Embedded behavioral health providers: An assessment with the Army National Guard

Psychological Services

Volumn 11, Issue 3, 2014, Pages 265-272

  Russell, Dale W ^a,b   Whalen, Ronald J ^b   Riviere, Lyndon A ^b   Clarke Walper, Kristina ^b   Bliese, Paul D ^b   Keller, Darc D ^c   Pangelian, Susan I ^c   Thomas, Jeffrey L ^d  

^a Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences   (United States)

^b WALTER REED ARMY INSTITUTE OF RESEARCH   (United States)

^c California National Guard   (United States)

^d US Army Medical Research Unit Europe   (Germany)

Author keywords

Army; Barriers to care; Behavioral health; Behavioral health symptoms; Embedded provider; National Guard; Perceptions of stigma; Unit climate

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY; DEPRESSION; FEMALE; HEALTH CARE DELIVERY; HUMAN; INFORMATION PROCESSING; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PROSPECTIVE STUDY; SOCIAL STIGMA; SOLDIER; STATISTICS AND NUMERICAL DATA; STRESS DISORDERS, POST-TRAUMATIC; YOUNG ADULT;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES; DATA COLLECTION; DEPRESSION; FEMALE; HEALTH SERVICES ACCESSIBILITY; HUMANS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; MILITARY PERSONNEL; PROSPECTIVE STUDIES; SOCIAL STIGMA; STRESS DISORDERS, POST-TRAUMATIC; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84905159492     PISSN: 15411559     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/a0037005     Document Type: Article

References (37)

1. Adler, A. B., Bliese, P. D., & Castro, C. A. (2011). An introduction to deployment psychology. In A. B. Adler, P. D. Bliese, & C. A. Castro (Eds.), Deployment psychology: Evidence-based strategies to promote mental health in the military (pp. 3-13). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. doi:10.1037/12300-000.
2. Adler, A. B., Kim, P. Y., Riviere, L. A., Thomas, G., & Britt, T. W. (2012, October). Barriers to seeking mental health care in U.S. soldiers returning from combat: Beyond stigma. Paper presented at the 64th Institute on Psychiatric Services, New York, New York.
3. Blanchard, E. B., Jones Alexander, J., Buckley, T. C., & Forneris, C. A. (1996). Psychometric properties of the PTSD Checklist (PCL). Behaviour Research and Therapy, 34, 669-673. doi:10.1016/0005-7967(96)00033-2.
4. Bliese, P. D. (2006). Social climates: Drivers of soldier well-being and resilience. In A. B. Adler, C. A. Castro, & T. W. Britt (Eds.), Military life: The psychology of serving in peace and combat: Vol. 2. Operational stress (pp. 213-234). Westport, CT: Praeger Security International.
5. Bliese, P. D., & Hanges, P. J. (2004). Being both too liberal and too conservative: The perils of treating grouped data as though they were independent. Organizational Research Methods, 7, 400-417. doi: 10.1177/1094428104268542.
6. Bliese, P. D., Thomas, J. L., McGurk, D., McBride, S., & Castro, C. A. (2011). Mental health advisory teams: A proactive examination of mental health during combat deployments. International Review of Psychiatry, 23, 127-134. doi:10.3109/09540261.2011.558834.
7. Bradley, K. A., Bush, K., Epler, A. J., Dobie, D. J., Davis, T. M., Sporleder, J. L.,. Kivlahan, D. R. (2003). Two brief alcohol-screening tests from the alcohol use disorders identification test (AUDIT). Archives of Internal Medicine, 163, 821-829. doi:10.1001/archinte.163.7.821.
8. Britt, T. W., Wright, K. M., & Moore, D. (2012). Leadership as a predictor of stigma and practical barriers toward receiving mental health treat-ment: A multilevel approach. Psychological Services, 9, 26-37. doi: 10.1037/a0026412.
9. Bryk, A. S., & Raudenbush, S. W. (1992). Hierarchical linear models in social and behavioral research: Applications and data analysis methods. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
10. Bush, K., Kivlahan, D. R., McDonell, M. B., Fihn, S. D., Bradley, K. A., & for the Ambulatory Care Quality Improvement Project. (1998). The AUDIT Alcohol Consumption Questions (AUDIT-C): An effective brief screening test for problem drinking. Archives of Internal Medicine, 158, 1789-1795. doi:10.1001/archinte.158.16.1789.
11. Department of Defense Task Force on Mental Health. (2007). An achievable vision: Report of the Department of Defense Task Force on Mental Health. Falls Church, VA: Defense Health Board.
12. Eisenberger, R., Cummings, J., Armeli, S., & Lynch, P. (1997). Perceived organizational support, discretionary treatment, and job satisfaction. Journal of Applied Psychology, 82, 812-820. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.82.5.812.
13. Farmer, K. L. (2013, February 20). Official letter to California embedded healthcare providers from TriWest Healthcare Alliance executive vice president and chief operating officer.
14. Fontana, A., & Rosenheck, R. (1999). A model of war zone stressors and posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 12, 111-126. doi:10.1023/A:1024750417154.
15. Gorman, L. A., Blow, A. J., Ames, B. D., & Reed, P. L. (2011). National Guard families after combat: Mental health, use of mental health services, and perceived treatment barriers. Psychiatric Services, 62, 28-34. doi:10.1176/appi.ps.62.1.28.
16. Herrell, R. K., Edens, E. N., Wright, P. J., Thomas, J. L., Bliese, P. D., & Hoge, C. W. (2010, August). Assessment of impairment in a military sample: The Walter Reed functional impairment scale. Paper presented at the American Psychological Association Annual Convention, San Diego, CA.
17. Hoge, C. W., Castro, C. A., Messer, S. C., McGurk, D., Cotting, D. I., & Koffman, R. L. (2004). Combat duty in Iraq and Afghanistan, mental health problems, and barriers to care. The New England Journal of Medicine, 351, 13-22. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa040603.
18. Hox, J. (2010). Multilevel analysis: Techniques and applications (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Routledge.
19. Institute of Medicine. (2013). Returning home from Iraq and Afghanistan: Assessment of readjustment needs of veterans, service members, and their families. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
20. Jex, S. M., & Bliese, P. D. (1999). Efficacy beliefs as a moderator of the impact of work-related stressors: A multilevel study. Journal of Applied Psychology, 84, 349-361. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.84.3.349.
21. Keller, D. (2013, January 18). Briefing presented by the California National Guard Assistant State Surgeon. Rancho Cordova, CA: California National Guard Joint Forces Headquarters.
22. Kim, P. Y., Britt, T. W., Klocko, R. P., Riviere, L. A., & Adler, A. B. (2011). Stigma, negative attitudes about treatment, and utilization of mental health care among soldiers. Military Psychology, 23, 65-81. doi:10.1080/08995605.2011.534415.
23. Kroenke, K., & Spitzer, R. L. (2002). The PHQ-9: A new depression diagnostic and severity measure. Psychiatric Annals, 32(9), 2-7.
24. Lane, M. E., Hourani, L. L., Bray, R. M., & Williams, J. (2012). Prevalence of perceived stress and mental health indicators among reservecomponent and active-duty military personnel. American Journal of Public Health, 102, 1213-1220. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300280.
25. O'Brien, C. P., Oster, M., & Morden, E. (2012). Substance use disorders in the U.S. Armed Forces. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
26. Office of the Surgeon Multi-National Force-Iraq and Office of the Surgeon General United States Army Medical Command. (2008). Mental Health Advisory Team (MHAT-V) report: Operation Iraq Freedom 06-08. Retrieved from http://www.behavioralhealth.army.mil/research/index.html.
27. Posdakoff, P. M., & Mackenzie, S. B. (1994). Organizational citizenship behaviors and sales unit effectiveness. Journal of Marketing Research, 31, 351-363. doi:10.2307/3152222.
28. Ridout, M. S., Demétrio, C. G. B., & Firth, D. (1999). Estimating intraclass correlation for binary data. Biometrics, 55, 137-148. doi:10.1111/j.0006-341X.1999.00137.x.
29. Riviere, L. A., Kendall-Robbins, A., McGurk, D., Castro, C. A., & Hoge, C. W. (2011). Coming home may hurt: Risk factors for mental ill health in US reservists after deployment in Iraq. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 198, 136-142. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.110.084863.
30. Spitzer, R. L., Kroenke, K., Williams, J. B. W., & Lowe, B. (2006). A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: The GAD-7. Archives of Internal Medicine, 166, 1092-1097. doi:10.1001/archinte.166.10.1092.
31. Thomas, J. L., Wilk, J. E., Riviere, L. A., McGurk, D., Castro, C. A., & Hoge, C. W. (2010). Prevalence of mental health problems and functional impairment among active component and National Guard soldiers 3 and 12 months following combat in Iraq. Archives of General Psychiatry, 67, 614-623. doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.54.
32. Warner, C. H., Breitbach, J. E., Appenzeller, G. N., Yates, V., Grieger, T., & Webster, W. G. (2007). Division mental health in the new brigade combat team structure: Part I. Predeployment and deployment. Military Medicine, 172, 907-911.
33. Weathers, F. W., Litz, B. T., Herman, D. S., Huska, J. A., & Keane, T. M. (1993). The PTSD Checklist (PCL): Reliability, validity, and diagnostic utility. Paper presented at the 9th Annual Conference of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies. October. San Antonio, TX.
34. Weinick, R. M., Beckjord, E. B., Farmer, C. M., Martin, L. T., Gillen, E. M., Acosta, J.,. Scharf, D. M. (2011). Programs addressing psychological health and traumatic brain injury among U.S. military servicemembers and their families. Retrieved from http://www.rand.org/pubs/technical_reports/TR950.
35. Wilk, J. E., Thomas, J. L., McGurk, D., Riviere, L. A., Castro, C. A., & Hoge, C. W. (2010). Mild traumatic brain injury (concussion) during combat: Lack of association of blast mechanism with persistent postconcussive symptoms. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 25, 9-14. doi:10.1097/HTR.0b013e3181bd090f.
36. Wright, K. M., Cabrera, O. A., Bliese, P. D., Adler, A. B., Hoge, C. W., & Castro, C. A. (2009). Stigma and barriers to care in soldiers postcombat. Psychological Services, 6, 108-116. doi:10.1037/a0012620.
37. Zinzow, H. M., Britt, T. W., McFadden, A. C., Burnette, C. M., & Gillispie, S. (2012). Connecting active duty and returning veterans to mental health treatment. Interventions and treatment adaptations that may reduce barriers to care. Clinical Psychology Review, 32, 741-753. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2012.09.002.