Maritime museums and transatlantic slavery: A study in british and american identity

Journal of Transatlantic Studies

Volumn 4, Issue 1, 2006, Pages 55-80

  Leffler, Phyllis K ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84906703789     PISSN: 14794012     EISSN: 17541018     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/14794010608656840     Document Type: Article

References (102)

1. 1971. Poems on the Abolition of the Slave Trade, 76–76. Freeport, New York:Books for Libraries Press.
2. Wood, Marcus, ed. 2003. The Poetry of Slavery:An Anglo-American Anthology, 1764–1865, 605–605. Oxford:Oxford University Press.
3. http://www.mariner.org/captivepassage/departure/index.html (http://www.mariner.org/captivepassage/departure/index.html)
4. See, for example Berlin Ira, American Slavery in History and Memory and the Search for Social Justice Journal of American History March 2004 1251 1268 90James Oliver Horton, “Patriot Acts:Public History in Public Service,” Journal of American History, 92 (December 2005), 807–809.
5. Clifford, James. 1999. “ Museums as Contact Zones ”. In Representing the Nation:A Reader — Histories, heritage and museums, Edited by:Boswell, David, and Evans, Jessica. 438–438. London:Routledge. in
6. Cited in Hackney Sheldon, The American Identity The Public Historian Winter 1997 19 1 13 13
7. Du Bois, W.E.B., 1997. The Souls of Black Folk, Edited by:Blight, David W., and Gooding-Williams, Robert. 35–35. Boston:Bedford Books.
8. Tibbles, Anthony. “ Against Human Dignity:The development of the Transatlantic Slavery Gallery at Merseyside Maritime Museum, Liverpool ”. In IXth International Congress of Maritime Museums Proceedings 95–95. in
9. Klinkenborg, Verlyn. 2002. Liverpool's Heart of Darkness. Mother Jones, July/August:66–66.
10. Tibbles. Against Human Dignity 95–95.
11. May 2005. Letter from Tony Tibbles, Keeper of the Merseyside Maritime Museum May, 19
12. http://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/about/capitalprojects/slavery.asp (http://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/about/capitalprojects/slavery.asp)
13. http://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/about/capitalprojects/slavery.asp (http://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/about/capitalprojects/slavery.asp)
14. See also Major Exhibition on Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Opens at Anacostia Museum on Feb. 3 Smithsonian Institution press release 2003 January 24
15. Before opening at South Street Seaport, New York, the exhibit was mounted at the Smithsonian's Anacostia Museum and Center for African American History and Culture 2003 and at the Missouri Historical Society (2005)
16. See also Foster Richard, Proposed Maritime Museum:Outline Development Plan Merseyside Museum Archives 1978 March
17. Ferguson, Homer L., 1937. The Mariners' Museum. paper presented to The Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers. November1937, New York. in The Mariners' Museum Library Archives. See also The Mariners' Museum, 1930–1950:A History and Guide (The Mariners' Museum, Publication No. 20, 1950), Foreward, 1
18. For diversity initiatives within the U.S. and England, see the goals of the National Park Service (http://www.cr.nps.gov/history/hisnps/index.htm); the goals of English Heritage (http://www.english-heritage.org.uk); and those of Re:Source (http://www.resource.gov.uk/index.html).
19. Thornton, John. 1992. Africa and Africans in the making of the Atlantic world, 1400–1680, 3–3. Cambridge, England:Cambridge University Press. see also 13, 14, 41–42.
20. For a fuller analysis of historiographical trends in discussions of transatlantic slavery, see Klein Herbert, The Atlantic Slave Trade Cambridge University Press Cambridge, England 1999 213 224
21. Northrup, David. 2004. Finding Africa in World History. Historically Speaking, VI (2) November/December:18–18. in
22. Colley, Linda. 2002. Captives:Britain, Empire and the World, 1600–1850, 4–5. London:Jonathan Cape.
23. Colley. Captives 367–367.
24. Klein, Herbert S., 1999. The Atlantic Slave Trade, 43–45. Cambridge, England:Cambridge University Press.
25. Springer, Haskell, ed. 1995. America and the Sea:A Literary History, 7–7. Athens, Georgia:The University of Georgia Press.
26. Springer, Haskell, ed. 1995. America and the Sea:A Literary History, 7–7. Athens, Georgia:The University of Georgia Press.
27. See, for example Horton James, Oliver Horton Lois E., Slavery and the Making of America Oxford University Press New York 2005 John Hope Franklin and Alfred A. Moss, Jr., From Slavery to Freedom, (New York:Alfred A. Knopf, 2000); Eric Eustace Williams, Capitalism and Slavery, (Chapel Hill:University of North Carolina Press, 1994); Ron Eyerman, Jeffrey C. Alexander and Steven Seidman, Cultural Trauma:Slavery and the Formation of African American Identity (New York:Cambridge University Press, 2001).
28. For a full discussion of this in plantation museums, see Eichstedt Jennifer L., Small Stephen, Representations of Slavery:Race and Ideology in Southern Plantation Museums Smithsonian Institution Press Washington, D.C. 2002
29. Drescher, Seymour. “ Commemorating Slavery and Abolition in the United States of America ”. In Facing Up to Slavery Edited by:Oostinde. 109–109. in
30. Such a museum is being created in Fredericksburg, Virginia, and is scheduled to open in February 2007
31. See museum's website, http://www.freedomcenter.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=home.viewPage¶geid=8D77E07E-lF47-4791-AF9442068338E771 (http://www.freedomcenter.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=home.viewPage¶geid=8D77E07E-lF47-4791-AF9442068338E771)
32. Tibbles. “ Against Human Dignity ”. In ICMM Proceedings 96–96.
33. Interview by Phyllis Leffler with Hightower John, January 2003 29
34. Transatlantic Slavery:Against Human Dignity ”. In Gallery Text, Introduction to the Gallery
35. Transatlantic Slavery:Against Human Dignity ”. In The Legacy of Transatlantic Slavery
36. Transatlantic Slavery:Against Human Dignity ”. In Introduction to the Gallery
37. Captive Passage:The Transatlantic Slave Trade and the Making of the Americas ”. In Gallery Text, Orientation Section 1
38. Wood, Marcus. 2000. Blind Memory:Visual representations of slavery in England and America, 1780– 1865, 296–296. Manchester:Manchester University Press.
39. Interview by Phyllis Leffler with Hotton Julia, Guest Assistant Curator 2003 February 3
40. Captive Passage ”. In Orientation Section, 1.1
41. Captive Passage ”. In A Lasting Legacy, 6.4.1
42. For a further discussion on Eurocentrism and African agency, see Thornton, Africa and Africans in the making of the Atlantic world 3 4 6 7 37–39, 42, 44, 112, 125
43. Against Human Dignity ”. In Gallery Text, The Dehumanising Effects of Transatlantic Slavery
44. Tibbles. “ Against Human Dignity ”. In ICMM Proceedings 98–98.
45. Wood, Marcus. 2000. Blind Memory:Visual Representations of Slavery in England and America, 1780– 1865, 299–299. Manchester:Manchester University Press. Alan Rice, Radical Narratives of the Black Atlantic (London:Continuum, 2003), 204.
46. Against Human Dignity ”. In Gallery Text, West Africa Before Slaving
47. Against Human Dignity ”. In Gallery Text, West Africa Before Slaving
48. Against Human Dignity ”. In The Impact of Slaving on Africa
49. Against Human Dignity ”. In The Scale of Transatlantic Slavery
50. Against Human Dignity ”. In Chattel Slavery, The Impact of Slavery in Africa
51. Thornton. Africa and Africans in the making of the Atlantic World Vol. 74
52. Thornton. Africa and Africans in the making of the Atlantic World 76–76.
53. For a further discussion of this relationship, see Baugh Daniel, Maritime Strength and Atlantic Commerce:The uses of ‘…a grand marime empire,’ An Imperial State at War:Britain from 1689 to 1815 Stone Lawrence, Routledge London 1994 in
54. Against Human Dignity ”. In Gallery Text, The Legacy of Transatlantic Slavery
55. Against Human Dignity ”. In Black Achievement
56. Captive Passage:The Transatlantic Slave Trade and the Making of the Americas ”. In Gallery Text, West Africa Before Slaving
57. Morano, Marc. April 2003. Civil Rights Pioneer Slams Slavery Museum Exhibit April, 07CNSNews.com (http://www.cnsnews.com/)
58. Morano, Marc. March 2003. Smithsonian Denies Slavery in Africa Was ‘Dehumanizing’ March, 31Capitalism Magazine (http://www.capmag.com/)
59. Morano, Marc. March 2003. Smithsonian Denies Slavery in Africa Was ‘Dehumanizing’ March, 31
60. Captive Passage ”. In Gallery Text, The Triangle Trade 1.2
61. Captive Passage ”. In The Leaders of the Trade 1.4
62. Captive Passage ”. In Legacy 6.1.1
63. Captive Passage ”. In Africa's Gifts 6.2.1
64. Captive Passage ”. In A Lasting Legacy 6.4.1
65. Captive Passage:The Transatlantic Slave Trade and the Making of the Americas ”. In Object Labels A2.2.5
66. Captive Passage:The Transatlantic Slave Trade and the Making of the Americas ”. In Object Labels GR3.5.3
67. Captive Passage:The Transatlantic Slave Trade and the Making of the Americas ”. In Object Labels GR1.2.2, GR1.2.4, GR1.2.5
68. See, for example Race and Slavery in the Western Hemisphere:Quantitative Studies Engerman Stanley L., Genovese Eugene, Princeton University Press New Jersey 1975 David Eltis, Economic Growth and the Ending of the Transatlantic Slave Trade (New York, 1987); Herbert S. Klein, The Middle Passage:comparative studies in the Atlantic slave trade (Princeton, N.J.:Princeton University Press, 1987). Most recently, data on 27,000 voyages has been compiled and published in David Eltis, Stephan D. Behrendt, David Richardson, and Herbert S. Klein, The Transatlantic Slave Trade, 1562–1867:a database CD-Rom (England, Cambridge University Press, 1998).
69. Wood. Blind Memory 16–18.
70. Stein, Roger B., 1975. Seascape and the American Imagination, 2–2. New York:Clarkson N. Potter, Inc.
71. Springer, America and the Sea 1 1
72. Schultz, Elizabeth. “ African-American Literature in Springer ”. In America and the Sea 233–233.
73. Tibbles. Against Human Dignity. ICMM, 99–100.
74. Tibbles. Against Human Dignity. ICMM, 99–100.
75. Klinkenborg. Liverpool's Heart of Darkness. Mother Jones, 67–67.
76. Interview by Phyllis Leffler with Hightower John, Mariner's Museum Newport News, Virginia2003January 29
77. Captive Passage ”. In Gallery Text 3.5.1
78. Captive Passage ”. In Object Labels GR3.2.2, GR 3.3/4, GR3.3.4, GR3.3.5
79. Captive Passage ”. In Object Labels GR3.3.3
80. For Goulbourne's argument, see African Slaves and the Atlantic World Facing Up to Slavery 127 127 in
81. Against Human Dignity ”. In Gallery Text, African Resistance, Resistance to Slavery, Abolition and Emancipation sections
82. Myrdal, Gunnar. 1944. An American Dilemma, Vol. xliv, 3–3. New York:Harpers. 5
83. Blakely, Allison. “ Remembering Slavery in the United States ”. In Facing Up to Slavery Edited by:Oostindie. 102–102. in
84. See de Tocqueville Alexis, Democracy in America Alfred Knopf New York 1945 2 36 37 Seymour Martin Lipset, American Exceptionalism:A Double-Edged Sword (New York:Norton, 1966)
85. Captive Passage ”. In Gallery Text, Resistance and Endurance 2.5.2
86. Captive Passage ”. In The Struggle for Emancipation 5.3.1/5.3.2
87. Captive Passage ”. In Gallery Text, Abolition:The Struggle for Emancipation 5.3.1/ 5.3.2
88. Klein. The Atlantic Slave Trade 183–183. Adam Hochschild, Bury the Chains:Prophets and Rebels in the Fight to Free an Empire's Slaves, (Boston:Houghton, Mifflin Company, 2005); David Eltis, Economic Growth and the Ending of the Transatlantic Slave Trade (New York:Oxford University Press, 1987).
89. Klein. The Atlantic Slave Trade 183–183. Abolition, 5.4.1/5.4.2
90. Against Human Dignity ”. In Gallery Text, The Legacy of Transatlantic Slavery
91. Captive Passage ”. In Gallery Text, Legacy:Building New Nations 6.1.1
92. McCarthy, Thomas. December 2004. “ Coming to Terms with Our Past, Part II:On the Morality and Politics of Reparations for Slavery ”. In Political Theory December, 2–3.
93. Davison, Graeme. 2001. “ National museums in a global age:Observations abroad and reflections at home ”. In Negotiating Histories, 13–13. Carberra:National Museum of Australia.
94. http://www.english-heritage.org.uk. See Policy, Inclusion and Diversity
95. March 1995. Transatlantic Slavery Gallery:Summative Evaluation, March, Creative Research Ltd. Prepared by24
96. Weyeneth, Robert R., 2001. The Power of Apology and the Process of Historical Reconciliation. The Public Historian, 23 (3) Summer:21–21.
97. See, for example Carroll John, Guilt:The grey eminence behind character, history and culture Routledge London 1985 Elazar Barkan, The Guilt of Nations:Restitution and Negotiating Historical Injustices (Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001); Luigi Zoja, Growth and Guilt:Psychology and the limits of development (London:Routledge, 1995).
98. February 2003. Interview by Phyllis Leffler with Sharon Ann Holt, Senior Historian, South Street Seaport Museum February, New York City 4
99. Leffler, Phyllis K., 2004. Peopling the Portholes:National Identity and Maritime Museums in the U.S. and U.K. The Public Historian, 26 (4) Fall
100. May 2005. Telephone interview by Phyllis Leffler with Jackie Dace May, 9
101. January 2003. Interview by Phyllis Leffler with John Hightower January, 29
102. Drescher. “ Commemorating Slavery… ”. In Facing Up to Slavery 110–110. in