Unresolved trauma in mothers: Intergenerational effects and the role of reorganization

Frontiers in Psychology

Volumn 5, Issue AUG, 2014, Pages

  lyengar, Udita ^a,b   Kim, Sohye ^a   Martinez, Sheila ^a   Fonagy, Peter ^a,b   Strathearn, Lane ^a,b,c  

^a BAYLOR COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^c TEXAS CHILDREN S HOSPITAL   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84906345520     PISSN: None     EISSN: 16641078     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00966     Document Type: Article

References (54)

1. Abidin, R.R. (1995). Parenting stress index, professional manual. Lutz, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
2. Adolphs, R. (2010). What does the amygdala contribute to social cognition? Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1191,42-61. doi: 10.1111/j.l 749-6632.2010.05445.x.
3. Ainsworth, M.D.S., Blehar, M.C., Waters, E., and Wall, S. (1978). Patterns of attachment: A Psychological Study of the Strange Situation. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
4. Ainsworth, M.D.S., and Eichberg, C.G. (1991). "Effects on infant-mother attachment of mother's unresolved loss of an attachment figure, or other traumatic experience," in Attachment across the life cycle, ed. C.M.S.-H. Parkes, Joan; Marris, Peter (New York, NY: Tavistock/Routledge), 307
5. Bayley, N. (2006). Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development. San Antonio, TX: Harcourt Assessment.
6. Beck, A.T., Steer, R.A., and Brown, G.K. (1996). Manual for the Beck Depression Inventory-II. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.
7. Bowlby, J. (1973). Attachment and loss: Vol.2. Separation. New York: Basic Books.
8. Bowlby, J. (1982). Loss: sadness and depression. New York, NY: Basic Books.
9. Bowlby, J. (1984). Attachment and loss. London: Penguin Books.
10. Cicchetti, D., and Toth, S.L. (1999). The development of depression in children and adolescents. American Psychologist 53, 221-241.
11. Crittenden, P. (2008). Raising Parents. Attachment, parenting and child safety. Devon, U.K.: Willan Publishing.
12. Crittenden, P., and Landini, A. (2011). Assessing adult attachment: A dynamic-maturational approach to disourse analysis. New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Company.
13. Crittenden, P.M. (1990). Internal representational models of attachment relationships. Infant Mental Health Journal 11, 259-277.
14. Crittenden, P.M. (1992). Children's strategies for coping with adverse home environments: An interpretation using attachment theory. Child Abuse & Neglect 16, 329-343.
15. Crittenden, P.M. (1995). Attachment and risk for psychopathology: The early years. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics: Supplemental Issue on Developmental Delay and Psychopathology in Young Children 16, S12-S16.
16. Crittenden, P.M. (1997). "Truth, error, omission, distortion, and deception: the application of attachment theory to the assessment and treatment of psychological disorder," in Assessment and Intervention Across the Lifespan, ed. S.M.C.D.a.L.F. Dilalla. (Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum), 35-76.
17. Crittenden, P.M. (2000). "A dynamic-maturational approach to continuity and change in pattern of attachment," in The Organization of Attachment Relationships: Maturation, Culture, and Context, eds. P.M. Crittenden & A.H. Claussen. (New York, NY: Cambridge University Press), 343-357.
18. Crittenden, P.M., Partridge, M.F., and Claussen, A.H. (1991). Family patterns of relationship in normative and dysfunctional families. Development and Psychopathology 3, 491-512.
19. Easterbrooks, M.A., Biesecker, G., and Lyons-Ruth, K. (2000). Infancy predictors of emotional availability in middle childhood: The roles of attachment security and maternal depressive symptomatology. Attachment & Human Development 2, 170-187.
20. Ewbank, M.P., Barnard, P.J., Croucher, C.J., Ramponi, C, and Calder, A.J. (2009). The amygdala response to images with impact. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 4, 127-133. doi: 10.1093/scan/nsn048.
21. Farnfield, S., Hautamaki, A., Norbech, P., and Sahhar, N. (2010). DMM assessments of attachment and adaptation: Procedures, validity and utility. Clin Child Psychol Psychiatry 15, 313-328. doi: 10.1177/1359104510364315.
22. Fearon, R.P., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M.J., van IJzendoorn, M.H., Lapsley, A.M., and Roisman, G.I. (2010). The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: a meta-analytic study. Child Dev 81, 435-456.
23. Fonagy, P., Steele, H., and Steele, M. (1991). Maternal Representations of Attachment during Pregnancy Predict the Organization of Infant-Mother Attachment at One Year of Age. Child Development 62, 891-905.
24. Garstein, M., and Rothbart, M. (2003). Studying infant temperament via the Revised Infant Behavior Questionnaire. Infant Behavior Dev 26, 64-86.
25. Gartstein, M.A., and Rothbart, M.K. (2003). Studying infant temperament via the Revised Infant Behavior Questionnaire. Infant Behavior & Development 26, 64-86.
26. George, C, Kaplan, N., and Main, M. (1996). "Adult Attachment Interview (3rd edition).".).
27. Hautamaki, A., Hautamaki, L., Neuvonen, L., and Maliniemi-Piispanen, S. (2010). Transmission of attachment across three generations. European Journal of Developental Psychology 7, 618-634.
28. Hesse, E., & Main, M (1999). Second-generation effects of unresolved trauma as observed in nonmaltreating parents: Dissociated, frightened, and threatening parental behavior. Psychoanalytic Inquiry 19, 481-540.
29. Hyler, S.E., Skodol, A.E., Oldham, J.M., Kellman, H.D., and Doidge, N. (1992). Validity of the Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire-Revised: a replication in an outpatient sample. Compr Psychiatry 33, 73-77.
30. Insel, T.R., and Young, LJ. (2001). The neurobiology of attachment. Nat Rev Neurosci 2, 129-136.
31. Kim, S., Fonagy, P., Allen, J., and Strathearn, L. (2014). Mothers' Unresolved Trauma Blunts Amygdala Response to Infant Distress. Social Neuroscience 9, 352-363.
32. Landa, S., and Duschinsky, R. (2013). Crittenden's Dynamic-Maturational Model of Attachment and Adaptation. Review of General Psychology 17, 326-338.
33. Lyons-Ruth, K., Bronfman, E., & Parsons, E (1999). Maternal frightened, frightening, or atypical behavior and disorganized infant attachment patterns. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development 64, 67-96.
34. Madigan, S., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., Van Ijzendoorn, M. H., Moran, G., Pederson, D. R., & Benoit, D (2006). Unresolved states of mind, anomalous parental behavior, and disorganized attachment: a review and meta-analysis of a transmission gap. Attach Hum Dev 8, 89-111.
35. Main, M., and Hesse, E. (1990). "Parent's Unresolved Traumatic Experiences Are Related to Infant Disorganized Attachment Status: Is Frightened and/or Frightening Parental Behavior the Linking Mechanism?," in Attachment in the preschool years, ed. M.C. Greenberg, D.; Cummings, Em. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press), p. 161-182.
36. Pearson, J.L., Cohn, D.A., Cowan, P.A., & Cowan, C.P (1994). Earned- and continuous- security in adult attachment: Relation to depressive symptomatology and parenting style. Development & Psychopathology 6, 359-373.
37. Protopopescu, X., Pan, H., Tuescher, O., Cloitre, M., Goldstein, M., Engelien, W., Epstein, J., Yang, Y., Gorman, J., Ledoux, J., Silbersweig, D., and Stern, E. (2005). Differential time courses and specificity of amygdala activity in posttraumatic stress disorder subjects and normal control subjects. Biological Psychiatry 57, 464-473. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsy ch.2004.12.026.
38. Rauch, S.L., Whalen, P.J., Shin, L.M., Mcinerney, S.C., Macklin, M.L., Lasko, N.B., Orr, S.P., and Pitman, R.K. (2000). Exaggerated amygdala response to masked facial stimuli in posttraumatic stress disorder: a functional MRI study. Biological Psychiatry 47, 769-776.
39. Roisman, G.I., Padron, E., Sroufe, L.A., and Egeland, B. (2002). Earned-Secure Attachment Status in Retrospect and Prospect. Child Development 73, 1204-1219.
40. Rothbart, M.K., Ahadi, S.A., and Evans, D.E. (2000). Temperament and personality: origins and outcomes. J Pers Soc Psychol 78, 122-135.
41. Sander, D., Grafman, J., and Zalla, T. (2003). The human amygdala: an evolved system for relevance detection. Rev Neurosci 14, 303-316.
42. Schechter, D.S., Zeanah Jr, C. H., Myers, M. M., Brunelli, S. A., Liebowitz, M. R., Marshall, R. D., ... & Hofer, M. A (2004). Psychobiological dysregulation in violence-exposed mothers: Salivary cortisol of mothers with very young children pre-and post-separation stress. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic 68, 319-336.
43. Schuengel, C, Bakermans-Kranenburg, M.J., and van IJzendoorn, M.H. (1999). Frightening maternal behavior linking unresolved loss and disorganized infant attachment. J Consult Clin Psychol 67, 54-63.
44. Schwerdtfeger, K.L., and Goff, B.S. (2007). Intergenerational transmission of trauma: Exploring mother-infant prenatal attachment. J. Traum. Stress 20, 39-51.
45. Shah, P.E., Fonagy, P., and Strathearn, L. (2010). Is Attachment Transmitted Across Generations? The Plot Thickens. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry 15, 329-346.
46. Shah, P.E., and Strathearn, L. (2014). "Similarities and differences of the ABCD model and the DMM classification systems for attachment: A practitioner's guide," in The guidebook to attachment theory and interventions, eds. P. Holmes & S. Farnfield. (London, UK: Routledge).
47. Siegel, D. J. (1999). The Developing Mind: How relationships and the brain interact to shape who we are. New York, NY: The Guilford Press.
48. Sroufe, L.A. (2005). Attachment and development: A prospective, longitudinal study from birth to adulthood. Attachment & Human Development 7, 349-367.
49. Strathearn, L., Fonagy, P., Amico, J.A., and Montague, P.R. (2009). Adult attachment predicts mother's brain and oxytocin response to infant cues. Neuropsychopharmacology 34, 2655-2666.
50. van IJzendoorn, M.H. (1995). Adult attachment representations, parental responsiveness, and infant attachment: a meta-analysis on the predictive validity of the Adult Attachment Interview. Psychol Bull 111, 387-403.
51. van IJzendoorn, M.H., and Bakermans-Kranenburg, M.J. (2009). The first 10,000 Adult Attachment Interviews: Distributions of adult attachment representations in clinical and non-clinical groups. Attachment & Human Development 11, 223-263.
52. van IJzendoorn, M.H.B.-K., M.J. (2004). "Maternal sensitivity and infant temparement in the formation of attachment.," in Theories of infant development, ed. G.B.A. Slater. (London: Blackwell), 223-258.
53. Williams, L., Kemp, A., Felmingham, K., Barton, M., Olivieri, G., Peduto, A., Gordon, E., and Bryant, R. (2006a). Trauma modulates amygdala and medial prefrontal responses to consciously attended fear. Neuroimage 29, 347-404. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.03.047.
54. Williams, L.M., Liddell, B.J., Kemp, A.H., Bryant, R.A., Meares, R.A., Peduto, A.S., and Gordon, E. (2006b). Amygdala-prefrontal dissociation of subliminal and supraliminal fear. Hum Brain Mapp 27, 652-661. doi: 10.1002/hbm.20208.