Cotrimoxazole - optimal dosing in the critically ill

Annals of Intensive Care

Volumn 4, Issue 1, 2014, Pages

  Brown, Glen R ^a  

^a ST PAUL S HOSPITAL   (Canada)

Author keywords

Cotrimoxazole; Pharmacodynamics; Pharmacokinetics; Sulfamethoxazole; Trimethoprim

Indexed keywords

ARYLAMINE ACETYLTRANSFERASE; COTRIMOXAZOLE; CUPROPHANE;

ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY; APRAXIA; ASEPTIC MENINGITIS; BACTERIOSTASIS; BURKHOLDERIA PSEUDOMALLEI; CHOLESTASIS; CONTINUOUS AMBULATORY PERITONEAL DIALYSIS; CREATININE CLEARANCE; CRITICALLY ILL PATIENT; DELIRIUM; DRUG METABOLISM; DRUG MONITORING; ELIMINATION HALF-LIFE; ERADICATION THERAPY; GENETIC POLYMORPHISM; HEPATITIS; HUMAN; HYPERKALEMIA; HYPOGLYCEMIA; INTERSTITIAL NEPHRITIS; KIDNEY CLEARANCE; KIDNEY DYSFUNCTION; KIDNEY FUNCTION; LIPID SOLUBILITY; LIVER DYSFUNCTION; LIVER FUNCTION; METABOLIC ACIDOSIS; METHEMOGLOBINEMIA; METHICILLIN RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS; MINIMUM INHIBITORY CONCENTRATION; MYOCLONUS; NOCARDIA; OPTIMAL DRUG DOSE; PANCREATITIS; PAROTITIS; PNEUMOCYSTIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCHOSIS; RESUSCITATION; REVIEW; SEPTIC SHOCK; SKIN ALLERGY; STENOTROPHOMONAS MALTOPHILIA; STEVENS JOHNSON SYNDROME; THERAPY EFFECT; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; TREMOR; URINARY EXCRETION; VOLUME OF DISTRIBUTION;

EID: 84906243433     PISSN: None     EISSN: 21105820     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1186/2110-5820-4-13     Document Type: Review

References (78)

1. Patel RB, Welling PG: Clinical pharmacokinetics of co-trimoxazole (trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole).Clin Pharmacokinet 1980, 5:405–423. 10.2165/00003088-198005050-00001
2. Chin TWF, Vandenbroucke A, Fong IW: Pharmacokinetics of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in critically ill and non-critically ill AIDS patients.Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1995, 39:28–33. 10.1128/AAC.39.1.28
3. Hess MM, Boucher BA, Laizure SC, Stevens RC, Sanders PL, Janning SW, Croce MA, Fabian TC: Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole pharmacokinetics in trauma patients.Pharmacotherapy 1993, 13:602–606.
4. Reeves DS, Wilkinson PJ: The pharmacokinetics of trimethoprim and trimethoprim/sulphonamide combinations, including penetration into body tissues.Infection 1979,7(Supp4):S330-S341.
5. Vree TB, Hekster YA: Clinical pharmacokinetics of sulfonamides and their metabolites: an encyclopedia.Antibiot Chemother 1987, 37:100–113.
6. Stevens RC, Laizure SC, Sanders PL, Stein DS: Multiple-dose pharmacokinetics of 12 milligrams of trimethoprim and 60 milligrams of sulfamethoxazole per kilogram of body weight per day in healthy volunteers.Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1993, 37:448–452. 10.1128/AAC.37.3.448
7. Steven RC, Laizure SC, Williams CL, Stein DS: Pharmacokinetics and adverse effects of 20 mg/kg/day trimethoprim and 100 mg/kg/day sulfamethoxazole in healthy adult subjects.Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1991, 35:1884–1890. 10.1128/AAC.35.9.1884
8. Baethke R, Golde G, Gahl G: Sulphamethoxazole/trimethoprim: pharmacokinetic studies in patients with chronic renal failure.Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1972, 4:233–240. 10.1007/BF00635802
9. Spicehandler J, Pollock AA, Simberkoff MS, Rahal JJ: Intravenous pharmacokinetics and in vitro bactericidal activity of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole.Rev Infect Dis 1982, 4:562–565. 10.1093/clinids/4.2.562
10. Blaser J, Joos B, Opavil M, Luthy R: Variability of serum concentrations of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole during high dose therapy.Infection 1993, 21:206–209. 10.1007/BF01728888
11. Siber GR, Gorham CC, Ericson JF, Smith AL: Pharmacokinetics of intravenous trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in children and adults with normal and impaired renal function.Rev Infect Dis 1982, 4:566–578. 10.1093/clinids/4.2.566
12. Grose WE, Bodey GP, Loo TL: Clinical pharmacology of intravenously administered trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole.Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1979, 15:447–451. 10.1128/AAC.15.3.447
13. Satler FR, Cowan R, Nielsen D, Ruskin J: Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole compared with pentamidine for treatment of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.Ann Intern Med 1988, 109:280–287. 10.7326/0003-4819-109-4-280
14. Zelenitsky SA, Iacovides H, Ariano RE, Harding GKM: Antibiotic combinations significantly more active than monotherapy in an in vitro infection model of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia.Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2005, 51:39–43. 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2004.09.002
15. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute: Methods for antimicrobial dilution and disk susceptibility testing of infrequently isolated or fastidious bacteria; approved guideline 2nd edition. 2010.,30(18, M45-A2):
16. Larruskain J, Idigoras P, Marimon JM, Perez-Trallero E: Susceptiblity of 186 Nocardia sp. isolates to 20 antimicrobial agents.Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2011, 55:2995–2998. 10.1128/AAC.01279-10
17. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute: Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing; 23rd informational supplement. 2011,32(3, M100-S22):1–182.
18. Matzke GR, Aronoff GR, Atkinson AJ, Bennett WM, Decker BS, Eckardt KU, Golper T, Grabe DW, Kasiske B, Keller F, Kielstein JT, Mehta R, Mueller BA, Pasko DA, Schaefer F, Sica DA, Inker LA, Ulmans JG, Murray P: Drug dosing considerations in patients with acute and chronic kidney disease – a clinical update from Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO).Kidney Int 2011, 80:1122–1137. 10.1038/ki.2011.322
19. Bergan T, Brodwall EK: Human pharmacokinetics of a sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim combination.Acta Med Scand 1972, 192:483–492.
20. Craig WA, Kunin CM: Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole: pharmacodynamic effects of urinary pH and impaired renal function. Studies in humans.Ann Intern Med 1973, 78:491–497. 10.7326/0003-4819-78-4-491
21. Reider VJ, Schartz DE: Pharmakokinetik der wirkstoffkombination trimethoprim + sulfamethoxazol bei leberkranken im vergleich zu gesunden.Arzneim-Forsch 1975, 25:656–666.
22. Kagaya H, Miura M, Niioka T, Saito M, Numakura K, Habuchi T, Satoh S: Influence of NAT2 polymorphisms on sulfamethoxazole pharmacokinetics in renal transplant recipients.Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2012, 56:825–829. 10.1128/AAC.05037-11
23. Slaughter RL, Myers CM, Reed MD, Kohli R, Brass C: The pharmacokinetics of sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim during peritoneal and hemodialysis.Drug Intell Clin Pharm 1983, 17:440. Abstract
24. Nissenson AR, Wilson C, Holazo A: Pharmacokinetics of intravenous trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole during hemodialysis.Am J Nephrol 1987, 7:270–274. 10.1159/000167484
25. Papp CM, Nahata MC: Clinical use of trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole during renal dysfunction.Ann Pharmacotherapy 1989, 23:646–654.
26. Ojo B, Wright N, Churchill D, Manuel MA, Walker S, Paton T: Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole pharmacokinetics during continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis.Kidney Int 1986, 29:236. Abstract
27. Halstenson CE, Blevins RB, Salem NG, Matzke GR: Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole pharmacokinetics during continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis.Clin Nephrol 1984, 22:239–243.
28. Singlas E, Colin JN, Rottembourg J, Meessen JP, de Martin A, Legrain M, Simon P: Pharmacokinetics of sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim combination during chronic peritoneal dialysis: effect of peritonitis.Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1982, 21:409–415. 10.1007/BF00542328
29. Curkovic I, Luthi B, Franzen D, Ceschi A, Rudiger A, Corti N: Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole pharmacokinetics in two patients undergoing continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration.Ann Pharmacother 2010, 44:1669–1672. 10.1345/aph.1P160
30. Clajus C, Kuhn-Velten WN, Schmidt JJ, Lorenzen JM, Pietsch D, Beutel G, Kielstein JT: Cotrimoxazole plasma levels, dialyzer clearance, and total removal by extended dialysis in a patient with acute kidney injury: risk of under-dosing using current dosing recommendations.BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2012, 14:19.
31. Jick H: Adverse reactions to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in hospitalized patients.Rev Infect Dis 1982, 4:426–428. 10.1093/clinids/4.2.426
32. Dakin LE: Probable trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole-induced higher-level gait disorder and nocturnal delirium in an elderly man.Ann Pharmacother 2009, 43:129–133. 10.1345/aph.1L295
33. Faria LC, Resende CC, Couto CA, Couto OFM, Fonseca LPC, Ferrari TCA: Severe and prolonged cholestasis caused by trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole: a case report.Clinics 2009, 64:71–74. 10.1590/S1807-59322009000100014
34. Salkind AR: Acute delirium induced by intravenous trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole therapy in a patient with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.Human Exp Toxicol 2000, 19:149–151. 10.1191/096032700678815666
35. Chisholm-Burns MA, Patanwala AE, Spivey CA: Aseptic meningitis, hemolytic anemia, hepatitis, and orthostatic hypotension in a patient treated with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole.Am J Health-Syst Pharm 2010, 67:123–127. 10.2146/ajhp080558
36. Perazella MA: Trimethoprim-induced hyperkalaemia: clinical data, mechanism, prevention and management.Drug Saf 2000, 22:227–236. 10.2165/00002018-200022030-00006
37. Tse W, Singer C, Dominick D: Acute fulminant hepatic failure caused by trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole.Infect Dis Clin Pract 2000, 9:302–303. 10.1097/00019048-200009070-00007
38. Strevel EL, Kuper A, Gold WL: Severe and protracted hypoglycaemia associated with co-trimoxazole use.Lancet Infect Dis 2006, 6:178–182. 10.1016/S1473-3099(06)70414-5
39. Cryst C, Hammar SP: Acute granulomatous interstitial nephritis due to co-trimoxazole.Am J Nephrol 1988, 8:483–488. 10.1159/000167666
40. Capra C, Mario Monza G, Meazza G, Ramella G: Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole-induced aseptic meningitis: case report and literature review.Intens Care Med 2000, 26:212–214. 10.1007/s001340050048
41. Koirala J: Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole-induced methemoglobinemia in an HIV-infected patient.Mayo Clin Proc 2004, 79:829–830. 10.1016/S0025-6196(11)62641-4
42. Hemstreet BA: Antimicrobial-associated renal tubular acidosis.Ann Pharmacother 2004, 38:1031–1038. 10.1345/aph.1D573
43. Gerber P, Brown G, Grant G: Co-trimoxazole induced multi-organ failure.Can J Hosp Pharm 1997, 50:277–280.
44. Dib EG, Bernstein S, Benexch C: Multifocal myoclonus induced by trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole therapy in a patient with Nocardia infection.N Engl J Med 2004, 350:88–89. 10.1056/NEJM200401013500121
45. Brett AS, Shaw SV: Simultaneous pancreatitis and hepatitis associated with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole.Amer J Gastroenterol 1999, 94:267–268. 10.1111/j.1572-0241.1999.00812.x
46. Weis S, Karagulle D, Kornhubr J, Bayerlein K: Cotrimoxazole-induced psychosis: a case report and review of the literature.Pharmacopsychiatry 2006, 39:236–237. 10.1055/s-2006-950393
47. Patel JS, Scheiner ED: Acute parotitis induced by trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole.Ear Nose Throat J 2011, 90:E22-E24.
48. Schwarz A, Perez-Canto A: Nephrotoxicity of antiinfective drugs.Int J Clin Pharm Ther 1998, 36:164–167.
49. Wanat KA, Anadkat MJ, Klekotka PA: Seasonal variation of Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis associated with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole.J Am Acad Dermatol 2009, 60:589–594. 10.1016/j.jaad.2008.11.884
50. Slavik RS, Ryback MJ, Lerner SA: Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole-induced tremor in a patient with AIDS.Ann Pharmacother 1998, 32:189–192. 10.1345/aph.17173
51. Yamreudeewong W, Fosnocht BJ, Weixelman JM: Severe thrombocytopenia possibly associated with TMP/SMX therapy.Ann Pharmacother 2002, 36:78–82.
52. Lopez JA, Harold JG, Rosenthal MC, Oseran DS, Schapira JN, Peter T: QT Prolongation and torsades de pointes after administration of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole.Amer J Cardiol 1987, 59:376–377. 10.1016/0002-9149(87)90824-1
53. Hitchings GH: Mechanisms of action of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole I and II.J Infect Dis 1973,128(Suppl):S433-S441.
54. Burman LG: The antimicrobial activities of trimethoprim and sulfonamides.Scand J Infect Dis 1986, 18:3–13. 10.3109/00365548609032299
55. Close SJ, McBurney CR, Garvin CG, Chen DC, Martin SJ: Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole activity and pharmacodynamics against glycopeptide-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus.Pharmacotherapy 2002, 22:983–989. 10.1592/phco.22.12.983.33599
56. Lewis EL, Anderson JD, Lacey RW: A reappraisal of the antibacterial action of cotrimoxazole in vitro.J Clin Pathol 1974, 27:87–91. 10.1136/jcp.27.2.87
57. Craig WA, Andes D: Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of antibiotics in otitis media.Ped Infect Dis J 1996, 15:255–259. 10.1097/00006454-199603000-00015
58. Burman LG: Significance of the sulfonamide component for the clinical efficacy of trimethoprim-sulfonamide combinations.Scand J Infect Dis 1986, 18:89–99. 10.3109/00365548609032313
59. Lacey RW, Rogerson JG, Stokes A: Antimicrobial effects of trimethoprim and sulphadiazine in infected urine and blood.J Med Microbiol 1980, 13:121–132. 10.1099/00222615-13-1-121
60. Cheng AC, McBryde ES, Wuthiekanun V, Chierakul W, Amornchai P, Day NPJ, White NJ, Peacock SH: Dosing regimens of cotrimoxazole (trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole) for melioidosis.Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2009, 53:4193–4199. 10.1128/AAC.01301-08
61. Tripodi MF, Durante-Mangoni E, Fortunato R, Cuccurullo S, Mikami Y, Farina C, Utili R: In vitro activity of multiple antibiotic combinations against Nocardia: relationship with a short-term treatment strategy in heart transplant recipients with pulmonary nocardiosis.Transpl Infect Dis 2011, 13:335–343. 10.1111/j.1399-3062.2010.00588.x
62. Hughes WT, Feldman S, Sanyal SK: Treatment of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonitis with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole.Can Med Assoc J 1976,112(Suppl):47S-50S.
63. Hughes WT, Feldman S, Chaudhary SC, Ossi MJ, Cox F, Sanyal SK: Comparison of pentamidine isethionate and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in the treatment of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.J Pediatr 1978, 92:285–291. 10.1016/S0022-3476(78)80028-6
64. Lau WK, Young LS: Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole treatment of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in adults.N Eng J Med 1976, 295:716–718. 10.1056/NEJM197609232951308
65. Winston DJ, Lau WK, Gale RP, Young LS: Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for the treatment of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.Ann Intern Med 1980, 92:762–769. 10.7326/0003-4819-92-6-762
66. Gales AC, Jones RN, Forward KR, Linares J, Sader HS, Verhoef J: Emerging importance of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter species and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia as pathogens in seriously ill patients: geographic patterns, epidemiological features, and trends in the SENTRY antimicrobial surveillance program (1997–99).Clin Infect Dis 2001,32(Suppl 2):S104-S113.
67. Vartivarian S, Anaissie E, Bodey G, Sprigg H, Rolston K: A changing pattern of susceptibility of Xanthomonas maltophilia to antimicrobial agents: implications for therapy.Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1994, 38:624–627. 10.1128/AAC.38.3.624
68. Muder RR: Optimizing therapy for Stenotrophomonas maltophilia.Semin Resp Crit Care Med 2007, 28:672–677. 10.1055/s-2007-996414
69. Inglis TJJ: Treatment of melioidosis.Pharmaceuticals 2010, 3:1296–1303. 10.3390/ph3051296
70. Chusri S, Hortiwakul T, Charoenmak B, Silpapojakul K: Outcomes of patients with melioidosis treated with cotrimoxazole alone for eradication therapy.Am J Trop Med Hyg 2012, 87:927–932. 10.4269/ajtmh.2012.12-0136
71. Broome Uhde K, Pathak S, McCullum I, Jannat-Khah DP, Shadomy SV, Dykewicz CA, Clark TA, Smith TL, Brown JM: Antimicrobial-resistant Nocardia isolates, United States, 1995 to 2004.Clin Infect Dis 2010, 51:1445–1448. 10.1086/657399
72. Grim SA, Rapp RP, Martin CA, Evans ME: Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole as a viable treatment option for infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.Pharmacotherapy 2005, 25:253–264. 10.1592/phco.25.2.253.56956
73. Goldberg E, Bishara J: Contemporary unconventional clinical use of co-trimoxazole.Clin Microbiol Infect 2012, 18:8–17.
74. Goldberg E, Paul M, Talker O, Samara Z, Raskin M, Hazzan R, Leibovici L, Bishara J: Co-tromoxazole versus vancomycin for the treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia: a retrospective cohort study.J Anttimicrob Chemother 2010, 65:1779–1783. 10.1093/jac/dkq179
75. Campbell ML, Marchaim D, Pogue JM, Sunkara B, Bheenreddy S, Bathina P, Pulluru H, Chugh N, Wilson MN, Moshos J, Ku K, Hayakawa K, Martin ET, Lephart PR, Rybak MJ, Kaye KS: Treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections with a minimal inhibitory concentration of 2 mcg/ml to vancomycin: old (trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole) versus new (daptomycin or linezolid) agents.Ann Pharmacother 2012, 46:1587–1597. 10.1345/aph.1R211
76. Lemair S, Kosowska-Shick K, Appelbaum PC, Glupczynski Y, Van Bambeke F, Tulkens PM: Activity of moxifloxacin against intracellular community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: comparison with clindamycin, linezolid and co-trimoxazole and attempt at defining an intracellular susceptibility breakpoint.J Antimicrob Chemother 2011, 66:596–607. 10.1093/jac/dkq478
77. Pitout JDD, Laupland KB: Extended-spectrum B-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae: an emerging public-health concern.Lancet Infect Dis 2008, 8:159–166. 10.1016/S1473-3099(08)70041-0
78. Simner PJ, Zhanel GG, Pitout J, Tailor F, McCracken M, Mulvey MR, Lace-Wiens PFS, Adam HJ, Hoban DJ: Prevalence and characterization of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase- and AmpC beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli: results of the CANWARD 2007–9 study.Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2011, 69:326–334. 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2010.10.029