Stigma and social exclusion

Social Psychology of Inclusion and Exclusion

Volumn , Issue , 2004, Pages 63-87

  Major, Brenda ^a   Eccleston, Collette P ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84906452361     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.4324/9780203496176     Document Type: Chapter

References (88)

1. Abrams, D., & Hogg, M. A. (1988). Comments on the motivational status of self-esteem in social identity and intergroup discrimination. European Journal of Social Psychology, 18, 317-334.
2. Allison, K. W. (1998). Stress and oppressed category membership. In J. K. Swim and C. Stangor (Eds.), Prejudice: The target's perspective (pp. 145-170). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
3. Allport, G. (1954/1979). The nature of prejudice. New York: Doubleday Anchor.
4. Archer, D. (1985). Social deviance. In G. Lindzey and E. Aaronson (Eds.), Handbook of social psychology (3rd ed., pp. 743-803). New York: Random House.
5. Baumeister, R. F., & Leary, M. R. (1995). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117, 497-529.
6. Baumeister, R. F., & Tice, D. M. (1990). Anxiety and social exclusion. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 9, 165-195.
7. Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and loss, Vol 1: Attachment. New York: Basic Books.
8. Branscombe, N. R., Schmitt, M. T., & Harvey, R. D. (1999). Perceiving pervasive discrimination among African Americans: Implications for group identification and well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 135-149.
9. Brickman, P., Rabinowitz, V. C., Karuza, J., Jr., Coates, D., Cohn, E., & Kidder, L. (1982). Models of helping and coping. American Psychologist, 37, 368-384.
10. Cartwright, D. (1950). Emotional dimensions of group life. In M. L. Raymert (Ed.), Feelings and emotions (pp. 439-447). New York: McGraw Hill.
11. Clark, R., Anderson, N. B., Clark, V. R., & Williams, D. R. (1999). Racism as a stressor for African Americans: A biopsychosocial model. American Psychologist, 54, 805-816.
12. Cole, S. W., Kemeny, M. E., & Taylor, S. E. (1997). Social identity and physical health:Accelerated HIV progression in rejection-sensitive gay men. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, 320-335.
13. Cole, S. W., Kemeny, M. E., Taylor, S. E., Visscher, B. R., & Fahey, J. L. (1996). Accelerated course of human immunodeficiency virus infection in gay men who conceal their homosexual identity. Psychosomatic Medicine, 58, 219-231.
14. Crandall, C. S. (1994). Prejudice against fat people: Ideology and self-interest. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 882-894.
15. Crocker, J., Cornwell, B., & Major, B. (1993). The stigma of overweight: Affective consequences of attributional ambiguity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64, 60-70.
16. Crocker, J., & Major, B. (1989). Social stigma and self-esteem: The self-protective properties of stigma. Psychological Review, 96, 608-630.
17. Crocker, J., & Major, B. (1994). Reactions to stigma: The moderating role of justifications. In M. P. Zanna & J. M. Olson (Eds.), The psychology of prejudice: The Ontario symposium (Vol. 7, pp. 289-314). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
18. Crocker, J., Major, B., & Steele, C. (1998). Social stigma. In D. Gilbert, S. T. Fiske, & G. Lindzey (Eds.), Handbook of social psychology (4th ed., pp. 504-553). Boston: McGraw Hill.
19. Crocker, J., Voelkl, K., Testa, M., & Major, B. (1991). Social stigma: The affective consequences of attributional ambiguity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60, 218-228.
20. Diener, E., & Diener, M. (1996). Most people are happy. Psychological Science, 7, 181-185.
21. Dion, K. K., & Stein, S. (1978). Physical attractiveness and interpersonal influence. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 14, 97-108.
22. Ellemers, N., & Van Rijswijk, W. (1997). Identity needs versus social opportunities: The use of group-level and individual-level identity management strategies. Social Psychology Quarterly, 60, 52-65.
23. Erikson, E. H. (1956). The problem of ego identity. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 4, 56-121.
24. Farina, A. (1998). Stigma. In Kim Tornvall & Ed Mueser (Eds.), Handbook of social functioning in schizophrenia (pp. 247-279). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
25. Farina, A. & Ring, K. (1965). The influence of perceived mental illness on interpersonal relations. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 70, 47-51.
26. Fitzgerald, L. F., Swan, S., & Fischer, K. (1995). Why didn't she just report him? The psychological and legal implications of women's responses to sexual harassment. Journal of Social Issues, 51, 117-138.
27. Frable, D. E., Blackstone, T., & Scherbaum, C. (1990). Marginal and mindful: Deviants in social interactions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 140-149.
28. Frable, D. E., Platt, L., & Hoey, S. (1998). Concealable stigmas and positive selfperceptions:Feeling better around similar others. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 908-922.
29. Franke, R., & Leary, M. R. (1991). Disclosure of sexual orientation by lesbians and gay men: A comparison of private and public processes. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 10, 262-269.
30. Friedman, M. A., & Brownell, K. D. (1995). Psychological correlates of obesity: Moving to the next research generation. Psychological Bulletin, 117, 3-20.
31. Gaertner, L., Sedikides, C., & Graetz, K. (1999). In search of self-definition:Motivational primacy of the individual self, motivational primacy of the collective self, or contextual primacy? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76, 5-18.
32. Gergen, K. J. (1991). The saturated self: Dilemmas of identity in contemporary life. New York: Basic Books.
33. Goffman, E. (1963). Stigma: Notes on the management of spoiled identity. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
34. Herek, G. M. (1990). Gay people and government security clearances: A social science perspective. American Psychologist, 45, 1035-1042.
35. Herek, G. M. (2000). The psychology of sexual prejudice. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 9, 19-22.
36. Jahoda, G. (1999). Images of savages: Ancient roots of modern prejudice in Western culture. New York: Routledge.
37. Jetten, J., Branscombe, N. R., Schmitt, M. T., & Spears, R. (2001). Rebels with a cause:Group identification as a response to perceived discrimination from the mainstream. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27, 1204-1213.
38. Jetten, J., Spears, R., Hogg, M. A., & Manstead, A. S. R. (2000). Discrimination constrained and justified: Variable effects of group variability and in-group identification. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 36, 329-356.
39. Jones, E. E., Farina, A., Hastorf, A. H., Markus, H., Miller, D. T., & Scott, R. A. (1984). Social stigma: The psychology of marked relationships. New York: Freeman.
40. Jost, J. T., & Banaji, M. R. (1994). The role of stereotyping in system-justification and the production of false consciousness. British Journal of Social Psychology, 33, 1-27.
41. Kaiser, C. R., & Miller, C. T. (2001). Reacting to impending discrimination:Compensation for prejudice and attributions to discrimination. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27, 1357-1367.
42. Kurzban, R. & Leary, M. R. (2001). Evolutionary origins of stigmatization: The functions of social exclusion. Psychological Bulletin, 12, 187-208.
43. Leary, M. R. (1990). Responses to social exclusion: Social anxiety, jealousy, loneliness, depression, and low self-esteem. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 9, 221-229.
44. Leary, M. R. (2001) Toward a conceptualization of interpersonal rejection. In Mark R. Leary (Ed.), Interpersonal rejection (pp. 3-20). New York: Oxford University Press.
45. Leary, M. R., & Schreindorfer, L. S. (1998). The stigmatization of HIV and AIDS:Rubbing salt in the wound. In V. J. Derlega & A.P. Barbee (Eds.), HIV and social interaction (pp. 12-29). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
46. Leyens, J., Paladino, P. M. Rodriguez-Torres, R., Vaes, J., Demoulin, S., Rodriguez-Perez, A., et al. (2000). The emotional side of prejudice: The attribution of secondary emotions to ingroups and outgroups. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 4, 186-197.
47. Leyens, J., Rodriguez-Perez, A, Rodriguez-Torres, R., Gaunt, R, Paladino, P. M., Vaes, J., et al. (2001). Psychological essentialism and the differential attribution of uniquely human emotions to ingroups and outgroups. European Journal of Social Psychology, 31, 395-411.
48. Major, B. (1994). From social inequality to personal entitlement: The role of social comparisons, legitimacy appraisals, and group membership. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology (Vol. 26, pp. 293-348). San Diego:Academic Press.
49. Major, B., Cozzarelli, C., Sciacchitano, A. M., Cooper, M. L., Testa, M., & Mueller, P. M. (1990). Perceived social support, self-efficacy, and adjustment to abortion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 452-463.
50. Major, B., & Crocker, J. (1993). Social stigma: The affective consequences of attributional ambiguity. In D. M. Mackie & D. L. Hamilton (Eds.), Affect, cognition, and stereotyping: Interactive processes in intergroup perception (pp. 345-370). New York: Academic Press.
51. Major, B., & Gramzow, R. H. (1999). Abortion as stigma: Cognitive and emotional implications of concealment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 735-745.
52. Major, B., Kaiser, C., & McCoy, S. K. (2003). It's not my fault: When and why attributions to prejudice protect self-esteem. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29, 772-781.
53. Major, B., Quinton, W. J., & McCoy, S. K. (2002). Antecedents and consequences of perceiving the self as a target of discrimination: Theoretical and Empirical Advances. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 34 (pp. 251-330). New York: Academic Press.
54. Major, B., Quinton, W. J., McCoy, S. K., & Schmader, T. (2000). Reducing prejudice:The target's perspective? In S. Oskamp (Ed.), Reducing prejudice (pp. 211-237). New York: Sage.
55. Major, B., Quinton, W. J., & Schmader, T. (2003). Attributions to discrimination and self-esteem: Impact of group identification and situational ambiguity. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 39, 220-231.
56. Major, B., Richards, C., Cooper, M. L., Cozzarelli, C., & Zubek, J. (1998). Personal resilience, cognitive appraisals, and coping: An integrative model of adjustment to abortion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 735-752.
57. Major, B., & Schmader, T. (1998). Coping with stigma through psychological disengagement. In J. K. Swim & C. Stangor (Eds.), Prejudice: The target's perspective. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, Inc.
58. Major, B., Zubek, J. M., Cooper, M. L., Cozzarelli, C., & Richards, C. (1997). Mixed messages: Implications of social conflict and social support within close relationships for adjustment to a stressful life event. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72(6), 1349-1363.
59. McCoy, S. K., & Major, B. (2003). Group identification moderates emotional responses to perceived prejudice. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29, 1005-1017.
60. McKenna, K. Y. A., & Bargh, J. A. (1998). Coming out in the age of the Internet:Identity "demarginalization" through virtual group participation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 681-694.
61. Mendoza-Denton, R., Purdie, V. J., Downey, G., Davis, A., & Pietrzak, J. (2002). Sensitivity to race-based rejection: Implications for African-American students' transition to college. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, 896-918.
62. Miller, C. T., & Downey, K. T. (1999). A meta-analysis of heavyweight and self-esteem. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 3, 68-84.
63. Miller, C. T., & Kaiser, C. R. (2001). Implications of mental models of self and others for the targets of stigmatization. In: Mark R. Leary (Ed.), Interpersonal rejection (pp. 189-212). New York: Oxford University Press.
64. Miller, C. T., & Major, B. (2000). Coping with stigma and prejudice. In T. F. Heatherton, R. E. Kleck, M. R. Hebl, & J. G. Hull (Eds.), The social psychology of stigma (pp. 243-272). New York: Guilford.
65. Miller, C. T., & Myers, A. M. (1998). Compensating for prejudice: How heavyweight people (and others) control outcomes despite prejudice. In J. K. Swim & C. Stangor (Eds.), Prejudice: The target's perspective (pp. 191-218). San Diego, CA: Academic Press, Inc.
66. Myers, A. M. (1998). Fat, stigma and coping: Relation to mental health symptoms, body image and self-esteem. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Vermont.
67. Neuberg, S. L., Smith, D.M., & Asher, T. (2000). Why people stigmatize: Toward a biocultural framework. In T. F. Heatherton, R. E. Kleck, M. R. Hebl, & J. G. Hull (Eds.), The social psychology of stigma (pp. 31-61). New York: Guilford Press.
68. Ogbu, J. U. (1991). Minority coping responses and school experience. Journal of Psychohistory, 18, 433-456.
69. Opotow, S. (1990). Moral exclusion and injustice: An introduction. Journal of Social Issues, 46, 173-182.
70. Pennebaker, J. W. (1993). Social mechanisms of constraint. In D. M. Wegner & J. W. Pennebaker (Eds.), Handbook of mental control (pp. 200-219), Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
71. Pennebaker, J. W. (1997). Opening up: the healing power of expressing emotions (Rev. ed.). New York: Guilford Press.
72. Pyszczynski, T., Greenberg, J., & Solomon, S. (1997). Why do we need what we need? A terror management perspective on the roots of human social motivation. Psychological Inquiry, 8, 1-20.
73. Quinn, D. M., & Crocker, J. (1999). When ideology hurts: Effects of belief in the Protestant ethic and feeling overweight on the psychological well-being of women. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 402-414.
74. Rodin, M., Price, J., Sanchez, F., & McElligot, S. (1989). Derogation, exclusion, and unfair treatment of persons with social flaws: Controllability of stigma and the attribution of prejudice. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 15, 439-451.
75. Rosenberg, M., & Simmons, R. G. (1972). Black and white self-esteem: The urban school child. Washington, DC: American Sociological Association.
76. Sidanius, J., & Pratto, F. (1993). The dynamics of social dominance and the inevitability of oppression. In P. Sniderman & P. E. Tetlock (Eds.), Prejudice, politics, and race in America today. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
77. Smart, L., & Wegner, D. M. (1999). Covering up what can't be seen: Concealable stigma and mental control. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 474-486.
78. Solomon, S., Greenberg, J., & Pyszczynski, T. (1991). A terror management theory of social behavior: The psychological functions of self-esteem and cultural worldviews. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 24, pp. 93-159). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
79. Steele, C. M. (1997). A threat in the air: How stereotypes shape intellectual identity and performance. American Psychologist, 52, 613-629.
80. Steele, C. M., & Aronson, J. (1995). Stereotype threat and intellectual performance of African Americans. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 797-811.
81. Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (1986). The social identity theory of intergroup behavior. In S. Worchel & W. G. Austin (Eds.), The psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 7-24). Chicago, IL: Nelson-Hall.
82. Tesser, A. (1988). Toward a self-evaluation maintenance model of social behavior. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology: Vol. 21. Social psychological studies of the self: Perspectives and programs (pp. 181-227). San Diego: Academic Press.
83. Twenge, J., & Crocker, J. (2002). Race, ethnicity, and self-esteem: Meta-analyses comparing Whites, Blacks, Hispanics, Asians, and Native Americans, including a commentary on Gray-Little and Hafdahl. Psychological Bulletin, 128, 371-408.
84. Tyler, T., Degoey, P., & Smith, H. (1996). Understanding why the justice of group procedures matters: A test of the psychological dynamics of the group-value model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 913-930.
85. Wahl, O. (1999). Telling is risky business: mental health consumers confront stigma. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.
86. Weiner, B., Perry, R. P., & Magnusson, J. (1988). An attributional analysis of reactions to stigmas. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55, 738-748.
87. Williams, K. (2001). Ostracism: The power of silence. New York: Guilford Press.
88. Wills, T. A. (1981). Downward comparison principles in social psychology. Psychological Bulletin, 90, 245-271.