F., Backwell L., Wadley L. Identifying regional variability in Middle Stone Age bone technology: the case of Sibudu Cave. Journal of Archaeological Science 2012, 39:2479-2495.
24. d'Errico F., García Moreno R., Rifkin R.F. Technological, elemental and colorimetric analysis of an engraved ochre fragment from the Middle Stone Age levels of Klasies River Cave 1, South Africa. Journal of Archaeological Science 2012, 39(4):942-952.
25. Dayet L. Matériaux, transformations et fonctions de l'ocre au Middle Stone Age. Le cas de Diepkloof Rock Shelter dans le contexte de l'Afrique australe 2012, (Ph.D. thesis), Université Michel de Montaigne Bordeaux 3, France.
26. Dayet L. Ochre resources from the Middle Stone Age sequence of Diepkloof Rock Shelter, Western Cape, South Africa. Journal of Archaeological Science 2013, 40(9):3492-3505.
27. de Beaune S.A. Essai d'une classification typologique des galets et plaquettes utilisés au Paléolithique. Gallia Préhistoire 1989, 31:27-64.
28. de Beaune S.A. Nonflint stone tools of the Early Upper Palaeolithic. Before Lascaux 1993, 163-191. CRC, Boca Raton. H. Knetch, A. Pike-Tay, R. White (Eds.).
29. de Lumley H. APalaeolithic camp site at Nice. Scientific American 1969, 220:42-50.
30. 39Ar dating of the Kapthurin Formation, Baringo, Kenya. Journal of Human Evolution 2002, 42:185-210.
31. Desmond Clark J. The Middle Stone Age of East Africa and the beginnings of regional identity. Journal of World Prehistory 1988, 2(3):235-305.
32. Desmond Clark J., Kurashina H. Hominid occupation of the east-central highlands of Ethiopia in the Plio-Pleistocene. Nature 1979, 282:33-39.
33. Desmond Clark J., Williamson K.D. AMiddle Stone Age occupation site at Porc Epic cave, Dire Dawa east-central Ethiopia, Part I. The African Archaeological Review 1984, 2:37-64.
34. Desmond Clark J., Beyene Y., WoldeGabriel G., Hartk W.K., Renne P.R., Gilbert H., Defleurq A., Suwa G., Katoh S., Ludwig K.R., Boisserie J.-R., Asfaw B., White T.D. Stratigraphic, chronological and behavioural contexts of Pleistocene Homo sapiens from Middle Awash, Ethiopia. Nature 2003, 423:747-752.
35. Djindjian F. Méthodes pour l'Archéologie 1991, Armand Colin, Paris.
36. Djindjian F. L'analyse spatiale de l'habitat: un état de l'art. Archeologia e Calcolarori 1999, 10:17-32.
37. Dubreuil L. Etudes fonctionnelles du matériel de broyage en préhistoire: recherches méthodologiques. Comment faire parler les pierres?. Bulletin du Centre de recherches français à Jérusalem 2001, 9:9-26.
38. Dubreuil L. Étude fonctionnelle des outils de broyage natoufiens: nouvelles perspectives sur l'émergence de l'agriculture au Proche-Orient 2002, (Ph.D thesis), Université Bordeaux 1, France.
39. Dubreuil L. Long-term trends in Natufian subsistence: a use-wear analysis of ground stone tools. Journal of Archaeological Science 2004, 31:1613-1629.
40. Fisher R.A. Statistical Methods for Research Workers 1970, Oliver and Boyd, Edinburgh.
41. Henshilwood C.S. Fully symbolic sapiens behaviour: Innovation in the Middle Stone Age at Blombos Cave, South Africa. Rethinking the Human Revolution: New Behavioural and Biological Perspectives on the Origins and Dispersal of Modern Humans 2007, 123-132. University of Cambridge Press, Cambridge. C. Stringer, P. Mellars (Eds.).
42. Henshilwood C.S., Marean C.W. The origin of modern human behaviour: a review and critique of models and test implications. Current Anthropology 2003, 44(5):627-651.
43. Henshilwood C.S., Marean C.W. Remodelling the origins of modern human behaviour: tracing the lineage of modern man. The Prehistory of Africa: Tracing the Lineage of Modern Man 2006, 37-59. Jonathan Ball, Cape Town. H. Soodyall (Ed.).
44. Henshilwood C.S., Dubreuil B. Reading the artefacts: gleaning language skills from the Middle Stone Age in southern Africa. The Cradle of Language 2009, 41-61. Oxford University Press, Oxford. R. Botha, C. Knight (Eds.).
45. Henshilwood C.S., d'Errico F. Middle Stone Age engravings and their significance. Homo Symbolicus: the Dawn of Language, Imagination and Spirituality 2011, 219-223. John Benjamins, Amsterdam. C.S. Henshilwood, F. d'Errico (Eds.).
46. Henshilwood C.S., d'Errico F., Yates R., Jacobs Z., Tribolo C., Duller G.A.T., Mercier N., Sealy J.C., Valladas H., Watts I., Wintle A.G. Emergence of modern human behaviour: Middle Stone Age engravings from South Africa. Science 2002, 295:1278-1280.
47. Henshilwood C.S., d'Errico F., Vanhaeren M., van Niekerk K., Jacobs Z. Middle Stone Age shell beads from South Africa. Science 2004, 304:404.
48. Henshilwood C.S., d'Errico F., Watts I. Engraved ochres from Middle Stone Age levels at Blombos Cave, South Africa. Journal of Human Evolution 2009, 57:27-47.
49. Henshilwood C.S., d'Errico F., van Niekerk K.L., Coquinot Y., Jacobs Z., Lauritzen S.-E., Menu M., García-Moreno R. A100,000-year-old ochre-processing workshop at Blombos Cave, South Africa. Science 2011, 334:219-222.
50. Hodgskiss T. Identifying grinding, scoring and rubbing use-wear on experimental ochre pieces. Journal of Archaeological Science 2010, 37(12):3344-3358.
51. Hodgskiss T. An investigation into the properties of the ochre from Sibudu, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Southern African Humanities 2012, 24:99-120.
52. Högberg A., Larsson L. Lithic technology and behavioural modernity: new results from the Still Bay site, Hollow Rock Shelter, Western Cape Province, South Africa. Journal of Human Evolution 2011, 61(2):133-155.
53. Hovers E., Belfer-Cohen A. "Now you see it, now you don't" - modern human behaviour in the Middle Paleolithic. Transitions before the Transition: Evolution and Stability in the Middle Paleolithic and Middle Stone Age 2006, 295-304. Springer, New York. E. Hovers, S.L. Kuhn (Eds.).
54. Hovers E., Ilani S., Bar-Yosef O., Vandermeersch B. An early case of color symbolism: ochre use by modern humans in Qafzeh Cave. Current Anthropology 2003, 44(4):491-522.
55. Howell F.C. Observations on the earlier phases of the European Lower Palaeolithic. American Anthropologist 1966, 68(2):88-201.
56. Knight C. Language co-evolved with the rule of law. Mind and Society 2008, 7:109-128.
57. Leakey L.S.B. The industries of the Gorgora Rockshelter, Lake Tana. Journal of the East Africa and Uganda Natural History Society 1943, 17:199-203.
58. Leakey L.S.B. Recent discoveries at Olduvai Gorge, Tanganyika. Nature 1958, 181:1099-1103.
59. Marean C.W., Bar-Matthews M., Bernatchez J., Fisher E., Goldberg P., Herries A.I.R., Jacobs Z., Jerardino A., Karkanas P., Minichillo T., Nilssen P.J., Thompson E., Watts I., Williams H.M. Early human use of marine resources and pigment in South Africa during the Middle Pleistocene. Nature 2007, 449:905-908.
60. McBrearty S., Brooks A.S. The revolution that wasn't: a new interpretation of the origin of modern human behaviour. Journal of Human Evolution 2000, 39:453-563.
61. McDougall I., Brown F.H., Fleagle J.G. Stratigraphic placement and age of modern humans from Kibish, Ethiopia. Nature 2005, 433:733-736.
62. McDougall I., Brown F.H., Fleagle J.G. Sapropels and the age of hominins Omo I and II, Kibish, Ethiopia. Journal of Human Evolution 2008, 55:409-420.
63. Michels J.W., Marean C.A. AMiddle Stone Age occupation site at Porc Epic cave, Dire Dawa east-central Ethiopia. Part II. The African Archaeological Review 1984, 2:64-71.
64. Morency C. Étude de méthodes d'analyse spatiale et illustration à l'aide de microdonnées urbaines de la grande région de Montréal. Les Cahiers Scientifiques du Transport 2006, 49:77-102.
65. Moysey F. Excavation of a rockshelter at Gorgora, Lake Tana, Ethiopia. Journal of the East Africa and Uganda Natural History Society 1943, 17:196-198.
66. Negash A., Shackley M.S. Geochemical provenance of obsidian artefacts from the MSA site of Porc Epic, Ethiopia. Archaeometry 2006, 48(1):1-12.
67. Patefield W.M. Algorithm AS159. An efficient method of generating r x c tables with given row and column totals. Applied Statistics 1981, 30:91-97.
68. Perlès C. Réexamen Typologique de L'Industrie du Porc-Épic Éthiopie: Les Pointes et Pièces Pointues. L'Anthropologie 1974, 783:529-551.
69. Pleurdeau D. Le Middle Stone Age de la grotte du Porc-Épic (Dire Dawa, Éthiopie): gestion des matières premières et comportements techniques. L'Anthropologie 2003, 107:15-48.
70. Pleurdeau D. Gestion des matières premières et comportements techniques dans le Middle Stone Age africain. Les assemblages lithiques de la grotte du Porc-Épic, Dire Dawa, Éthiopie. British Archaeological Reports International Series 1317 2004, Archaeopress, Oxford.
71. Pleurdeau D. Human technical behavior in the African Middle Stone Age: the lithic assemblage of Porc-Epic Cave (Dire Dawa, Ethiopia). African Archaeological Review 2005, 22(4):177-197.
72. Pleurdeau D. The lithic assemblage of the 1975-1976 excavation of the Porc-Epic Cave, Dire-Dawa, Ethiopia - implications for the East African Middle Stone Age. Journal of African Archaeology 2005, 3(1):117-126.
73. Pomiès M.-P., Menu M., Vignaud C. Red Palaeolithic pigments: natural hematite or heated goethite?. Archaeometry 1999, 41(2):275-285.
74. Ridings R. Where in the world does obsidian hydration dating work?. American Antiquity 1996, 61:136-148.
75. Rifkin R.F. Assessing the efficacy of red ochre as a prehistoric hide tanning ingredient. Journal of African Archaeology 2011, 9(2):31-158.
76. Rifkin R.F. Processing ochre in the Middle Stone Age: testing the inference of prehistoric behaviours from actualistically derived experimental data. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 2012, 31(2):174-195.
77. Roebroeks W., Sier M.J., Kellberg Nielsen T., De Loecker D., Parés J.M., Arps C.E.S., Mücher H.J. Use of red ochre by early Neandertals. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 2012, 109(6):1889-1894.
78. Rossano M. Making friends, making tools, and making symbols. Current Anthropology 2010, 51(1):89-98.
79. Rosso D.E. Le traitement des matières colorantes à la grotte du Porc-Épic (Dire Dawa, Éthiopie) 2011, (MSc dissertation), Université Bordeaux 1, France.
80. Salomon H. Les matières colorantes au début du Paléolithique Supérieur. Sources, transformations et fonctions 2009, (Ph.D thesis), Université Bordeaux 1, France.
81. Salomon H., Vignaud C., Coquinot Y., Beck L., Stringer C., Strivay D., d'Errico F. Selection and heating of colouring materials in the Mousterian level of Es-Skhul (c. 100 000 years BP, Mount Carmel, Israel). Archaeometry 2012, 54(4):698-722.
82. Shaffer J.P. Multiple hypothesis testing. Annual Review of Psychology 1995, 46:561-584.
83. Teilhard de Chardin P. Le Paléolithique en Somalie française et en Abyssinie. L'Anthropologie 1930, 40:331-334.
84. Teilhard de Chardin P., Breuil H., Wernert P. Les industries lithiques de la Somalie française. L'Anthropologie 1940, 49:497-522.
85. Thévenin A. Les civilisations du Paléolithique intérieur en Alsace. La Préhistoire Française: Les civilisations paléolithiques et mésolithiques de la France 1976, 984-996. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris. H. de Lumley (Ed.).
86. Vallois H.V. La Mandibule Humaine Fossile de la Grotte du Porc-Épic près de Diré-Daoua Abyssinie. L'Anthropologie 1951, 55:231-238.
87. Van Peer P., Fulagar R., Stokes S., Bailey R.M., Moeyersons J., Steenhoudt F., Geerts A., Vanderbeken T., De Dapper M., Geur F. The early to Middle Stone Age transition and the emergence of modern human behaviour at site 8-B-11, Sai Island, Sudan. Journal of Human Evolution 2003, 45:187-193.
88. 39Ar dating: a provenance study of Middle Stone Age obsidian artifacts from Ethiopia. Journal of Archaeological Science 2006, 33:1749-1765.
89. Vogelsang R., Richter J., Jacobs Z., Eichhorn B., Linseele V., Roberts R.G. New excavations of Middle Stone Age deposits at Apollo 11 rockshelter, Namibia: stratigraphy, archaeology, chronology and past environments. Journal of African Archaeology 2010, 8(2):185-218.
90. Wadley L. Putting ochre to the test: replication studies of adhesives that may have been used for hafting tools in the Middle Stone Age. Journal of Human Evolution 2005, 49(5):587-601.
91. Wadley L., Williamson B.S., Lombard M. Ochre in hafting in Middle Stone Age southern Africa: a practical role. Antiquity 2004, 78:661-675.
92. Wadley L., Hodgskiss T., Grant M. Implications for complex cognition from the hafting of tools with compound adhesives in the Middle Stone Age, South Africa. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 2009, 106(24):9590-9594.
93. Watts I. The origin of symbolic culture. The Evolution of Culture 1999, 113-146. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh. R. Dunbar, C. Knight, C. Power (Eds.).
94. Watts I. Ochre in the Middle Stone Age of southern Africa: ritualised display or hide preparation?. South African Archaeological Bulletin 2002, 57:1-14.
95. Watts I. Red ochre, body-painting, and language: interpreting the Blombos ochre. The Cradle of Language 2009, 62-92. Oxford University Press, Oxford. R. Botha, C. Knight (Eds.).
96. Watts I. The pigments from Pinnacle point cave 13B, Western Cape, South Africa. Journal of Human Evolution 2010, 59:392-411.
97. Wendt W.E. "Art mobilier" aus der Apollo 11-Grotte in Südwest-Afrika. Acta Praehistorica et Archaeologica 1974, 5:1-42.
98. Wurz S. The Middle Stone Age at Klasies River, South Africa 2000, (Ph.D. thesis), University of Stellenbosch, South Africa.
99. Wynn T., Coolidge F.L. Beyond symbolism and language. An introduction to supplement 1, working memory. Current Anthropology 2010, 51(1):5-16.
100. Zilhão J., Angelucci D., Badal-García E., d'Errico F., Daniel F., Dayet L., Douka K., Higham T., Martínez-Sánchez M.-J., Montes-Bernárdez R., Murcia-Mascarós S., Pérez-Sirvent C., Roldán-García C., Vanhaeren M., Villaverde V., Wood R., Zapata J. Symbolic use of marine shells and mineral pigments by Iberian Neandertals. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2010, 107:1023-1028.