Ambient measurements of biological aerosol particles near Killarney, Ireland: A comparison between real-time fluorescence and microscopy techniques

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics

Volumn 14, Issue 15, 2014, Pages 8055-8069

  Healy, D A ^a   Huffman, J A ^b,c   O'Connor, D J ^a   Pohlker C ^c   Poschl U ^d   Sodeau, J R ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY COLLEGE CORK   (Ireland)

^b UNIVERSITY OF DENVER   (United States)

^c MAX PLANCK INSTITUTE FOR CHEMISTRY   (Germany)

^d PEPSICO INC   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84906070923     PISSN: 16807316     EISSN: 16807324     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5194/acp-14-8055-2014     Document Type: Article

References (87)

1. Aller, J. Y., Kuznetsova, M. R., Jahns, C. J., and Kemp, P. F.: The sea surface microlayer as a source of viral and bacterial enrichment in marine aerosols, J. Aerosol Sci., 36, 801-812, doi:10.1016/j.jaerosci.2004.10.012, 2005.
2. Bauer, H., Kasper-Giebl, A., Löflund, M., Giebl, H., Hitzenberger, R., Zibuschka, F., and Puxbaum, H.: The contribution of bacteria and fungal spores to the organic carbon content of cloud water, precipitation and aerosols, Atmos. Res., 64, 109-119, 2002.
3. Bell-Pedersen, D., Garceau, N., and Loros, J. J.: Circadian rhythms in fungi, J. Genet., 75, 387-401, 1996.
4. 4+-mediated chemical aging over long time scales, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 115, D05203, doi:10.1029/2009jd012864, 2010.
5. Brosseau, L. M., Vesley, D., Rice, N., Goodell, K., Nellis, M., and Hairston, P.: Differences in detected fluorescence among several bacterial species measured with a direct-reading particle sizer and fluorescence detector, Aerosol Sci. Tech., 32, 545-558, 2000.
6. Burrows, S. M., Butler, T., Jöckel, P., Tost, H., Kerkweg, A., Pöschl, U., and Lawrence, M. G.: Bacteria in the global atmosphere-Part 2: Modeling of emissions and transport between different ecosystems, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 9281-9297, doi:10.5194/acp-9-9281-2009, 2009a.
7. Burrows, S. M., Elbert, W., Lawrence, M. G., and Pöschl, U.: Bacteria in the global atmosphere-Part 1: Review and synthesis of literature data for different ecosystems, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 9263-9280, doi:10.5194/acp-9-9263-2009, 2009b.
8. Caruana, D. J.: Detection and analysis of airborne particles of biological origin: present and future, Analyst, 136, 4641-4652, doi:10.1039/c1an15506g, 2011.
9. Christner, B. C., Morris, C. E., Foreman, C. M., Cai, R. M., and Sands, D. C.: Ubiquity of biological ice nucleators in snowfall, Science, 319, 1214-1214, doi:10.1126/science.1149757, 2008.
10. De Groot, R. C.: Diurnal cycles of airborne spores produced by forest fungi, Phytopathology, 58, 1223-1229, 1968.
11. DeLeon-Rodriguez, N., Lathem, T. L., Rodriguez-R, L. M., Barazesh, J. M., Anderson, B. E., Beyersdorf, A. J., Ziemba, L. D., Bergin, M., Nenes, A., and Konstantinidis, K. T.: Microbiome of the upper troposphere: Species composition and prevalence, effects of tropical storms, and atmospheric implications, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 110, 2575-2580, doi:10.1073/pnas.1212089110, 2013.
12. Després, V. R., Huffman, J. A., Burrows, S. M., Hoose, C., Safa-tov, A. S., Buryak, G. A., Fröhlich-Nowoisky, J., Elbert, W., An-dreae, M. O., Pöschl, U., and Jaenicke, R.: Primary Biological Aerosol Particles in the Atmosphere: A Review, Tellus B, 64, 15598, doi:10.3402/tellusb. v64i0.15598, 2012.
13. Diehl, K., Quick, C., Matthias-Maser, S., Mitra, S. K., and Jaenicke, R.: The ice nucleating ability of pollen-Part I: Laboratory studies in deposition and condensation freezing modes, Atmos. Res., 58, 75-87, 2001.
14. Elbert, W., Taylor, P. E., Andreae, M. O., and Pöschl, U.: Contribution of fungi to primary biogenic aerosols in the atmosphere: wet and dry discharged spores, carbohydrates, and inorganic ions, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 4569-4588, doi:10.5194/acp-7-4569-2007, 2007.
15. Eng, J., Lynch, R. M., and Balaban, R. S.: Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Fluorescence Spectroscopy and Imaging of Isolated Cardiac Myocytes, Biophys. J., 55, 621-630, 1989.
16. Eversole, J. D., Hardgrove, J. J., Cary, W. K., Choulas, D. P., and Seaver, M.: Continuous, rapid biological aerosol detection with the use of UV fluorescence: Outdoor test results, Field Anal. Chem. Tech., 3, 249-259, 1999.
17. Foot, V. E., Kaye, P. H., Stanley, W. R., Barrington, S. J., Gallagher, M., and Gabey, A.: Low-cost real-time multi-parameter bio-aerosol sensors, Proceedings of the SPIE-The International Society for Optical Engineering, 7116, 711601, doi:10.1117/12.800226, 2008.
18. Fröhlich-Nowoisky, J., Pickersgill, D. A., Despés, R. V., and Pöschl, U.: High diversity of fungi in air particulate matter, P. Natl. Acad. Sci., 106, 12814-12819, doi:10.1073/pnas.0811003106, 2009.
19. Fröhlich-Nowoisky, J., Burrows, S. M., Xie, Z., Engling, G., Solomon, P. A., Fraser, M. P., Mayol-Bracero, O. L., Artaxo, P., Begerow, D., Conrad, R., Andreae, M. O., Després, V. R., and Pöschl, U.: Biogeography in the air: fungal diversity over land and oceans, Biogeosciences, 9, 1125-1136, doi:10.5194/bg-9-1125-2012, 2012.
20. Gabey, A. M., Gallagher, M. W., Whitehead, J., Dorsey, J. R., Kaye, P. H., and Stanley, W. R.: Measurements and comparison of primary biological aerosol above and below a tropical forest canopy using a dual channel fluorescence spectrometer, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 4453-4466, doi:10.5194/acp-10-4453-2010, 2010.
21. Gabey, A. M., Stanley, W. R., Gallagher, M. W., and Kaye, P. H.: The fluorescence properties of aerosol larger than 0.8 μ m in urban and tropical rainforest locations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 5491-5504, doi:10.5194/acp-11- 5491-2011, 2011.
22. Gabey, A. M., Vaitilingom, M., Freney, E., Boulon, J., Sellegri, K., Gallagher, M. W., Crawford, I. P., Robinson, N. H., Stanley, W. R., and Kaye, P. H.: Observations of fluorescent and biological aerosol at a high-altitude site in central France, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 7415-7428, doi:10.5194/acp-13-7415- 2013, 2013.
23. Haga, D. I., Iannone, R., Wheeler, M. J., Mason, R., Polishchuk, E. A., Fetch Jr., T., van der Kamp, B. J., McKendry, I. G., and Bertram, A. K.: Ice nucleation properties of rust and bunt fungal spores and their transport to high altitudes, where they can cause heterogeneous freezing, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 118, 7260-7272, doi:10.1002/jgrd.50556, 2013.
24. Hairston, P. P., Ho, J., and Quant, F. R.: Design of an instrument for real-time detection of bioaerosols using simultaneous measurement of particle aerodynamic size and intrinsic fluorescence, J. Aerosol Sci., 28, 471-482, 1997.
25. Harrison, D. E. and Chance, B.: Fluorimetric Technique for Monitoring Changes in Level of Reduced Nicotinamide Nucleotides in Continuous Cultures of Microorganisms, Appl. Microbiol., 19, 446-450, 1970.
26. Heald, C. L. and Spracklen, D. V.: Atmospheric budget of primary biological aerosol particles from fungal spores, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L09806, doi:10.1029/2009gl037493, 2009.
27. Healy, D. A., O'Connor, D. J., Burke, A. M., and Sodeau, J. R.: A laboratory assessment of the Waveband Integrated Bioaerosol Sensor (WIBS-4) using individual samples of pollen and fungal spore material, Atmos. Environ., 60, 534-543, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.06.052, 2012a.
28. Healy, D. A., O'Connor, D. J., and Sodeau, J. R.: Measurement of the particle counting efficiency of the "Waveband Integrated Bioaerosol Sensor" model number 4 (WIBS-4), J. Aerosol Sci., 47, 94-99, doi:10.1016/j.jaerosci.2012.01.003, 2012b.
29. Hill, S. C., Pinnick, R. G., Niles, S., Fell, N. F., Pan, Y. L., Bot-tiger, J., Bronk, B. V., Holler, S., and Chang, R. K.: Fluorescence from airborne microparticles: dependence on size, concentration of fluorophores, and illumination intensity, Appl. Optics, 40, 3005-3013, 2001.
30. Hirst, J. M.: An Automatic Volumetric Spore Trap, Ann. Appl. Biol., 39, 257-265, doi:10.1111/j.1744-7348.1952.tb00904.x, 1952.
31. Hirst, J. M.: Changes in atmospheric spore content: Diurnal periodicity and the effects of weather, T. Brit. Mycol. Soc., 36, 375-393, doi:10.1016/s0007-1536(53)80034-3, 1953.
32. Ho, J.: Future of biological aerosol detection, Anal. Chim. Acta, 457, 125-148, 2002.
33. Hoose, C., Kristjansson, J. E., and Burrows, S. M.: How important is biological ice nucleation in clouds on a global scale?, Environ. Res. Lett., 5, 024009, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/5/2/024009, 2010.
34. Huffman, J. A., Treutlein, B., and Pöschl, U.: Fluorescent biological aerosol particle concentrations and size distributions measured with an Ultraviolet Aerodynamic Particle Sizer (UV-APS) in Central Europe, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 3215-3233, doi:10.5194/acp-10-3215-2010, 2010.
35. Huffman, J. A., Sinha, B., Garland, R. M., Snee-Pollmann, A., Gunthe, S. S., Artaxo, P., Martin, S. T., Andreae, M. O., and Pöschl, U.: Size distributions and temporal variations of biological aerosol particles in the Amazon rainforest characterized by microscopy and real-time UV-APS fluorescence techniques during AMAZE-08, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 11997-12019, doi:10.5194/acp-12-11997-2012, 2012.
36. Huffman, J. A., Prenni, A. J., DeMott, P. J., Pöhlker, C., Mason, R. H., Robinson, N. H., Fröhlich-Nowoisky, J., Tobo, Y., Després, V. R., Garcia, E., Gochis, D. J., Harris, E., Müller-Germann, I., Ruzene, C., Schmer, B., Sinha, B., Day, D. A., Andreae, M. O., Jimenez, J. L., Gallagher, M., Kreidenweis, S. M., Bertram, A. K., and Pöschl, U.: High concentrations of biological aerosol particles and ice nuclei during and after rain, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 6151-6164, doi:10.5194/acp-13-6151-2013, 2013.
37. Hummel, M., Hoose, C., Gallagher, M., Healy, D. A., Huffman, J. A., O'Connor, D., Pöschl, U., Pöhlker, C., Robinson, N. H., Schnaiter, M., Sodeau, J. R., Toprak, E., and Vogel, H.: Regional-scale simulations of fungal spore aerosols using an emission parameterization adapted to local measurements of fluorescent biological aerosol particles, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 14, 9903-9950, doi:10.5194/acpd-14-9903-2014, 2014.
38. Jones, A. M. and Harrison, R. M.: The effects of meteorological factors on atmospheric bioaerosol concentrations-a review, Sci. Total Environ., 326, 151-180, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2003.11.021, 2004.
39. Kaye, P. H., Stanley, W. R., Hirst, E., Foot, E. V., Baxter, K. L., and Barrington, S. J.: Single particle multichannel bio-aerosol fluorescence sensor, Opt. Express, 13, 3583-3593, 2005.
40. Kelly, D. L.: The native forest vegetation of Killarney, south-west Ireland: and ecological account, J. Ecol., 69, 437-472, 1981.
41. Kenny, C. M. and Jennings, S. G.: Background bioaerosol measurements at Mace Head, J. Aerosol Sci., 29, S779-S780, doi:10.1016/S0021-8502(98)90572-9, 1998.
42. Khattab, A. and Levetin, E.: Preliminary studies on the effect of the Burkard alternate orifice on airborne fungal spore concentrations, Aerobiologia, 24, 165-171, 2008.
43. Lacey, J. and Dutkiewicz, J.: Bioaerosols and Occupational Lung Disease, J. Aerosol Sci., 25, 1371-1404, 1994.
44. Lacey, J. and Venette, J.: Outdoor Air Sampling Techniques, in: Bioaerosols Handbook, edited by: Cox, C. S. and Wathes, C. M., Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL, 407-471, 1995.
45. Lacey, M. E. and West, J. S.: The air spora: a manual for catching and identifying airborne biological particles, Springer, 2007.
46. Lee, H. J., Laskin, A., Laskin, J., and Nizkorodov, S. A.: Excitation-Emission Spectra and Fluorescence Quantum Yields for Fresh and Aged Biogenic Secondary Organic Aerosols, Environ. Sci. Technol., 47, 5763-5770, doi:10.1021/es400644c, 2013.
47. Lewitzka, F. and Niessner, R.: Application of Time-Resolved Fluorescence Spectroscopy on the Analysis of PAH-Coated Aerosols, Aerosol Sci. Tech., 23, 454-464, doi:10.1080/02786829508965328, 1995.
48. Li, J. K., Asali, E. C., and Humphrey, A. E.: Monitoring Cell Concentration and Activity by Multiple Excitation Flourometry, Biotechnol. Progr., 7, 21-27, 1991.
49. Madelin, T. M.: Fungal Aerosols-A Review, J. Aerosol Sci., 25, 1405-1412, doi:10.1016/0021-8502(94)90216-x, 1994.
50. Maki, L. R., Glyan, E. L., Chang-Chien, M. M., and Caldwell, D. R.: Ice nucleation induced by Pseudomonas syringae, Appl. Environ. Microb., 28, 456-459, 1974.
51. Manninen, H. E., Sihto-Nissilä, S.-L., Huffman, J. A., Bäck, J., Pessi, A.-M., Hiltunen, V., Aalto, P., Hidalgo, P. J., Hari, P., Saarto, A., Kulmala, M., and Petäjä, T.: Annual pattern of airborne pollen grains, fungal spores and particle mass in a boreal forest, Boreal Environ. Res., in review, 2014.
52. Marple, V. A., Rubow, K. L., and Behm, S. M.: A mi-croorifice uniform deposit impactor (MOUDI)-description, calibration, and use, Aerosol Sci. Tech., 14, 434-446, doi:10.1080/02786829108959504, 1991.
53. Möhler, O., DeMott, P. J., Vali, G., and Levin, Z.: Microbiology and atmospheric processes: the role of biological particles in cloud physics, Biogeosciences, 4, 1059-1071, doi:10.5194/bg-4-1059-2007, 2007.
54. Morris, C. E., Georgakopoulos, D. G., and Sands, D. C.: Ice nucle-ation active bacteria and their potential role in precipitation, J. Phys. IV, 121, 87-103, doi:10.1051/jp4:2004121004, 2004.
55. Morris, C. E., Sands, D. C., Vinatzer, B. A., Glaux, C., Guilbaud, C., Buffiere, A., Yan, S., Dominguez, H., and Thompson, B. M.: The life history of the plant pathogen Pseudomonas syringae is linked to the water cycle, ISME J., 2, 321-334, 2008.
56. Morris, C. E., Sands, D. C., Glaux, C., Samsatly, J., Asaad, S., Moukahel, A. R., Gonçalves, F. L. T., and Bigg, E. K.: Ure-diospores of rust fungi are ice nucleation active at -10 °C and harbor ice nucleation active bacteria, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 4223-4233, doi:10.5194/acp-13-4223- 2013, 2013.
57. Morris, C. E., Conen, F., Huffman, J. A., Phillips, V., Pöschl, U., and Sands, D. C.: Bioprecipitation: a feedback cycle linking Earth history, ecosystem dynamics and land use through biological ice nucleators in the atmosphere, Glob. Change Biol., 20, 341-351, 10.1111/gcb.12447, 2014.
58. Oliveira, M., Ribeiro, H., Delgado, J., and Abreu, I.: The effects of meteorological factors on airborne fungal spore concentration in two areas differing in urbanisation level, Int. J. Biometeorol., 53, 61-73, doi:10.1007/s00484-008-0191-2, 2009.
59. Pan, Y. L., Pinnick, R. G., Hill, S. C., Rosen, J. M., and Chang, R. K.: Single-particle laser-induced-fluorescence spectra of biological and other organic-carbon aerosols in the atmosphere: Measurements at New Haven, Connecticut, and Las Cruces, New Mexico, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 112, D24S19, doi:10.1029/2007jd008741, 2007.
60. Pan, Y.-L., Hill, S. C., Pinnick, R. G., House, J. M., Flagan, R. C., and Chang, R. K.: Dual-excitation-wavelength fluorescence spectra and elastic scattering for differentiation of single airborne pollen and fungal particles, Atmos. Environ., 45, 1555-1563, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.12.042, 2011.
61. Panne, U., Knöller, A., Kotzick, R., and Niessner, R.: On-line and in-situ detection of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) on aerosols via thermodesorption and laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy, Fresen. J. Anal. Chem., 366, 408-414, doi:10.1007/s002160050083, 2000.
62. Patel, N. J. and Bush, R. K.: Role of environmental allergens in rhinitis, Immunol. Allergy Clin., 20, 323-353, doi:10.1016/S0889-8561(05)70151- X, 2000.
63. Pinnick, R. G., Hill, S. C., Nachman, P., Pendleton, J. D., Fernandez, G. L., Mayo, M. W., and Bruno, J. G.: Fluorescence Particle Counter for Detecting Airborne Bacteria and Other Biological Particles, Aerosol Sci. Tech., 23, 653-664, 1995.
64. Pinnick, R. G., Hill, S. C., Pan, Y. L., and Chang, R. K.: Fluorescence spectra of atmospheric aerosol at Adelphi, Maryland, USA: measurement and classification of single particles containing organic carbon, Atmos. Environ., 38, 1657-1672, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2003.11.017, 2004.
65. Pöhlker, C., Huffman, J. A., and Pöschl, U.: Autofluorescence of atmospheric bioaerosols-fluorescent biomolecules and potential interferences, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 5, 37-71, doi:10.5194/amt-5-37-2012, 2012.
66. Pöhlker, C., Huffman, J. A., Förster, J.-D., and Pöschl, U.: Autoflu-orescence of atmospheric bioaerosols: spectral fingerprints and taxonomic trends of pollen, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 6, 3369-3392, doi:10.5194/amt-6-3369-2013, 2013.
67. Pöschl, U.: Atmospheric aerosols: Composition, transformation, climate and health effects, Angew. Chem. Int. Edit., 44, 7520-7540, doi:10.1002/anie.200501122, 2005.
68. Pöschl, U., Martin, S. T., Sinha, B., Chen, Q., Gunthe, S. S., Huffman, J. A., Borrmann, S., Farmer, D. K., Garland, R. M., Helas, G., Jimeney, J. L., King, S. M., Manzi, A., Mikhailov, E., Pauliquevis, T., Petters, M. D., Prenni, A. J., Roldin, P., Rose, D., Schneider, J., Su, H., Zorn, S. R., Artaxo, P., and Andreae, M. O.: Rainforest Aerosols as Biogenic Nuclei of Clouds and Precipitation in the Amazon, Science, 329, 1513-1516, doi:10.1126/science. 1191056, 2010.
69. Prather, K. A., Bertram, T. H., Grassian, V. H., Deane, G. B., Stokes, M. D., DeMott, P. J., Aluwihare, L. I., Palenik, B. P., Azam, F., and Seinfeld, J. H.: Bringing the ocean into the laboratory to probe the chemical complexity of sea spray aerosol, P. Natl. Acad. Sci., 110, 7550-7555, 2013.
70. Prenni, A. J., Tobo, Y., Garcia, E., DeMott, P. J., Huffman, J. A., McCluskey, C. S., Kreidenweis, S. M., Prenni, J. E., Pöhlker, C., and Pöschl, U.: The impact of rain on ice nuclei populations at a forested site in Colorado, Geophys. Res. Lett., 40, 227-231, doi:10.1029/2012gl053953, 2013.
71. Pringle, A., Patek, S. N., Fischer, M., Stolze, J., and Money, N. P.: The captured launch of a ballistospore, Mycologia, 97, 866-871, doi:10.3852/mycologia.97.4.866, 2005.
72. Pummer, B. G., Bauer, H., Bernardi, J., Bleicher, S., and Grothe, H.: Suspendable macromolecules are responsible for ice nucle-ation activity of birch and conifer pollen, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 2541-2550, doi:10.5194/acp-12-2541- 2012, 2012.
73. Robinson, N. H., Allan, J. D., Huffman, J. A., Kaye, P. H., Foot, V. E., and Gallagher, M.: Cluster analysis of WIBS single-particle bioaerosol data, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 6, 337-347, doi:10.5194/amt-6-337-2013, 2013.
74. Rockett, T. R. and Kramer, C. L.: Periodicity and Total Spore Production by Lignicolous basidiomycetes, Mycologia, 66, 817-829, 1974.
75. Sands, D. C., Langhans, V. E., Scharen, A. L., and de Smet, G.: The association between bacteria and rain and possible resultant meteorological implications, Journal of the Hungarian Meteorological Service, 86, 148-152, 1982.
76. Schumacher, C. J., Pöhlker, C., Aalto, P., Hiltunen, V., Petäjä, T., Kulmala, M., Pöschl, U., and Huffman, J. A.: Seasonal cycles of fluorescent biological aerosol particles in boreal and semi-arid forests of Finland and Colorado, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 11987-12001, doi:10.5194/acp-13-11987-2013, 2013.
77. Sesartic, A., Lohmann, U., and Storelvmo, T.: Modelling the impact of fungal spore ice nuclei on clouds and precipitation, Environ. Res. Lett., 8, 014029, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/8/1/014029, 2013.
78. Setlow, B. and Setlow, P.: Levels of Oxidized and Reduced Pyri-dine Nucleotides in Dormant Spores and During Growth, Sporu-lation, and Spore Germination of Bacillus megaterium, J. Bacte-riol., 129, 857-865, 1977.
79. Shiraiwa, M., Selzle, K., and Poeschl, U.: Hazardous components and health effects of atmospheric aerosol particles: reactive oxygen species, soot, polycyclic aromatic compounds and allergenic proteins, Free Radical Res., 46, 927-939, doi:10.3109/10715762.2012.663084, 2012.
80. Sivaprakasam, V., Huston, A. L., Scotto, C., and Eversole, J. D.: Multiple UV wavelength excitation and fluorescence of bioaerosols, Opt. Express, 12, 4457-4466, 2004.
81. Sivaprakasam, V., Lin, H.-B., Huston, A. L., and Eversole, J. D.: Spectral characterization of biological aerosol particles using two-wavelength excited laser-induced fluorescence and elastic scattering measurements, Opt. Express, 19, 6191-6208, 2011.
82. Stanley, W. R., Kaye, P. H., Foot, V. E., Barrington, S. J., Gallagher, M., and Gabey, A.: Continuous bioaerosol monitoring in a tropical environment using a UV fluorescence particle spectrometer, Atmos. Sci. Lett., 12, 195-199, doi:10.1002/asl.310, 2011.
83. Sterling, M., Rogers, C., and Levetin, E.: An evaluation of two methods used for microscopic analysis of airborne fungal spore concentrations from the Burkard Spore Trap, Aerobiologia, 15, 9-18, 1999.
84. Tanke, H. J., van Oostveldt, P., and van Duijn, P.: A parameter for the distribution of fluorophores in cells derived from measurements of inner filter effect and reabsorption phenomenon, Cy-tometry, 2, 359-369, doi:10.1002/cyto. 990020602, 1982.
85. Toprak, E. and Schnaiter, M.: Fluorescent biological aerosol particles measured with the Waveband Integrated Bioaerosol Sensor WIBS-4: laboratory tests combined with a one year field study, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 225-243, doi:10.5194/acp-13-225-2013, 2013.
86. Womack, A. M., Bohannan, B. J. M., and Green, J. L.: Biodiversity and biogeography of the atmosphere, Philos. T. R. Soc. B, 365, 3645-3653, doi:10.1098/rstb.2010.0283, 2010.
87. Xu, Z., Wu, Y., Shen, F., Chen, Q., Tan, M., and Yao, M.: Bioaerosol Science, Technology, and Engineering: Past, Present, and Future, Aerosol Sci. Tech., 45, 1337-1349, doi:10.1080/02786826.2011.593591, 2011.