Multipronged strategy including genetic analysis for assessing conservation options for the snow leopard in the central Himalaya

Journal of Mammalogy

Volumn 95, Issue 4, 2014, Pages 871-881

  Aryal, Achyut ^a   Brunton, Dianne ^a   Ji, Weihong ^a   Karmacharya, Dibesh ^b   McCarthy, Tom ^c   Bencini, Roberta ^d   Raubenheimer, David ^a,e  

^a MASSEY UNIVERSITY   (New Zealand)

^b Center for Molecular Dynamics Nepal   (Nepal)

^c PANTHERA   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA   (Australia)

^e UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY   (Australia)

Author keywords

diet; distribution; livestock; noninvasive genetic analysis; occupancy; prey

Indexed keywords

CONSERVATION GENETICS; DIET; ENDANGERED SPECIES; FELID; GENETIC ANALYSIS; GENETIC MARKER; HABITAT FRAGMENTATION; HABITAT LOSS; POPULATION ESTIMATION;

DHAULAGIRI; HIMALAYAS; MUSTANG; NEPAL;

EID: 84906231937     PISSN: 00222372     EISSN: 15451542     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1644/13-MAMM-A-243     Document Type: Article

References (62)

1. ACKERMAN, B. B., F. G. LINDZEY, AND T. P. HEMKER. 1984. Cougar food habits in southern Utah. Journal of Wildlife Management 48:147-155
2. ALE, S. B. 2007. Ecology of the snow leopard and the Himalayan tahr in Sagarmatha (Mt. Everest) National Park, Nepal. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago
3. ALE, S. B., AND J. S. BROWN. 2009. Prey behavior leads to predator: A case study of the Himalayan tahr and the snow leopard in Sagarmatha (Mt. Everest) National Park, Nepal. Israel Journal of Ecology Evolution 55:315-327
4. APPLIED BIOSYSTEMS. 2009. Genemapper 4.0. http://www.appliedbiosystems. com/absite/us/en/home/support/software/dna-sequencing/genemapper.html. Accessed 30 June 2014
5. ARYAL, A. 2008. Population ecology and predators of blue sheep (Pseudois nayaur) in Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve, Nepal. M.S. thesis, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
6. ARYAL, A., D. BRUNTON, AND D. RAUBENHEIMER. 2014a. Impact of climate change on human-wildlife-ecosystem interactions in the Trans-Himalaya region of Nepal. Theoretical and Applied Climatology 115:517-529
7. ARYAL, A., S. GASTA UR, S. MENZEL, T. B. CHHETRI, AND J. HOPKINS. 2010a. Estimation of blue sheep population parameters in the Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve, Nepal. International Journal of Biodiversity Conservation 2:051-056
8. ARY AL, A., J. HIPKINS, W. JI, D. RAUBENHEIMER, AND D. BRUNTON. 2012a. Distribution and diet of brown bear in Annapurna Conservation Area, Nepal. Ursus 23:231-236
9. ARYAL, A., AND B. KREIGENHOFER. 2009. Summer diet composition of the common leopard Panthera pardus (Carnivora: Felidae) in Nepal. Journal of Threatened Taxa 1:562-566.
10. ARYAL A.,et al, 2013,Rangelands, conflict and society in upper Mustang regi on, Nepal: status, rights and traditional rangeland management strategies. Mountain Research Development, 31, 11-18.
11. ARYAL, A., D. RAUBENHEIMER, AND D. BRUNTON. 2013b. Habitat assessment for the translocation of blue sheep maintains a viable snow leopard population in the Mt. Everest region, Nepal. Zoology and Ecology 23:66-82
12. ARYAL, A., D. RAUBENHEIMER, W. JI, AND D. BRUNTON. 2014b. Blue sheep and snow leopard: prey population density, distribution and habitat use of a principal prey species determines the carrying capacity for the predator. Integ rative Zoology 9:34-46
13. ARYAL, A., ET AL. 2012b. Conservation strategy for brown bear and its habitat in Nepal. Diversity 4:301-317
14. ARYAL, A., D. RAUBENHEIMER, S. SUBEDI, AND B. KATTEL. 2010b. Spatial habitat overlap and habitat preference of Himalayan musk deer 'Moschus chrysogaster' in Sagarmatha (Mt. Everest) National Park, Nepal. Current Research Journal of Biological Sciences 2:217-225
15. ARYAL, A., S. SATHYAKUMAR, AND C. C. SCHWARTZ. 2010c. Current status of the brown bear in the Manasalu Conservation Area Nepal. Ursus 21:109-114
16. BAHUGUNA, A., V. SAHAJPAL, S. P. GOYAL, S. K. MUKHERJ EE, AND V. THAKUR. 2010. Species identification from guard hair of selected Indian mammals: A reference guide. Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun, India
17. BEYER, H. L. 2004. Hawth 's Analysis Tools for ArcGIS. www. spatialecology.com/htools. Accessed 2 March 2011
18. DEPARTMENT OF NATIONAL PARKS AND WILDLIFE CONSERVATION (DNPWC). 2011. Protected areas of Nepal. www.dnpwc.gov.np/publications/pustika. Accessed 23 July 2012
19. DEYOUNG, R. W., AND R. L. HONEYCUTT. 2005. The molecular toolbox: genetic techniques in wildlife ecology and management. Journal of Wildlife Management 69:1362-1384
20. ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS RESEARCH INSTIT UTE (ESRI). 2011. ArcGIS desktop: release 10. Environmental Systems Research Institute, Redlands, California
21. FLOYD, T. J., L. D. MECH, AND P. A. JORDAN. 1978. Relating wolf scat content to prey consumed. Journal of Wildlife Management 42:528-532
22. FOX, J. L. 1989. A review of the status and ecology of the snow leopard (Panthera uncia). International Snow Leopard Trust, Seattle, Washington
23. FOX, J. L. 199 4. Snow leopard conservation in the wild-A comprehensive perspective on a low density and highly fragmented population. Pp. 3-15 in Proceedings of the Seventh International Snow Leopard Symposium (J. L. Fox and D. Jizeng, eds.). International Snow Leopard Trust, Seattle, Washington
24. FOX, J. L., S. P. SINAH, R. S. CHUNDAWAT, AND P. K. DAS. 1991. Status of the snow leopard Panthera uncia in northern India. Biological Conservation 55:283-298.
25. FOX, J. L., S. P. SINAH, R. S. CHUNDAWAT, AND P. K. DAS. 1991. Status of the snow leopard Panthera uncia in northern India. Biological Conservation 55:283-298. HALL, L. S., P. R. KRAUSMAN, AND M. L. MORRISION. 1997. The habitat concept and a plea for standard terminology. Wildlife Society Bulletin 25:173-182
26. HUNTER, D. O., AND R. JACKSON. 1997. A range-wide model of potential snow leopard habitat. Pp. 51-66 in Proceedings of the 8th International Snow Leopard Symposium, Islamabad, Pakistan November 1995 (R. Jackson and A. Ahmad, ed s.). International Snow Leopard Trust, Seattle, Washington, and WWF-Pakistan, Lahore, Pakistan
27. INTERNATIONAL CENTRE FOR INTEGRATED MOUNTAIN DEVELOPMENT (ICIMOD). 2011. Maps layers. http://geoportal.icimod.org/. Accessed 23 February 2011
28. INTERNATIONAL UNION FOR CONSERVATION OF NATURE (IUCN). 2011. IUCN Red list of threatened species. Version 2011.2. www. iucnredlist.org. Accessed 14 January 2012
29. IVLEV, V. S. 1961. Experime ntal ecology of the feeding of fishes. Yale University Press, New Haven, Connecticut
30. JACKSON, R. M. 1996. Home range, movements and habitat use of snow leopard (Uncia uncia) in Nepal. Ph.D. dissertation, University of London, London, United Kingdom
31. JACKSON, R. 2002. Snow leopard status, distribution and protected areas coverage. Pp. 79-102 in Snow Leopard Survival Strategy Summit. International Snow Leopard Trust, Seattle, Washington
32. JACKSON, R., AND G. AHLBORN. 1984. A preliminary habitat suitability model for the snow leopard, Panthera uncia, in west Nepal. http://www. snowleopardnetwork.org/bibliography/Jackson-Ahlborn- IPBSL-1984.pdf. Accessed 2 June 2009
33. JACKSON, R., AND D. O. HUNTER. 1996. Snow leopard survey and conservation handbook. International Snow Leopard Trust, Seattle, Washington
34. JACKSON, R., D. MALLON, T. MCCARTHY, R. A. CHUNDAWAY, AND B. HABIB. 2008. Panthera uncia. In IUCN 2011. IUCN Red list of threatened species. Version 2011.2. www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed 14 January 2012
35. JACKSON, R. M., J. D. ROE, R. WANGCHUK, AND D. O. HUNTER. 2006. Estimating snow leopard p opulation abundance using photography and capture-recapture techniques. Wildlife Society Bulletin 32:772-781
36. JANECKA, J. E., ET AL. 2008. Population monitoring of snow leopards using noninvasive collection of scat samples: A pilot study. Animal Conservation 11:401-411
37. KARMACHARYA, D. B., K. THAPA, R. SHRESTHA, M. DHAKAL, AND J. E. JANECKA. 2011. Noninvasive genetic population survey of snow leopards (Panthera un cia) in Kangchenjunga Conservation Area, Shey Phoksundo National Park and surrounding buffer zones of Nepal. BMC Research Notes 4:516
38. KHATIWADA, J. R., AND Y. GHIMERY. 2009. Status of snow leopard (Uncia uncia) in Humla district, western Nepal. Scientific World 7:49-52
39. KREBS, C. J. 1989. Ecological methodology. Harper and Row, New York
40. LOVARI, S., ET AL. 2009. Restoring a keystone predator may endanger a prey species in a human altered ecosystem: the return of the snow leopard to Sagarmatha National Park. Animal Conservation 12:559-570
41. MACARTHUR, R. H. 1972. Geographical ecology: patterns in the distribution of species. Harper and Row, New York
42. MACKENZIE, D. I., J. D. NICHOLS, G. B. LACHMAN, S. DROEGE, J. A. ROYLE, AND C. A. LANGTIMM. 2002. Estimating site occupancy rates when detection probabilities are less than one. Ecology 83:2248-2255
43. MACKENZIE, D. I., J. D. NICHOLS, J. A. ROYLE, K. H. POLLOCK, L. L. BAILEY, AND J. E. HINES. 2006. Occupancy estimation and modeling: inferring patterns and dynamics of species occurrence. Academic Press, San Diego, California
44. MAJUMDER, A., ET AL. 2012. Home ranges of the radio-collare d Bengal tigers (Panthera tigris tigris L.) in Pench Tiger Reserve Madhya Pradesh Central India. Wildlife Biology Practice 8:36-49
45. MCCARTHY, T. 2000. Ecology and conservation of snow leopards, Gobi brown bears, and wild Bactrian camels in Mongolia. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Massachusetts, Amherst
46. MCCARTHY, T., ET AL. 2003. Snow leopard survival strategy. International Snow Leopard Trust, Seattle, Washington
47. MCCARTHY, K. P., T. K. FULLER, M. MING, T. M. MCCARTHY, L. WAITS, AND K. JUMABAEV. 2008. Assessing estimators of snow leopard abundance. Journal of Wildlife Management 72:1826-1833
48. MCCAR THY, T. M., T. K. FULLER, AND B. MUNKHTSOG. 2005. Movements and activities of snow leopards in southwestern Mongolia. Biological Conservation 124:527-537
49. MUKHERJEE, S., S. P. GOYAL, AND R. CHELLAM. 1994. Standardization of scat analysis techniques for leopards (Panthera pardus) in Gir National Park, western India. Mammalia 58:139-143
50. MURPHY, W. J., S. SUN, Z. Q. CHEN, J. PECON-SLATTERY, AND S. J. O'BRIEN. 1999. Extensive conservation of sex chromosome organization between cat and human revealed by parallel radiation hybrid mapping. Genomic Research 9:1223-1230
51. OLI, M. K. 1993. A key for the identification of the hair of mammals of a snow leopard (Panthera uncia) habitat in Nepal. Journal of Zoology (London) 231:71-93
52. OLI, M. K. 1997. Winter home range of snow leopards in Nepal. Mammalia 61:335-360.
53. OLI M.K.,I.R. TAYLOR,M.E. ROGERS, 1993. Diet of the snow leopard (Panthera uncia) in the Annapurna Conservation Area, Nepal, Journal of Zoology (London,), 231, 365-370.
54. SCHALLER, G. B. 1977. Mountain monarchs: wild sheep and goats of the Himalaya. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois.
55. SCHALLER, G. B. 1998. Wildlife of the Tibetan steppe. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois
56. SCHALLER, G. B., R. JUNRANG, AND Q. MINGJIANG. 1988. Status of the snow leopard in Qinghai and Gansu provinces, China. Biological Conservation 45:179-194
57. SCHALLER, G. B., H. L. TALIPU, L. HUA, R. JUNRANG, Q. MINGJIANG, AND W. HAIBIN. 1987. Status of Large mammals in Taxkorgan Reserve, Xinjiang, China. Biological Conservation 42:53-71
58. SEIDENSTICKER, J. 1976. On the ecolo gical separation between tigers and leopards. Biotropica 8:225-234
59. SHEHZAD, W., ET AL. 2012. Prey preference of snow leopard (Panthera uncia) in South Gobi, Mongolia. PLoS ONE 7:e32104
60. SMIT H, J. L. D. 1993. The role of dispersal in structuring the Chitwan tiger population. Behaviour 124:165-195
61. SUNQUIST, M. E. 1981. The social organization of tigers (Panthera tigris) in Royal Chitwan National Park. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 336:1-98
62. WOLF, M., AND S. B. ALE. 2009. Signs at the top: habitat features influencing snow leopard (Uncia uncia) activity in Sagarmatha National Park, Nepal. Journal of Mammalogy 90:604-611