The role of encoding and attention in facial emotion memory: An EEG investigation

International Journal of Psychophysiology

Volumn 93, Issue 3, 2014, Pages 398-410

  Brenner, Colleen A ^a   Rumak, Samuel P ^a   Burns, Amy M N ^a   Kieffaber, Paul D ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

^b The College of William and Mary   (United States)

Author keywords

Attention; Emotion; Event related potential; Memory; N170; N250; P100; Theta

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE; ATTENTION; BRAIN MAPPING; ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM; ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY; EMOTION; EVOKED VISUAL RESPONSE; FACIAL EXPRESSION; FEMALE; HEMISPHERIC DOMINANCE; HUMAN; MALE; MEMORY; PATTERN RECOGNITION; PHOTOSTIMULATION; PHYSIOLOGY; YOUNG ADULT;

ADOLESCENT; ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE; ATTENTION; BRAIN MAPPING; BRAIN WAVES; ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY; EMOTIONS; EVOKED POTENTIALS, VISUAL; FACIAL EXPRESSION; FEMALE; FUNCTIONAL LATERALITY; HUMANS; MALE; MEMORY; PATTERN RECOGNITION, VISUAL; PHOTIC STIMULATION; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84905487702     PISSN: 01678760     EISSN: 18727697     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2014.06.006     Document Type: Article

References (103)

1. Adolphs R. Cognitive neuroscience of human social behaviour. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2003, 4:165-178. 10.1038/nrn1056.
2. Adolphs R., Tranel D., Denburg N. Impaired emotional declarative memory following unilateral amygdala damage. Learn. Mem. 2000, 7:180-186.
3. Aftanas L.I., Varlamov a a, Pavlov S.V., Makhnev V.P., Reva N.V. Affective picture processing: event-related synchronization within individually defined human theta band is modulated by valence dimension. Neurosci. Lett. 2001, 303:115-118.
4. Aiken L.S., West S.G. Multiple regression: testing and interpreting interactions 1991, Sage, Newbury Park, CA.
5. Balconi M., Lucchiari C. EEG correlates (event-related desynchronization) of emotional face elaboration: a temporal analysis. Neurosci. Lett. 2006, 392:118-123. 10.1016/j.neulet.2005.09.004.
6. Balconi M., Pozzoli U. Arousal effect on emotional face comprehension: frequency band changes in different time intervals. Physiol. Behav. 2009, 97:455-462. 10.1016/j.physbeh.2009.03.023.
7. Başar E., Güntekin B., Oniz A. Principles of oscillatory brain dynamics and a treatise of recognition of faces and facial expressions. Prog. Brain Res. 2006, 159:43-62. 10.1016/S0079-6123(06)59004-1.
8. Batty M., Taylor M.J. Early processing of the six basic facial emotional expressions. Brain Res. Cogn. Brain Res. 2003, 17:613-620.
9. Bentin S., Truett A., Puce A., Perez E., Mccarthy G. Electrophysiological studies of face perception in humans. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 1996, 8:551-565. 10.1162/jocn.1996.8.6.551.Electrophysiological.
10. Brosch T., Sander D., Pourtois G., Scherer K.R. Beyond fear: rapid spatial orienting toward positive emotional stimuli. Psychol. Sci. 2008, 19:362-370. 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02094.x.
11. Bruce V., Young A. Understanding face recognition. Br. J. Psychol. 1986, 77(Pt 3):305-327.
12. Calvo M.G., Lundqvist D. Facial expressions of emotion (KDEF): identification under different display-duration conditions. Behav. Res. Methods 2008, 40:109-115.
13. Calvo M.G., Nummenmaa L., Hyönä J. Emotional and neutral scenes in competition: orienting, efficiency, and identification. Q. J. Exp. Psychol. (Hove) 2007, 60:1585-1593. 10.1080/17470210701515868.
14. Chang Y.-C., Huang S.-L. The influence of attention levels on psychophysiological responses. Int. J. Psychophysiol. 2012, 86:39-47. 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2012.09.001.
15. Cowan N. The focus of attention as observed in visual working memory tasks: making sense of competing claims. Neuropsychologia 2011, 49:1401-1406. 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2011.01.035.
16. Deffke I., Sander T., Heidenreich J., Sommer W., Curio G., Trahms L., Lueschow A. MEG/EEG sources of the 170-ms response to faces are co-localized in the fusiform gyrus. Neuroimage 2007, 35:1495-1501. 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.01.034.
17. Deiber M.-P., Missonnier P., Bertrand O., Gold G., Fazio-Costa L., Ibañez V., Giannakopoulos P. Distinction between perceptual and attentional processing in working memory tasks: a study of phase-locked and induced oscillatory brain dynamics. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 2007, 19:158-172. 10.1162/jocn.2007.19.1.158.
18. Dolan R.J. Emotion, cognition, and behavior. Science 2002, 298:1191-1194. 10.1126/science.1076358.
19. Ebner N.C., Riediger M., Lindenberger U. FACES-a database of facial expressions in young, middle-aged, and older women and men: development and validation. Behav. Res. Methods 2010, 42:351-362. 10.3758/BRM.42.1.351.
20. Eimer M., Holmes A. An ERP study on the time course of emotional face processing. Neuroreport 2002, 13:427-431.
21. Feldmann-Wüstefeld T., Schmidt-Daffy M., Schubö A. Neural evidence for the threat detection advantage: differential attention allocation to angry and happy faces. Psychophysiology 2011, 48:697-707. 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2010.01130.x.
22. Friese U., Köster M., Hassler U., Martens U., Trujillo-Barreto N., Gruber T. Successful memory encoding is associated with increased cross-frequency coupling between frontal theta and posterior gamma oscillations in human scalp-recorded EEG. Neuroimage 2012, 66C:642-647. 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.11.002.
23. Fujisawa S., Buzsáki G. A 4Hz oscillation adaptively synchronizes prefrontal, VTA, and hippocampal activities. Neuron 2011, 72:153-165. 10.1016/j.neuron.2011.08.018.
24. Furl N., Coppola R., Averbeck B.B., Weinberger D.R. Cross-frequency power coupling between hierarchically organized face-selective areas. Cereb. Cortex 2013, 1-12. 10.1093/cercor/bht097.
25. George N., Jemel B., Fiori N., Chaby L., Renault B. Electrophysiological correlates of facial decision: insights from upright and upside-down Mooney-face perception. Brain Res. Cogn. Brain Res. 2005, 24:663-673. 10.1016/j.cogbrainres.2005.03.017.
26. Gomes C.F.A., Brainerd C.J., Stein L.M. Effects of emotional valence and arousal on recollective and nonrecollective recall. J. Exp. Psychol. Learn. Mem. Cogn. 2013, 39:663-677. 10.1037/a0028578.
27. González-Roldan A.M., Martínez-Jauand M., Muñoz-García M.a, Sitges C., Cifre I., Montoya P. Temporal dissociation in the brain processing of pain and anger faces with different intensities of emotional expression. Pain 2011, 152:853-859. 10.1016/j.pain.2010.12.037.
28. Gratton G., Coles M.G., Donchin E. A new method for off-line removal of ocular artifact. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 1983, 55:468-484.
29. Güntekin B., Başar E. Facial affect manifested by multiple oscillations. Int. J. Psychophysiol. 2009, 71:31-36. 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2008.07.019.
30. Hajcak G., Dunning J.P., Foti D. Motivated and controlled attention to emotion: time-course of the late positive potential. Clin. Neurophysiol. 2009, 120:505-510. 10.1016/j.clinph.2008.11.028.
31. Haxby J., Hoffman E., Gobbini M. The distributed human neural system for face perception. Trends Cogn. Sci. 2000, 4:223-233.
32. Herrmann M.J., Ehlis a-C., Ellgring H., Fallgatter a J. Early stages (P100) of face perception in humans as measured with event-related potentials (ERPs). J. Neural Transm. 2005, 112:1073-1081. 10.1007/s00702-004-0250-8.
33. Herrmann M.J., Ehlis A.-C., Muehlberger A., Fallgatter A.J. Source localization of early stages of face processing. Brain Topogr. 2005, 18:77-85. 10.1007/s10548-005-0277-7.
34. Jacques C., Rossion B. The speed of individual face categorization. Psychol. Sci. 2006, 17:485-492. 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01733.x.
35. Jensen O., Tesche C.D. Frontal theta activity in humans increases with memory load in a working memory task. Eur. J. Neurosci. 2002, 15:1395-1399.
36. Johansson M., Mecklinger A., Treese A.-C. Recognition memory for emotional and neutral faces: an event-related potential study. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 2004, 16:1840-1853. 10.1162/0898929042947883.
37. Jonas J., Descoins M., Koessler L., Colnat-Coulbois S., Sauvée M., Guye M., Vignal J.-P., Vespignani H., Rossion B., Maillard L. Focal electrical intracerebral stimulation of a face-sensitive area causes transient prosopagnosia. Neuroscience 2012, 222:281-288. 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.07.021.
38. Kahana M.J. The cognitive correlates of human brain oscillations. J. Neurosci. 2006, 26:1669-1672. 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3737-05c.2006.
39. Kaplan R., Bush D., Bonnefond M., Bandettini P.a, Barnes G.R., Doeller C.F., Burgess N. Medial prefrontal theta phase coupling during spatial memory retrieval. Hippocampus 2014, 00. 10.1002/hipo.22255.
40. Kaufmann J.M., Schweinberger S.R., Burton a M. N250 ERP correlates of the acquisition of face representations across different images. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 2009, 21:625-641. 10.1162/jocn.2009.21080.
41. Kensinger E.a Negative emotion enhances memory accuracy: behavioral and neuroimaging evidence. Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci. 2007, 16:213-218. 10.1111/j.1467-8721.2007.00506.x.
42. Kirschner A., Kam J.W.Y., Handy T.C., Ward L.M. Differential synchronization in default and task-specific networks of the human brain. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 2012, 6:139. 10.3389/fnhum.2012.00139.
43. Klimesch W., Doppelmayr M., Yonelinas A., Kroll N.E., Lazzara M., Röhm D., Gruber W. Theta synchronization during episodic retrieval: neural correlates of conscious awareness. Brain Res. Cogn. Brain Res. 2001, 12:33-38.
44. Klimesch W., Hanslmayr S., Sauseng P., Gruber W., Brozinsky C.J., Kroll N.E.A., Yonelinas A.P., Doppelmayr M. Oscillatory EEG correlates of episodic trace decay. Cereb. Cortex 2006, 16:280-290. 10.1093/cercor/bhi107.
45. Knyazev G.G., Slobodskoj-Plusnin J.Y., Bocharov a V. Event-related delta and theta synchronization during explicit and implicit emotion processing. Neuroscience 2009, 164:1588-1600. 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.09.057.
46. Knyazev G.G., Slobodskoj-Plusnin J.Y., Bocharov A.V. Gender differences in implicit and explicit processing of emotional facial expressions as revealed by event-related theta synchronization. Emotion 2010, 10:678-687. 10.1037/a0019175.
47. Koenig S., Mecklinger A. Electrophysiological correlates of encoding and retrieving emotional events. Emotion 2008, 8:162-173. 10.1037/1528-3542.8.2.162.
48. Krombholz A., Schaefer F., Boucsein W. Modification of N170 by different emotional expression of schematic faces. Biol. Psychol. 2007, 76:156-162. 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2007.07.004.
49. LaBar K.S., Cabeza R. Cognitive neuroscience of emotional memory. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2006, 7:54-64. 10.1038/nrn1825.
50. Lang P.J., Bradley M.M., Cuthbert B.N. International Affective Picture System (IAPS): affective ratings of pictures and instruction manual 2008, Gainesville.
51. Langeslag S.J.E., Morgan H.M., Jackson M.C., Linden D.E.J., Van Strien J.W. Electrophysiological correlates of improved short-term memory for emotional faces. Neuropsychologia 2009, 47:887-896. 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2008.12.024.
52. Lee H., Simpson G.V., Logothetis N.K., Rainer G. Phase locking of single neuron activity to theta oscillations during working memory in monkey extrastriate visual cortex. Neuron 2005, 45:147-156. 10.1016/j.neuron.2004.12.025.
53. Lee S.-H., Kim E.-Y., Kim S., Bae S.-M. Event-related potential patterns and gender effects underlying facial affect processing in schizophrenia patients. Neurosci. Res. 2010, 67:172-180. 10.1016/j.neures.2010.03.001.
54. Lisman J.E., Idiart M.a Storage of 7 +/- 2 short-term memories in oscillatory subcycles. Science 1995, 267:1512-1515.
55. Liu J., Harris A., Kanwisher N. Stages of processing in face perception: an MEG study. Nat. Neurosci. 2002, 5:910-916. 10.1038/nn909.
56. Liu T., Pinheiro A., Zhao Z., Nestor P.G., McCarley R.W., Niznikiewicz M.a Emotional cues during simultaneous face and voice processing: electrophysiological insights. PLoS One 2012, 7:e31001. 10.1371/journal.pone.0031001.
57. Luo W., Feng W., He W., Wang N.-Y., Luo Y.-J. Three stages of facial expression processing: ERP study with rapid serial visual presentation. Neuroimage 2010, 49:1857-1867. 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.09.018.
58. Luo Q., Cheng X., Holroyd T., Xu D., Carver F., Blair R.J. Theta band activity in response to emotional expressions and its relationship with gamma band activity as revealed by MEG and advanced beamformer source imaging. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 2014, 7:940. 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00940.
59. Mangun G.R. Neural mechanisms of visual selective attention. Psychophysiology 1995, 32:4-18.
60. Mangun G.R., Hillyard S.A. Modulations of sensory-evoked brain potentials indicate changes in perceptual processing during visual-spatial priming. J. Exp. Psychol. Hum. Percept. Perform. 1991, 17:1057-1074.
61. Martens U., Leuthold H., Schweinberger S.R. On the temporal organization of facial identity and expression analysis: inferences from event-related brain potentials. Cogn. Affect. Behav. Neurosci. 2010, 10:505-522. 10.3758/CABN.10.4.505.
62. Missonnier P., Deiber M.-P., Gold G., Millet P., Gex-Fabry Pun M., Fazio-Costa L., Giannakopoulos P., Ibáñez V. Frontal theta event-related synchronization: comparison of directed attention and working memory load effects. J. Neural Transm. 2006, 113:1477-1486. 10.1007/s00702-005-0443-9.
63. Mizuhara H., Yamaguchi Y. Neuronal ensemble for visual working memory via interplay of slow and fast oscillations. Eur. J. Neurosci. 2011, 33:1925-1934. 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2011.07681.x.
64. Nakamura a, Yamada T., Abe Y., Nakamura K., Sato N., Horibe K., Kato T., Kachi T., Ito K. Age-related changes in brain neuromagnetic responses to face perception in humans. Neurosci. Lett. 2001, 312:13-16.
65. Palermo R., Coltheart M. Photographs of facial expression: accuracy, response times, and ratings of intensity. Behav. Res. Methods Instrum. Comput. 2004, 36:634-638.
66. Palermo R., Rhodes G. Are you always on my mind? A review of how face perception and attention interact. Neuropsychologia 2007, 45:75-92. 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2006.04.025.
67. Phelps E.A. Human emotion and memory: interactions of the amygdala and hippocampal complex. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 2004, 14:198-202. 10.1016/j.conb.2004.03.015.
68. Pourtois G., Grandjean D., Sander D., Vuilleumier P. Electrophysiological correlates of rapid spatial orienting towards fearful faces. Cereb. Cortex 2004, 14:619-633. 10.1093/cercor/bhh023.
69. Raghavachari S., Kahana M.J., Rizzuto D.S., Caplan J.B., Kirschen M.P., Bourgeois B., Madsen J.R., Lisman J.E. Gating of human theta oscillations by a working memory task. J. Neurosci. 2001, 21:3175-3183.
70. Regan D. Human Brain Electrophysiology 1989, Elsevier, New York.
71. Reinhart R.M.G., Heitz R.P., Purcell B.a, Weigand P.K., Schall J.D., Woodman G.F. Homologous mechanisms of visuospatial working memory maintenance in macaque and human: properties and sources. J. Neurosci. 2012, 32:7711-7722. 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0215-12.2012.
72. Rellecke J., Sommer W., Schacht A. Does processing of emotional facial expressions depend on intention? Time-resolved evidence from event-related brain potentials. Biol. Psychol. 2012, 90:23-32. 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2012.02.002.
73. Rellecke J., Sommer W., Schacht A. Emotion effects on the n170: a question of reference?. Brain Topogr. 2013, 26:62-71. 10.1007/s10548-012-0261-y.
74. Righi S., Marzi T., Toscani M., Baldassi S., Ottonello S., Viggiano M.P. Fearful expressions enhance recognition memory: electrophysiological evidence. Acta Psychol. (Amst) 2012, 139:7-18. 10.1016/j.actpsy.2011.09.015.
75. Rossion B., Caharel S. ERP evidence for the speed of face categorization in the human brain: disentangling the contribution of low-level visual cues from face perception. Vision Res. 2011, 51:1297-1311. 10.1016/j.visres.2011.04.003.
76. Sato W., Kochiyama T., Yoshikawa S., Matsumura M. Emotional expression boosts early visual processing of the face: ERP recording and its decomposition by independent component analysis. Neuroreport 2001, 12:709-714.
77. Sauseng P., Griesmayr B., Freunberger R., Klimesch W. Control mechanisms in working memory: a possible function of EEG theta oscillations. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 2010, 34:1015-1022. 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2009.12.006.
78. Schaefer A., Pottage C.L., Rickart A.J. Electrophysiological correlates of remembering emotional pictures. Neuroimage 2011, 54:714-724. 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.07.030.
79. Schupp H.T., Junghöfer M., Weike A.I., Hamm A.O. Emotional facilitation of sensory processing in the visual cortex. Psychol. Sci. 2003, 14:7-13.
80. Schupp H.T., Ohman A., Junghöfer M., Weike A.I., Stockburger J., Hamm A.O. The facilitated processing of threatening faces: an ERP analysis. Emotion 2004, 4:189-200. 10.1037/1528-3542.4.2.189.
81. Schweinberger S.R., Pickering E.C., Jentzsch I., Burton A.M., Kaufmann J.M. Event-related brain potential evidence for a response of inferior temporal cortex to familiar face repetitions. Brain Res. Cogn. Brain Res. 2002, 14:398-409.
82. Streit M., Wölwer W., Brinkmeyer J., Ihl R., Gaebel W. Electrophysiological correlates of emotional and structural face processing in humans. Neurosci. Lett. 2000, 278:13-16.
83. Streit M., Dammers J., Simsek-Kraues S., Brinkmeyer J., Wölwer W., Ioannides A. Time course of regional brain activations during facial emotion recognition in humans. Neurosci. Lett. 2003, 342:101-104.
84. Tanaka J.W., Curran T., Porterfield A.L., Collins D. Activation of preexisting and acquired face representations: the N250 event-related potential as an index of face familiarity. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 2006, 18:1488-1497. 10.1162/jocn.2006.18.9.1488.
85. Tang Y., Liu D., Li Y., Qiu Y., Zhu Y. The time-frequency representation of the ERPs of face processing. Conf. Proc. IEEE Eng. Med. Biol. Soc. 2008, 2008:4114-4117. 10.1109/IEMBS.2008.4650114.
86. Taylor M.J., Bayless S.J., Mills T., Pang E.W. Recognising upright and inverted faces: MEG source localisation. Brain Res. 2011, 1381:167-174. 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.12.083.
87. Todd R.M., Cunningham W.A., Anderson A.K., Thompson E. Affect-biased attention as emotion regulation. Trends Cogn. Sci. 2012, 16:365-372. 10.1016/j.tics.2012.06.003.
88. Todd R.M., Talmi D., Schmitz T.W., Susskind J., Anderson A.K. Psychophysical and neural evidence for emotion-enhanced perceptual vividness. J. Neurosci. 2012, 32:11201-11212. 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0155-12.2012.
89. Tottenham N., Tanaka J.W., Leon A.C., McCarry T., Nurse M., Hare T.A., Marcus D.J., Westerlund A., Casey B.J., Nelson C. The NimStim set of facial expressions: judgments from untrained research participants. Psychiatry Res. 2009, 168:242-249. 10.1016/j.psychres.2008.05.006.
90. Tsoneva T., Baldo D., Lema V., Garcia-Molina G. EEG-rhythm dynamics during a 2-back working memory task and performance. Conf. Proc. IEEE Eng. Med. Biol. Soc. 2011, 2011:3828-3831. 10.1109/IEMBS.2011.6090952.
91. Utama N.P., Takemoto A., Koike Y., Nakamura K. Phased processing of facial emotion: an ERP study. Neurosci. Res. 2009, 64:30-40. 10.1016/j.neures.2009.01.009.
92. Utama N.P., Takemoto A., Nakamura K., Koike Y. Single-trial EEG data to classify type and intensity of facial emotion from P100 and N170. Proceedings of the 2009 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks. Piscataway, NJ 2009.
93. Van Strien N.M., Cappaert N.L.M., Witter M.P. The anatomy of memory: an interactive overview of the parahippocampal-hippocampal network. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2009, 10:272-282. 10.1038/nrn2614.
94. Vuilleumier P., Pourtois G. Distributed and interactive brain mechanisms during emotion face perception: evidence from functional neuroimaging. Neuropsychologia 2007, 45:174-194. 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2006.06.003.
95. Weymar M., Löw A., Schwabe L., Hamm A.O. Brain dynamics associated with recollective experiences of emotional events. Neuroreport 2010, 21:827-831. 10.1097/WNR.0b013e32833d180a.
96. Weymar M., Löw A., Ohman A., Hamm A.O. The face is more than its parts-brain dynamics of enhanced spatial attention to schematic threat. Neuroimage 2011, 58:946-954. 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.06.061.
97. Williams L.M., Palmer D., Liddell B.J., Song L., Gordon E. The "when" and "where" of perceiving signals of threat versus non-threat. Neuroimage 2006, 31:458-467. 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.12.009.
98. Wong A.C.-N., Palmeri T.J., Rogers B.P., Gore J.C., Gauthier I. Beyond shape: how you learn about objects affects how they are represented in visual cortex. PLoS One 2009, 4:e8405. 10.1371/journal.pone.0008405.
99. Wong T.K.W., Fung P.C.W., McAlonan G.M., Chua S.E. Spatiotemporal dipole source localization of face processing ERPs in adolescents: a preliminary study. Behav. Brain Funct. 2009, 5:16. 10.1186/1744-9081-5-16.
100. Wynn J.K., Jahshan C., Altshuler L.L., Glahn D.C., Green M.F. Event-related potential examination of facial affect processing in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Psychol. Med. 2013, 43:109-117. 10.1017/S0033291712001006.
101. Yordanova J., Kolev V., Rosso O.A., Schürmann M., Sakowitz O.W., Ozgören M., Basar E. Wavelet entropy analysis of event-related potentials indicates modality-independent theta dominance. J. Neurosci. Methods 2002, 117:99-109.
102. Zhang D., Wang L., Luo Y., Luo Y. Individual differences in detecting rapidly presented fearful faces. PLoS One 2012, 7:e49517. 10.1371/journal.pone.0049517.
103. Zheng X., Mondloch C.J., Segalowitz S.J. The timing of individual face recognition in the brain. Neuropsychologia 2012, 50:1451-1461. 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2012.02.030.