Foreign multinationals and innovation in British retailing, 1850-1962

The Emergence of Modern Marketing

Volumn , Issue , 2003, Pages 80-100

  Godley, Andrew ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF READING   (United Kingdom)

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EID: 84905538723     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.4324/9780203484005     Document Type: Chapter

References (24)

1. N. Oulton, 'Labour Productivity and Foreign Ownership in the UK', National Institute of Economic and Social Research, Working Paper 82128 (1998), found that the productivity gap between the manufacturing subsidiaries of US parents and UK independents was 26% in the mid-1990s.
2. Jones, Evolution, pp. 147-93, provides a summary. Prior to the development of North Sea oil, FDI in the primary sector was negligible.
3. Summary results are given in A. Godley and S. Fletcher, 'International Retailers in Britain, 1850-1994', Service Industries Journal, Vol.21 (2001), pp.31-46.
4. S. Fletcher and A. Godley, 'Foreign Direct Investment in British Retailing, 1850-1962', Business History, Vol.42 (2000), pp.43-62. Subsequent research has identified an additional ten subsidiaries than listed there.
5. See Table Al, and J. Jefferys, Retail Trading in Britain 1850-1950: A Study of Trends in Retailing with Special Reference to the Development of Co-Operative, Multiple Shop and Department Store Methods of Trading (Cambridge, 1954), Table 85, p.453.
6. Jefferys, Retail Trading, p.6
7. J. Benson and G. Shaw (eds), The Evolution of Retail Systems, c. 1800-1914 (London, 1992).
8. J.T. Critchell and J. Raymond, A History of the Frozen Meat Trade (London, 1969, orig. 1912), pp.202-4.
9. C. Davies, Bread Men: How the Westons Built an International Food Empire (Toronto, 1987), chapters 3-4
10. and W Rukeyser, 'The $44-Billion Business Garfield Weston Built', Fortune, 1 June 1967.
11. B. Williams, The Best Butter in the World: A History of Sainsbury's (London, 1994)
12. C. Morelli, 'Britain's Most Dynamic Sector? Competitive Advantage in Multiple Food Retailing', Business and Economic History, Vol.26 (1997), pp.770-81.
13. R. Stone et al., The Measurement of Consumers' Expenditure and Behaviour in the United Kingdom, 1920-1938 (Cambridge, 1953)
14. M. Winstanley, 'Concentration and Competition in the Retail Sector, c. 1800-1990', in M.W. Kirby and M. Rose (eds.), Business Enterprise in Modern Britain from the Eighteenth to the Twentieth Century (London, 1994).
15. D.F. Dixon, 'The Development of the Solus System of Petrol Distribution in the United Kingdom, 1950-1960', Economica, Vol.42 (1962), pp.40-52
16. See e.g. W. Baumol, 'Macroeconomics of Unbalanced Growth: The Anatomy of Urban Crisis', American Economic Review, Vol.57 (1967), pp.415-26.
17. N.A. Stacey and A. Wilson, The Changing Pattern of Distribution (Oxford, 1965), p.247, for a similar observation by contemporaries.
18. H. Leibenstein, 'Bandwagon Snob, and Veblen Effects in the Theory of Consumers' Demand', Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol.64 (1950), pp. 183-207.
19. See S. Hollander, Multinational Retailing (East Lansing, MI, 1970) on luxury goods retailers' internationalisation.
20. B.S. Yamey, 'The Origins of Resale Price Maintenance: A Study of Three Branches of Retail Trade', Economic Journal, Vol.52 (1952), pp.522-65
21. L. Hannah, The Rise of the Corporate Economy (London, 2nd edn. 1983).
22. A. Godley and S. Fletcher, 'Foreign Entry into UK Retailing, 1850-1994', International Marketing Review, Vol.17 (2000), pp.392-400.
23. A. Godley, 'What was New About the 1980s? International Retailing in Britain from 1850 to 1991', International Review of Retail, Distribution and Consumer Research, Vol.12 (2002), pp.29-37.
24. A. Adburgham, Shopping in Style: London from the Restoration to Edwardian Elegance (London, 1979).