Early maladaptive schemas in relation to facets of psychopathy and institutional violence in offenders with personality disorders

Legal and Criminological Psychology

Volumn 19, Issue 2, 2014, Pages 356-372

  Chakhssi, Farid ^a,b   Bernstein, David ^a,b   De Ruiter, Corine ^b  

^a Forensic Psychiatric Centre de Rooyse Wissel   (Netherlands)

^b MAASTRICHT UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; COGNITION; COPING BEHAVIOR; FOLLOW UP; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALADJUSTMENT; MALE; OFFENDER; PERSONALITY DISORDER; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCHOPATHY; SELF CONTROL; SOCIAL DOMINANCE; SOCIAL INTERACTION; STRESS; VIOLENCE;

EID: 84906232352     PISSN: 13553259     EISSN: 20448333     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/lcrp.12002     Document Type: Article

References (81)

1. Ball, S. A., (2007). Comparing individual therapies for personality disordered opioid dependent patients. Journal of Personality Disorders, 21, 305-321. doi: 10.1521/pedi.2007.21.3.305
2. Ball, S. A., &, Cecero, J. J., (2001). Addicted patients with personality disorders: Traits, schemas, and presenting problems. Journal of Personality Disorders, 15, 72-83. doi: 10.1521/pedi.15.1.72.18642
3. Beck, A. T., Freeman, A., & Associates (1990). Cognitive therapy of personality disorders. New York: Guilford.
4. Bernstein, D. P., Arntz, A., &, de Vos, M. E., (2007). Schema-focused therapy in forensic settings. International Journal of Forensic Mental Health, 6, 169-183.
5. Bernstein, D. P., Nijman, H. L. I., Karos, K., Keulen-de Vos, M., de Vogel, V., Lucker, T. P., &, Arntz, A., (in press). Treatment of personality disordered offenders in the Netherlands: A multicenter randomized clinical trial on the effectiveness of schema therapy. International Journal of Forensic Mental Health.
6. Blair, R. J. R., (2003). Neurobiological basis of psychopathy. British Journal of Psychiatry, 182, 5-7. doi: 10.1192/bjp.182.1.5
7. Calvete, E., Estevez, A., de Arroyabe, E. L., &, Ruiz, P., (2005). The schema questionnaire-short form-structure and relationship with automatic thoughts and symptoms of affective disorders. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 21, 90-99. doi: 10.1027/1015-5759.21.2.90
8. Calvete, E., &, Orue, I., (2011). Social information processing as a mediator between cognitive schemas and aggressive behavior in adolescents. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 40, 105-117. doi: 10.1007/s10802-011-9546- y
9. Caspi, A., McClay, J., Moffitt, T. E., Mill, J., Martin, J., Craig, I. W.,..., Poulton, R., (2002). Role of genotype in the cycle of violence in maltreated children. Science, 297, 851-854. doi: 10.1126/science.1072290
10. Chakhssi, F., de Ruiter, C., &, Bernstein, D., (2010). Reliability and validity of the Dutch version of the behavioural status index: A nurse-rated forensic assessment tool. Assessment, 17, 158-169. doi: 10.1177/ 1073191109338815
11. Coid, J., Yang, M., Ullrich, S., Roberts, A., &, Hare, R. D., (2009a). Prevalence and correlates of psychopathic traits in the household population of Great Britain. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 32, 65-73. doi: 10.1016/j.ijlp.2009.01.002
12. Coid, J., Yang, M., Ullrich, S., Roberts, A., Moran, P., Bebbington, P.,..., Hare, R. D., (2009b). Psychopathy among prisoners in England and Wales. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 32, 134-141. doi: 10.1016/j.ijlp.2009.02.008
13. Cooke, D. J., &, Michie, C., (2001). Refining the construct of psychopathy: Towards a hierarchical model. Psychological Assessment, 13, 171-188. doi: 10.1037/1040-3590.13.2.171
14. Daversa, M. T., (2010). Early environmental predictors of the affective and interpersonal constructs of psychopathy. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 54, 6-21. doi: 10.1177/0306624X08328754
15. Dolan, M. C., &, Anderson, I. M., (2003). The relationship between serotonergic function and the psychopathy checklist: Screening version. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 17, 216-222. doi: 10.1177/0269881103017002011
16. Douglas, K. S., Lilienfeld, S. O., Skeem, J. L., Poythress, N. G., Edens, J. F., &, Patrick, C. J., (2008). Relation of antisocial and psychopathic traits to suicide-related behavior among offenders. Law and Human Behavior, 32, 511-525. doi: 10.1007/s10979-007-9122-8
17. Farrell, J. M., Shaw, I. A., &, Webber, M. A., (2009). A schema-focused approach to group psychotherapy for outpatients with borderline personality disorder: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 40, 317-328. doi: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2009.01.002
18. Farrington, D. P., (2006). Family background and psychopathy. In, C. J. Patrick, (Ed.), Handbook of psychopathy (pp. 229-250). New York: Guilford.
19. Finner, H., (1993). On a monotonicity problem in step-down multiple test procedures. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 88, 920-923.
20. Finner, H., &, Strassburger, K., (2002). The partitioning principle: A powerful tool in multiple decision theory. Annals of Statistics, 30, 1194-1213.
21. Giesen-Bloo, J., van Dyck, R., Spinhoven, P., van Tilburg, W., Dirksen, C., van Asselt, T.,..., Arntz, A., (2006). Outpatient psychotherapy for borderline personality disorder: A randomized trial of schema focused therapy versus transference focused therapy. Archives of General Psychiatry, 63, 649-658. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.63.6.649
22. Graham, N., Kimonis, E. R., Wasserman, A. L., &, Kline, S. M., (2012). Associations among childhood abuse and psychopathy facets in male sexual offenders. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 3, 66-75. doi: 10.1037/a0025605
23. Hall, J. R., Benning, S. D., &, Patrick, C. J., (2004). Criterion-related validity of the three-factor model of psychopathy: Personality, behavior, and adaptive functioning. Assessment, 11, 4-16. doi: 10.1177/1073191103261466
24. Hare, R. D., (1991). Hare psychopathy checklist-revised (PCL-R). Toronto, Canada: Multi-Health Systems.
25. Hare, R. D., (2003). Hare psychopathy checklist-revised (PCL-R). (2nd ed.) Toronto, Canada: Multi-Health Systems.
26. Hare, R. D., &, Neumann, C. S., (2010). The role of antisociality in the psychopathy construct: Comment on Skeem and Cooke (2010). Psychological Assessment, 22, 446-454. doi: 10.1037/a0013635
27. Hart, S., Cox, D., &, Hare, R. D., (1995). Manual for the psychopathy checklist: Screening version (PCL:SV). Toronto, Ontario, Canada: Multi-Health Systems.
28. Hart, S. D., &, Hare, R. D., (1989). Discriminant validity of the psychopathy checklist in a forensic psychiatric population. Psychological Assessment, 1, 211-218. doi: 10.1037/1040-3590.1.3.211
29. Hemphill, J., Hare, R., &, Wong, S., (1998). Psychopathy and recidivism: A review. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 3, 141-172. doi: 10.1111/j.2044-8333.1998.tb00355.x
30. Hildebrand, M., &, de Ruiter, C., (2004). PCL-R psychopathy and its relation to DSM-IV Axis I and II disorders in a sample of male forensic psychiatric patients in the Netherlands. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 27, 233-248. doi: 10.1016/j.ijlp.2004.03.005
31. Hildebrand, M., de Ruiter, C., &, Nijman, H., (2004). PCL-R psychopathy predicts disruptive behavior among male offenders in a Dutch forensic psychiatric hospital. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 19, 13-29. doi: 10.1177/0886260503259047
32. Hildebrand, M., Hesper, B. L., Spreen, M., &, Nijman, H. L. I., (2005). De waarde van gestructureerde risicotaxatie en van de diagnose psychopathie: Een onderzoek naar de betrouwbaarheid en predictieve validiteit van de HCR-20, HKT-30 en PCL-R [The value of structured risk assessment and the diagnosis of psychopathy: A study of the reliability and predictive validity of the HCR-20, HKT-30 and PCL-R]. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Expertisecentrum Forensische Psychiatrie.
33. Hollin, C. R., &, Palmer, E. J., (2006). Offending behaviour programmes: Development, application, and controversies. Chichester, UK: Wiley. doi: 10.1002/9780470713341
34. Huizinga, D., Haberstick, B., Smolen, A., Menard, S., Young, S., Corley, R.,..., Hewitt, J. K., (2006). Childhood maltreatment, subsequent antisocial behavior, and the role of monoamine oxidase a genotype. Biological Psychiatry, 60, 677-683. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.12.022
35. Kennealy, P. J., Skeem, J. L., Walters, G. D., &, Camp, J., (2010). Do core interpersonal and affective traits of PCL-R psychopathy interact with antisocial behavior and disinhibition to predict violence? Psychological Assessment, 22, 569-580. doi: 10.1037/a0019618
36. Kiehl, K. A., Smith, A. M., Hare, R. D., Forster, B. B., Brink, J., &, Liddle, P. F., (2001). Limbic abnormalities in affective processing by criminal psychopaths as revealed by functional magnetic resonance imaging. Biological Psychiatry, 50, 677-684. doi: 10.1016/S0006-3223(01)01222-7
37. Koivisto, H., &, Haapasalo, J., (1996). Childhood maltreatment and adulthood psychopathy in light of file-based assessments among mental state examinees. Studies on Crime and Crime Prevention, 5, 91-104.
38. Lang, S., af Klinteberg, B., &, Alm, P. O., (2002). Adult psychopathy and violent behavior in males with early neglect and abuse. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 106, 93-100. doi: 10.1034/j.1600-0447.106.s412.20.x
39. Lansford, J. E., Miller-Johnson, S., Berlin, L. J., Dodge, K. A., Bates, J. E., &, Pettit, G. S., (2007). Early physical abuse and later violent delinquency: A prospective longitudinal study. Child Maltreatment, 12, 233-245. doi: 10.1177/1077559507301841
40. Lee, C. W., Taylor, G., &, Dunn, J., (1999). Factor structure of the schema questionnaire in a large clinical sample. Cognitive Therapy & Research, 23, 441-451. doi: 10.1023/A:1018712202933
41. Leistico, A. R., Salekin, R. T., DeCoster, J., &, Rogers, R., (2008). A large-scale meta-analysis relating the Hare measures of psychopathy to antisocial conduct. Law and Human Behavior, 32, 28-45. doi: 10.1007/s10979-007- 9096-6
42. Lobbestael, J., &, Arntz, A., (2010). Emotional, cognitive and physiological correlates of abuse-related stress in borderline and antisocial personality disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 48, 116-124. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2009.09.015
43. Lobbestael, J., Arntz, A., Cima, M., &, Chakhssi, F., (2009). Effects of induced anger in patients with antisocial personality disorder. Psychological Medicine, 39, 557-568. doi: 10.1017/S0033291708005102
44. Luntz, B. K., &, Widom, C. S., (1994). Antisocial personality disorders in abused and neglected children grown up. American Journal of Psychiatry, 151, 670-674.
45. Lynam, D. R., &, Gudonis, L., (2005). The development of psychopathy. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 1, 381-407. doi: 10.1146/annurev.clinpsy. 1.102803.144019
46. Marshall, L. A., &, Cooke, D. J., (1999). The childhood experiences of psychopaths: A retrospective study of familial and societal factors. Journal of Personality Disorders, 13, 211-225. doi: 10.1521/pedi.1999.13.3.211
47. Maxfield, M. G., &, Widom, C. S., (1996). The cycle of violence: Revisited six years later. Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, 150, 390-395. doi: 10.1001/archpedi.1996.02170290056009
48. Meehl, P. E., (1945). A simple algebraic development of Horst's suppressor variables. American Journal of Psychology, 58, 550-554.
49. Nadort, M., Arntz, A., Smit, J. H., Giesen-Bloo, J., Eikelenboom, M., Spinhoven, P.,..., van Dyck, R., (2009). Implementation of outpatient schema therapy for borderline personality disorder with versus without crisis support of the therapist outside office hours: A randomized trial. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 47, 961-973. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2009.07.013
50. Neumann, C. S., &, Hare, R. D., (2008). Psychopathic traits in a large community sample: Links to violence, alcohol use, and intelligence. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 76, 893-899. doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.76.5.893
51. Neumann, C. S., Hare, R. D., &, Newman, J. P., (2007). The super-ordinate nature of the psychopathy checklist-revised. Journal of Personality Disorders, 21, 102-117. doi: 10.1521/pedi.2007.21.2.102
52. Nicholls, T. L., Brink, J., Desmarais, S. L., Webster, C. D., &, Martin, M. L., (2006). The short-term assessment of risk and treatability (START): A prospective validation study in a forensic psychiatric sample. Assessment, 13, 313-327. doi: 10.1177/1073191106290559
53. Ogloff, J. R. P., (2006). Psychopathy/antisocial personality disorder conundrum. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 40, 519-528. doi: 10.1080/j.1440-1614.2006.01834.x
54. Paulhus, D. L., Robins, R. W., Trzesniewski, K. H., &, Tracy, J. L., (2004). Two replicable suppressor situations in personality research. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 39, 303-329.
55. Poythress, N. G., Skeem, J. L., &, Lilienfeld, S. O., (2006). Associations among early abuse, dissociation, and psychopathy in an offender sample. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 115, 288-297. doi: 10.1037/0021-843X. 115.2.288
56. Raine, A., Lencz, T., Bihrle, S., LaCasse, L., &, Colletti, P., (2000). Reduced prefrontal gray matter volume and reduced autonomic activity in antisocial personality disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 57, 119-127. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.57.2.119
57. Rijkeboer, M. M., &, van den Bergh, H., (2006). Multiple group confirmatory factor analysis of the Young Schema questionnaire in a Dutch clinical versus nonclinical population. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 30, 263-278. doi: 10.1007/s10608-006-9051-8
58. Rijkeboer, M. M., van den Bergh, H., &, Van den Bout, J., (2005). Stability and discriminative power of the young schema questionnaire in a Dutch clinical versus nonclinical population. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 36, 129-144. doi: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2004.08.005
59. Rogers, R., (Ed.) (1997). Clinical assessment of malingering and deception. (2nd ed.) New York: Guilford.
60. Schmidt, N. B., Joiner, T. E., Young, J. E., &, Telch, M. J., (1995). The schema questionnaire: Investigation of psychometric properties and the hierarchical structure of a measure of maladaptive schemas. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 19, 295-321. doi: 10.1007/BF02230402
61. Skeem, J. L., &, Cooke, D. J., (2010). Is criminal behavior a central component of psychopathy? Conceptual directions for resolving the debate. Psychological Assessment, 22, 433-445. doi: 10.1037/a0008512
62. Smith, C., &, Thornberry, T., (1995). The relationship between childhood maltreatment and adolescent involvement in delinquency. Criminology, 33, 451-481. doi: 10.1111/j.1745-9125.1995.tb01186.x
63. SPSS Inc. (2005). SPSS 13.0 for windows [Computer software]. Chicago, IL: SPSS, Inc.
64. Sterk, F., &, Rijkeboer, M. M., (1997). Schema-Vragenlijst [Schema-questionnaire]. Utrecht, The Netherlands: Ambulatorium Utrecht University.
65. Thornberry, T. P., Ireland, T. O., &, Smith, C. A., (2001). The importance of timing: The varying impact of childhood and adolescent maltreatment on multiple problem outcomes. Development and Psychopathology, 13, 957-979.
66. Tiihonen, J., Rossi, R., Laskso, M. P., Hodgins, S., Testa, C., Perez, J.,..., Frisoni, G. B., (2008). Brain anatomy of persistent violent offenders: More rather than less. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging, 163, 201-212. doi: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2007.08.012
67. Tremblay, P. F., &, Dozois, D. J. A., (2009). Another perspective on trait aggressiveness: Maladaptive schemas. Personality and Individual Differences, 46, 569-574. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2008.12.009
68. Verona, E., Patrick, C. J., &, Joiner, T. E., (2001). Psychopathy, antisocial personality, and suicide risk. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 110, 462-470. doi: 10.1037/0021-843X.110.3.462
69. Vertommen, H., Verheul, R., de Ruiter, C., &, Hildebrand, M., (2002). Hare's Psychopathie Checklist: Handleiding [Dutch version of the Hare psychopathy checklist-revised: Manual]. Lisse: Swets Test Publishers.
70. Viding, E., Blair, R. J. R., Moffitt, T. E., &, Plomin, R., (2005). Evidence for substantial genetic risk for psychopathy in 7-year-olds. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 46, 592-597. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004. 00393.x
71. Walsh, Z., Swogger, M. T., &, Kosson, D. S., (2009). Psychopathy and instrumental violence: Facet level relationships. Journal of Personality Disorders, 23, 416-424. doi: 10.1521/pedi.2009.23.4.416
72. Walters, G. D., &, Heilbrun, K., (2010). Violence risk assessment and facet 4 of the psychopathy checklist: Predicting institutional and community aggression in two forensic samples. Assessment, 17, 259-268. doi: 10.1177/1073191109356685
73. Walters, G. D., Knight, R. A., Grann, M., &, Dahle, K. P., (2008). Incremental validity of the psychopathy checklist facet scores: Predicting release outcome in six samples. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 117, 396-405. doi: 10.1037/0021-843X.117.2.396
74. Weiler, B. L., &, Widom, C. S., (1996). Psychopathy and violent behaviour in abused and neglected young adults. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health, 6, 253-271. doi: 10.1002/cbm.99
75. Weizmann-Henelius, G., Grönroos, M., Putkonen, H., Eronen, M., Lindberg, N., &, Häkkänen-Nyholm, H., (2010). Psychopathy and gender differences in childhood psychosocial characteristics in homicide offenders-a nationwide register-based study. Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology, 6, 801-814. doi: 10.1080/14789949.2010.506616
76. Yang, Y., &, Raine, A., (2009). Prefrontal structural and functional brain imaging findings in antisocial, violent, and psychopathic individuals: A meta-analysis. Psychiatry Research, 174, 81-88. doi: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2009. 03.012
77. Young, J. E., (1994). Cognitive therapy for personality disorders: A schema-focused approach (2nd ed.) Sarasota, FL: Professional Resource Press.
78. Young, J. E., &, Brown, G., (1994). Young schema questionnaire (2nd ed.) New York: Cognitive Therapy Center of New York.
79. Young, J. E., Klosko, J. S., &, Weishaar, M. E., (2003). Schema therapy: A practitioner's guide. New York: Guilford.
80. Young, J. E., &, Pijnaker, H., (1999). Cognitieve therapie voor persoonlijkheidsstoornissen: Een schemagerichte benadering [Cognitive therapy for personality disorders: A schema-focused approach]. Houten, The Netherlands: Bohn Stafleu Van Loghum.
81. Yudofsky, S. C., Silver, J. M., Jackson, W., Endicott, J., &, Williams, D., (1986). The overt aggression scale for the objective rating of verbal and physical aggression. American Journal of Psychiatry, 143, 35-39.