Introduction: Violent conflict and control of the state

The State, Identity and Violence: Political Disintegration in the Post-Cold War World

Volumn , Issue , 2003, Pages 1-58

  Ferguson, R Brian ^a  

^a RUTGERS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84905075483     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.4324/9780203218310     Document Type: Editorial

References (264)

1. Abdullah, Ibrahim (1998) "Bush Path to Destruction: The Origin and Character of the Revolutionary United Front/Sierra Leone." The Journal of Modern African Studies 36: 203-235.
2. Abrams, Philip (1988) "Note on the Difficulty of Studying the State." Journal of Historical Sociology 1: 58-89.
3. Acharya, Amitav (1998) "Beyond Anarchy: Third World Instability and International Order after the Cold War." In International Relations Theory and the Third World, Stephanie G. Neuman (ed.), pp. 159-211. New York: St. Martin's Press.
4. Aklaev, Airat (1992) "War and Social Stress and their Effects on the Nationalities in the U.S.S.R." In Giorgio Ausenda (ed.), Effects of War on Society. Republic of San Marino: Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Social Stress, pp. 194-210.
5. Aklaev, Airat (n.d.) "Causes and Prevention of Ethnic Conflict: An Overview of Post-Soviet Russian-Language Literature." Report prepared for the Carnegie Commission on Preventing Deadly Conflict, Carnegie Corporation of New York. http://www.ccpdc.org/pubs.aklaev/4.htm
6. Alonso, Ana Maria (1994) "The Politics of Space, Time and Substance: State Formation, Nationalism, and Ethnicity." Annual Review of Anthropology 23: 379-405.
7. Anderson, Benedict (1991) Imagined Communities. London: Verso.
8. Anderson, Mary B. (1999) Do No Harm: How Aid Can Support Peace - Or War. Boulder: Lynne Rienner.
9. Appadurai, Arjun (1996) Modernity at Large: Cultural Dimensions of Globalization. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota.
10. Ausenda, Giorgio (1997) "Postscript: Current Issues in the Study of Ethnicity, Ethnic Conflict and Humanitarian Intervention, and Questions for Future Research." In David Turton (ed.), War and Ethnicity: Global Connections and Local Violence. Republic of San Marino: Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Social Stress/University of Rochester Press, pp. 217-251.
11. Avruch, Kevin and Beatriz Vejarano (2001) "Truth and Reconciliation Commissions: A Review Essay and Annotated Bibliography." Social Justice: Anthropology, Peace, and Human Rights 2: 47-108.
12. Ayoob, Mohammed (1995) The Third World Security Predicament: State Making, Regional Conflict, and the International System. Boulder: Lynne Rienner.
13. Ayoob, Mohammed (1998) "Subaltern Realism: International Relations Theory Meets the Third World." In Stephanie G. Neuman (ed.), International Relations Theory and the Third World. New York: St. Martin's Press, pp. 31-54.
14. Bailey, F.G. (1969) Stratagems and Spoils: A Social Anthropology of Politics. New York: Basil Blackwell.
15. Barfield, Thomas (1994) "Prospects for Plural Societies in Central Asia." Cultural Survival Summer/Fall: 48-51.
16. Bell-Fialkoff, Andrew (1996) Ethnic Cleansing. New York: St. Martins Press.
17. Berdal, Mats and David M. Malone (eds) (2000) Greed and Grievance: Economic Agendas in Civil Wars. Boulder: Lynne Rienner.
18. Black, Jeremy (1998a) "Why Wars Happen." History Review 31. http://web5.infotrac-college.com/wadsworth
19. Black, Jeremy (1998b) Why Wars Happen. New York: New York University Press.
20. Blick, Jeffrey (1988) "Genocidal Warfare in Tribal Societies as a Result of European-Induced Culture Conflict." Man 23: 654-670.
21. Boswell, Terry and William Dixon (1990) "Dependency and Rebellion: A Cross-National Analysis." American Sociological Review 55: 450-459.
22. Boutros-Ghali, Boutros (1993) "Don't Make the U.N.'s Hard Job Harder." The New York Times, 20 August, A29.
23. Bowen, John R. (1996) "The Myth of Global Ethnic Conflict." Journal of Democracy 7(4): 3-14.
24. Brown, Michael E. (1997) "The Causes of Internal Conflict." In Michael E. Brown, Owen R. Cote, Jr., Sean M. Lynn-Jones and Steven Miller (eds), Nationalism and Ethnic Conflict. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, pp. 3-25.
25. Brown, Michael E. and Chantal de Jonge Oudraat (1997) "Internal Conflict and International Action: An Overview." In Michael E. Brown, Owen R. Cote, Jr., Sean M. Lynn-Jones and Steven Miller (eds), Nationalism and Ethnic Conflict. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, pp. 235-264.
26. Brown, Michael F. and Eduardo Fernandez (1991) War of Shadows: The Struggle for Utopia in the Peruvian Amazon. Berkeley: University of California Press.
27. Brubaker, Roger and David D. Laitin (1998) "Ethnic and Nationalist Violence." Annual Review of Sociology 24: 423-453. http://web5.infotrac-college.com/wadsworth
28. Buzan, Barry (1991) People, States and Fear: An Agenda for International Security Studies in the Post-Cold War Era, second edition. Boulder: Lynne Rienner.
29. Buzan, Barry (1998) "Conclusions: System versus Units in Theorizing about the Third World." In Stephanie G. Neuman (ed.), International Relations Theory and the Third World. New York: St. Martin's Press, pp. 213-234.
30. Byman, Daniel and Stephen Van Evera (1998) "Why They Fight: Hypotheses on the Causes of Contemporary Deadly Conflict." Security Studies 7: 1-50.
31. Canfield, Robert L. (1986) "Ethnic, Regional, and Sectarian Alignments in Afghanistan." In A. Banuazizi and M. Weiner (eds), The State, Religion, and Ethnic Politics: Afghanistan, Iran, and Pakistan. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, pp. 75-103.
32. Canfield, Robert L. (1988) "Afghanistan's Social Identities in Crisis." In J.-P. Digard (ed.), Le Fait Ethnique en Iran et en Afghanistan. Paris: Editions du CNRS, pp. 185-199.
33. Carmack, Robert M. (ed.) (1988) Harvest of Violence: The Maya Indians and the Guatemalan Crisis. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
34. Carnegie Commission on Preventing Deadly Violence (1997) Preventing Deadly Conflict. New York: Carnegie Corporation. http://www.ccpdc.org/pubs
35. Carneiro, Robert (1970) "A Theory of the Origin of the State." Science 169: 733-738.
36. Chase-Dunn, Christopher and Thomas Hall (1993) "Comparing World-Systems: Concepts and Working Hypotheses." Social Forces 71: 851-886.
37. Cohen, Ronald (1978) "Ethnicity: Problem and Focus in Anthropology." Annual Review of Anthropology 7: 379-403.
38. Collier, Paul (2000) "Doing Well out of War: An Economic Perspective." In Mats Berdal and David M. Malone (eds), Greed and Grievance: Economic Agendas in Civil Wars. Boulder: Lynne Rienner, pp. 91-111.
39. Collier, Paul and Anke Hoeffler (1998) "On Economic Causes of Civil War." Oxford Economic Papers 50: 563-574. http://web5.infotrac-college.com/wadsworth
40. Collier, Paul and Anke Hoeffler (n.d.) "Regional Military Spillovers." Paper presented at the Center for Global Change and Governance, Rutgers University, Newark, April 2001.
41. Comaroff, John L. (1995) "Ethnicity, Nationalism and the Politics of Difference in an Age of Revolution." In John L. Comaroff and Paul C. Stern (eds), Perspectives on Nationalism and War. Luxembourg: Gordon & Breach, pp. 243-276.
42. Comaroff, John L. and Jean Comaroff (eds) (1999) Civil Society and the Political Imagination in Africa. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
43. Comaroff, John L. and Paul C. Stern (eds) (1995) Perspectives on Nationalism and War. Luxembourg: Gordon & Breach.
44. Cooper, Neil (1999) "The Arms Trade and Militarized Actors in Internal Conflict." In Paul B. Rich (ed.), Warlords in International Relations. New York: St. Martin's Press, pp. 17-37.
45. Coughlan, Reed and S.W.R. de A. Samarasinghe (1991) "Introduction - Economic Dimensions of Ethnic Conflict: Theory and Evidence." In S.W.R. de A. Samarasinghe and Reed Coughlan (eds), Economic Dimensions of Ethnic Conflict. New York: St. Martin's Press, pp. 1-15.
46. Crossette, Barbara (2001) "Effort by U.N. to Cut Traffic in Arms Meets a U.S. Rebuff." The New York Times 10 July, A8.
47. Cultural Survival Quarterly (1994) "Ethnic Conflict: The New World Order?" Summer/Fall issue.
48. Daniel, E. Valentine (1996) Charred Lullabies: Chapters in an Anthropography of Violence. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
49. Das, Veena (ed.) (1990) Mirrors of Violence: Communities, Riots and Survivors in South Asia. New York: Oxford University press.
50. David, Steven R. (1998) "The Primacy of Internal War." In Stephanie G. Newman (ed.), International Relations Theory and the Third World. New York: St. Martin's Press, pp. 77-101.
51. Demjaha, Agon (2000) "The Kosovo Conflict: A Perspective from Inside." In Albrecht Schnabel and Ramesh Thakur (eds), Kosovo and the Challenge of Humanitarian Intervention: Selective Indignation, Collective Action, and International Citizenship. New York: The United Nations University Press, pp. 44-63.
52. de Soysa, Indra (2000) "The Resource Curse: Are Civil Wars Driven by Rapacity or Paucity?" In Mats Berdal and David M. Malone (eds), Greed and Grievance: Economic Agendas in Civil Wars. Boulder: Lynne Rienner, pp. 113-135.
53. de Waal, Alex (1994) "The Genocidal State: Hutu Extremism and the Origins of the 'Final Solution' in Rwanda." The Times Literary Supplement 1 July, 3-4.
54. de Waal, Alex and Rakiya Omaar (1993) "Somalia: Adding 'Humanitarian Intervention' to the U.S. Arsenal." Covert Action 44: 4-11, 53-54.
55. Duffield, Mark (2000) "Globalization, Transborder Trade, and War Economies." In Mats Berdal and David M. Malone (ed.), Greed and Grievance: Economic Agendas in Civil Wars. Boulder: Lynne Rienner, pp. 69-89.
56. Enloe, Cynthia (1980) Ethnic Soldiers: State Security in Divided Societies. Athens: University of Georgia Press.
57. Enloe, Cynthia (1989) Bananas, Beaches, and Bases: Making Feminist Sense of International Politics. London: Pandora.
58. Enloe, Cynthia (1998) "All the Men Are in the Militias, All the Women Are Victims: The Politics of Masculinity and Femininity in Nationalist Wars." In Lois Ann Lorentzen and Jennifer Turpin (eds), The Women and War Reader. New York: New York University Press, pp. 50-62.
59. Eriksen, Thomas Hylland (1993) Ethnicity and Nationalism: Anthropological Perspectives. Boulder: Pluto Press.
60. Estrade, Bernard (1998) "Fragmenting Indonesia: A Nation's Survival in Doubt." World Policy Journal 15: 78-85. http://web5.infotrac-college.com/wadsworth
61. Evans, Peter B., Dietrich Rueschemeyer and Theda Skocpol (eds) (1986) Bringing the State Back In. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
62. Falk, Richard A. (1995) On Humane Governance: Toward a New Global Politics. Philadelphia: Pennsylvania State Press.
63. Falk, Richard A. (2000) Human Rights Horizons: The Pursuit of Justice in a Globalizing World. New York: Routledge.
64. Feldman, Allen (1991) Formations of Violence: The Narrative of the Body and Political Terror in Northern Ireland. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
65. Ferguson, R. Brian (ed.) (1984) Warfare, Culture, and Environment. Orlando: Academic Press.
66. Ferguson, R. Brian (ed.) (1988a) "How Can Anthropologists Promote Peace?" Anthropology Today 4(3): 1-3.
67. Ferguson, R. Brian (ed.) (1988b) Class Transformations in Puerto Rico. Doctoral dissertation, Columbia University, Department of Anthropology.
68. Ferguson, R. Brian (ed.) (1989) "Anthropology and War: Theory, Politics, Ethics." In David Pitt and Paul Turner (eds), The Anthropology of War and Peace: Perspectives on the Nuclear Age. South Hadley, MA: Bergin and Garvey, pp. 141-159.
69. Ferguson, R. Brian (ed.) (1990) "Blood of the Leviathan: Western Contact and Warfare in Amazonia." American Ethnologist 17: 237-257.
70. Ferguson, R. Brian (ed.) (1995a) Yanomami Warfare: A Political History. Santa Fe: School of American Research Press.
71. Ferguson, R. Brian (ed.) (1995b) "(Mis)Understanding Resource Scarcity and Cultural Difference in Contemporary Conflicts." Anthropology Newsletter November: 37.
72. Ferguson, R. Brian (ed.) (1997) "Tribe, Tribal Organization." In Thomas Barfield (ed.), Blackwell Dictionary of Anthropology. Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 475-476.
73. Ferguson, R. Brian (ed.) (1999) "A Paradigm for the Study of War and Society." In Kurt Raaflaub and Nathan Rosenstein (eds), War and Society in the Ancient and Medieval Worlds. Cambridge: Center for Hellenic Studies and Harvard University Press, pp. 409-458.
74. Ferguson, R. Brian (ed.) (2001) "Materialist, Cultural, and Biological Theories on Why Yanomami Make War." Anthropological Theory 1: 99-116.
75. Ferguson, R. Brian and Neil L. Whitehead (eds) (2000a) War in the Tribal Zone: Expanding States and Indigenous Warfare, second printing, Santa Fe: School of American Research Press.
76. Ferguson, R. Brian and Neil L. Whitehead (eds) (2000b) "Preface to the Second Printing." In R. Brian Ferguson and Neil L. Whitehead (eds), War in the Tribal Zone: Expanding States and Indigenous Warfare, second printing. Santa Fe: School of American Research Press, pp. xi-xxxv.
77. Ferguson, Yale H. and Richard W. Mansbach (1991) "Between Celebration and Despair: Constructive Suggestions for Future International Theory." International Studies Quarterly 35: 363-386.
78. Fisher, William (1997) "Doing Good? The Politics and Anti-Politics of NGO Practices." Annual Review of Anthropology 26: 439-464.
79. Foster, Mary LeCron and Robert Rubenstein (ed.) (1986) Peace and War: Cross-Cultural Perspectives. New Brunswick: Transaction.
80. Fried, Morton (1967) The Evolution of Political Society: An Essay in Political Anthropology. New York: Random House.
81. Fried, Morton (1975) The Notion of Tribe. Menlo Park, CA: Cummings Publishing.
82. Fukui, Katsuyoshi and John Markakis (eds) (1994a) Ethnicity and Conflict in the Horn of Africa. Athens: Ohio University Press.
83. Fukui, Katsuyoshi and John Markakis (eds) (1994b) "Introduction." In Katsuyoshi Fukui and John Markakis (eds), Ethnicity and Conflict in the Horn of Africa. Athens: Ohio University Press, pp. 1-11.
84. Fukuyama, Francis (1992) The End of History and the Last Man. New York: The Free Press.
85. Fukuyama, Francis (1998) "Women and the Evolution of World Politics." Foreign Affairs September/October: 24-40.
86. Gagnon, V.P., Jr. (1997) "Ethnic Nationalism and International Conflict: The Case of Serbia." In Michael E. Brown, Owen R. Cote, Jr., Sean M. Lynn-Jones and Steven E. Miller (eds), Nationalism and Ethnic Conflict. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, pp. 132-168.
87. Ganguly, Sumit (1997) "Explaining the Kashmir Insurgency: Political Mobilization and Institutional Decay." In Michael E. Brown, Owen R. Cote, Jr., Sean M. Lynn-Jones and Steven E. Miller (eds), Nationalism and Ethnic Conflict. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, pp. 200-231.
88. Gantzel, Klaus Jurgen (1997) "War in the Post-World War II World: Some Empirical Trends and a Theoretical Approach." In David Turton (ed.), War and Ethnicity: Global Connections and Local Violence. Republic of San Marino: Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Social Stress/University of Rochester Press, pp. 123-144.
89. Geertz, Clifford (1963) "The Integrative Revolution: Primordial Sentiments and Civil Politics in the New States." In Clifford Geertz (ed.), Old Societies and New States: The Quest for Modernity in Asia and Africa. London: The Free Press, pp. 107-157.
90. Geertz, Clifford (1979) "Religion as a Cultural System." In William A. Lessa and Evon Z. Vogt (eds), Reader in Comparative Religion: An Anthropological Approach. New York: Harper and Row, pp. 79-89.
91. Gellner, Ernest (1997) Nationalism. New York: New York University Press.
92. Giddens, Anthony (1985) The Nation-State and Violence: Volume Two of a Contemporary Critique of Historical Materialism. Berkeley: University of California Press.
93. Gledhill, John (2000) Power and Its Disguises: Anthropological Perspectives on Politics. Sterling, VA: Pluto Press.
94. Gonzalez, Nancie and Carollyn McCommon (eds) (1989) Conflict, Migration, and the Expression of Ethnicity. Boulder: Westview Press.
95. Goodwin, Crauford (n.d.) "Economics and the Study of War." Paper presented at "The Study of War Summary Conference," Triangle Institute for Security Studies, Wheaton, IL, June 1997.
96. Gottlieb, Gidon (1993) Nation against State: A New Approach to Ethnic Conflicts and the Decline of Sovereignty. New York: Council on Foreign Relations Press.
97. Gourevitch, Philip (1998) We Wish to Inform You that Tomorrow We Will be Killed with Our Families: Stories from Rwanda. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
98. Guidieri, Remo, Francesco Pellizzi and Stanley J. Tambiah (eds) (1988) Ethnicities and Nations: Processes of Interethnic Relations in Latin America, Southeast Asia, and the Pacific. Austin: University of Texas Press for Rothko Chapel.
99. Gurr, Ted Robert (1993) Minorities at Risk: A Global View of Ethnopolitical Conflicts. Washington: US Institute of Peace Press.
100. Gurr, Ted Robert (2000) Peoples versus States: Minorities at Risk in the New Century. Washington: United States Institute of Peace Press.
101. Gurr, Ted Robert, Daniel C. Esty, Jack A. Goldstone, Barbara Harff, Pamela T. Surko and Alan N. Unger (n.d.) "The State Failure Project: New Approaches, New Findings." Chapter prepared for Michael Stohl (ed.), Failed States, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, in press.
102. Gurr, Ted Robert and Monty G. Marshall (2000) "Assessing Risks of Future Ethnic Wars." In Ted Robert Gurr, Peoples versus States: Minorities at Risk in the New Century. Washington: United States Institute of Peace Press, pp. 223-260.
103. Haas, Jonathan (1982) The Evolution of the Prehistoric State. New York: Columbia University Press.
104. Haas, Jonathan (ed.) (1990) The Anthropology of War. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
105. Hall, Thomas, Christopher Bartalos, Elizabeth Mannebach and Thomas Perkowitz (1996) "Varieties of Ethnic Conflict in Global Perspectives: A Review Essay." Social Science Quarterly 77: 445-452.
106. Halpern, Joel M. and David A. Kideckel (eds) (2000) Neighbors at War: Anthropological Perspectives on Yugoslav Ethnicity, Culture, and History. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press.
107. Hamburg, David A., Alexander George and Karen Ballentine (1999) "Preventing Deadly Conflict: The Critical role of Leadership." Archives of General Psychiatry 56: 971-976.
108. Harris, Marvin (1992) "Distinguished Lecture: Anthropology and the Theoretical and Paradigmatic Significance of the Collapse of Soviet and East European Communism." American Anthropologist 94(2): 295-305.
109. Harris, Marvin (1995) Cultural Anthropology, fourth edition. New York: Harper Collins.
110. Hartung, William D. (1994) And Weapons For All. New York: Harper Collins.
111. Hechter, Michael (2000) Containing Nationalism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
112. Herbst, Jeffrey (1990) "War and the State in Africa." International Security 14(4): 117-139.
113. Herbst, Jeffrey (1992) "The Potential for Conflict in Africa." Africa Insight 22(2): 105-109.
114. Herbst, Jeffrey (1997) "Responding to State Failure in Africa." In Michael E. Brown, Owen R. Cote, Jr., Sean M. Lynn-Jones and Steven E. Miller (eds), Nationalism and Ethnic Conflict. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, pp. 374-398.
115. Heywood, Linda M. (1998) "Towards an Understanding of Modern Political Ideology in Africa: The Case of the Ovimbundu of Angola." Journal of Modern African Studies 36: 139-167.
116. Hill, Jonathan (ed.) (1996) History, Power, and Identity: Ethnogenesis in the Americas, 1492-1992. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press.
117. Hintjens, Helen M. (1999) "Explaining the 1994 Genocide in Rwanda." The Journal of Modern African Studies 37: 241-286.
118. Hinton, Alexander Laban (1998a) "Why Did You Kill? The Cambodian Genocide and the Dark Side of Face and Honor." The Journal of Asian Studies 57: 93-122.
119. Hinton, Alexander Laban (1998b) "A Head for an Eye: Revenge in the Cambodian Genocide." American Ethnologist 25: 352-377.
120. Hobsbawm, E.J. (1994) Nations and Nationalism Since 1780. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
121. Hoebel, E. Adamson (1978) The Cheyennes: Indians of the Great Plains, second edition. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
122. Holsti, K.J. (1996) The State, War, and the State of War. New York: Cambridge University Press.
123. Homer-Dixon, Thomas (1999) Environment, Scarcity, and Violence. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
124. Homer-Dixon, Thomas and Jessica Blitt (1998) Ecoviolence: Links Among Environment, Population, and Security. Oxford: Rowman and Littlefield.
125. Hopmann, P. Terrence (n.d.) "Disintegrating States." Carnegie Commission for the Prevention of Deadly Violence, the Carnegie Foundation, New York. http://www.ccpdc.org/pubs/zart/ch6.htm
126. Horowitz, Donald (1985) Ethnic Groups in Conflict. Berkeley: University of California Press.
127. Hudson, Robert (2000) "Identity and Exclusion through Language Politics: The Croatian Example." In Robert Hudson and Fred Reno (eds), Politics of Identity: Migrants and Minorities in Multicultural States. New York: St. Martin's Press, pp. 243-264.
128. Human Rights Watch (2001) "Afghanistan: Crisis of Impunity: The Role of Pakistan, Russia, and Iran in Fueling the Civil War." 13(3).
129. Huntington, Samuel P. (1993) "The Clash of Civilizations?" Foreign Affairs Summer: 22-49.
130. Ignatieff, Michael (1997) The Warrior's Honor: Ethnic War and the Modern Conscience. New York: Henry Holt and Company.
131. Jenkins, J. Craig and Kurt Schock (1992) "Global Structures and Political Processes in the Study of Domestic Political Conflict." Annual Review of Sociology 18: 161-185.
132. Kahl, Colin (1998) "Population Growth, Environmental Degradation, and State-Sponsored Violence." International Security 23(2): 80-119.
133. Kaldor, Mary (1999) New and Old Wars: Organized Violence in a Global Era. Cambridge: Polity Press.
134. Kapferer, Bruce (1988) Legends of People, Myths of State: Violence, Intolerance, and Political Culture in Sri Lanka and Australia. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press.
135. Kaplan, Robert D. (1993) Balkan Ghosts: A Journey Through History. New York: St. Martins Press.
136. Kaplan, Robert D. (1994) "The Coming Anarchy." Atlantic Monthly February: 44-76.
137. Kaufman, Stuart (1997) "Spiraling to Ethnic War: Elites, Masses, and Moscow in Moldava's Civil War." In Michael E. Brown, Owen R. Cote, Jr., Sean M. Lynn-Jones and Steven E. Miller (eds), Nationalism and Ethnic Conflict. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, pp. 169-199.
138. Kaufmann, Chaim (1996) "Intervention in Ethnic and Ideological Civil Wars: Why One Can Be Done and the Other Can't." Security Studies 6(1): 62-100.
139. Kaufmann, Chaim (1997) "Possible and Impossible Solutions to Ethnic Civil Wars." In Michael E. Brown, Owen R. Cote, Jr., Sean M. Lynn-Jones and Steven E. Miller (eds), Nationalism and Ethnic Conflict. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, pp. 265-304.
140. Kleinman, Arthur, Veena Das and Margaret Lock (eds) (1997) Social Suffering. Berkeley: University of California Press.
141. Lake, David and Donald Rothchild (1997) "Containing Fear: The Origins and Management of Ethnic Conflict." In Michael E. Brown, Owen R. Cote, Jr., Sean M. Lynn-Jones and Steven E. Miller (eds), Nationalism and Ethnic Conflict. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, pp. 132-168.
142. Lan, David (1985) Guns and Rain: Guerrillas and Spirit Mediums in Zimbabwe. Berkeley: University of California Press.
143. Langhorne, Richard (2001) The Coming of Globalization: Its Evolution and Contemporary Consequences. New York: Palgrave.
144. Larana, Enrique, Hank Johnston and Joseph R. Gusfield, eds. (1994) New Social Movements: From Ideology to Identity. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
145. Lemarchand, Rene (1994) Burundi: Ethnocide as Discourse and Practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
146. Licklider, Roy (1998) "Early Returns: Results of the First Wave of Statistical Studies of Civil War Termination." Civil Wars 1: 121-132.
147. Linke, Uli (1999) Blood and Nation: The European Aesthetics of Race. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
148. Longman, Timothy (1998) "Rwanda: Chaos from Above." In Leonardo A. Villalon and Phillip A. Huxtable (eds), The African State at a Critical Juncture: Between Disintegration and Reconfiguration. Boulder: Lynne Rienner, pp. 75-91.
149. Loomis, Don G. (1993) "Prospects for UN Peacekeeping." Global Affairs Winter: 125-140.
150. McAdam, Doug, Sidney Tarrow and Charles Tilly (1996) "To Map Contentious Politics." Mobilization: An International Journal 1: 17-34.
151. McNulty, Mel (1999a) "The Militarization of Ethnicity and the Emergence of Warlordism in Rwanda, 1990-94." In Paul B. Rich (ed.), Warlords in International Relations. New York: St. Martin's Press, pp. 81-102.
152. McNulty, Mel (1999b) "The Collapse of Zaire: Implosion, Revolution or External Sabotage?" The Journal of Modern African Studies 37: 53-82.
153. Mahmood, Cynthia Keppley (1996) Fighting for Faith and Nation: Dialogues with Sikh Militants. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
154. Mamdani, Mahmood (2001) When Victims become Killers: Colonialism, Nativism, and the Genocide in Rwanda. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
155. Mann, Michael (1988) States, War and Capitalism: Studies in Political Sociology. New York: Basil Blackwell.
156. Markakis, John (1990) National and Class Conflict in the Horn of Africa. Athens: Ohio University Press.
157. Mead, Walter Russell (1999/2000) "The Jacksonian Tradition." The National Interest 58: 5-30.
158. Migdal, Joel S. (1988) Strong Societies and Weak States: State-Society Relations and State Capabilities in the Third World. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
159. Morgan, Lewis Henry (1972) League of the Iroquois. Secaucus, NJ: The Citadel Press.
160. Morris, Aldon, D. and Carol McClurg Mueller (eds) (1992) Frontiers in Social Movement Theory. New Haven: Yale University Press.
161. Motyl, Alexander J. (1997) "Institutional Legacies and Reform Trajectories." In Adrian Kratnycky, Alexander Motyl and Boris Shor (eds), Nations in Transit 1997: Civil Society, Democracy and Markets in East Central Europe and the Newly Independent States. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, pp. 17-21.
162. Nagel, Joanne and Brad Whorton (1992) "Ethnic Conflict and the World System: International Competition in Iraq (1961-1991) and Angola (1974-1991)." Journal of Political and Military Sociology 20: 1-35.
163. Nagengast, Carole (1994) "Violence, Terror, and the Crisis of the State." Annual Review of Anthropology 23: 109-136.
164. Nordstrom, Carolyn and JoAnn Martin (eds) (1992) The Paths to Domination, Resistance, and Terror. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
165. Nordstrom, Carolyn and Antonius C.G.M. Robben (eds) (1995) Fieldwork under Fire: Contemporary Studies of Violence and Survival. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
166. Nyang'oro, Julius E. and Timothy M. Shaw (1998) "The African State in the Global Economic Context." In Leonardo A. Villalon and Phillip A. Huxtable (eds), The African State at a Critical Juncture: Between Disintegration and Reconfiguration. Boulder: Lynne Rienner, pp. 27-42.
167. Ortner, Sherry (1973) "On Key Symbols." American Anthropologist 75: 1138-1346.
168. Otterbein, Keith (1973) "The Anthropology of War." In John Honigmann (ed.), Handbook of Social and Cultural Anthropology. Chicago: Rand McNally College Publishing, pp. 923-958.
169. "Panel of Experts" (2001) "Report of the Panel of Experts on the Illegal Exploitation of Natural Resources and Other Forms of Wealth of the Democratic Republic of the Congo." New York: The United Nations. http://www.un.org/News/dh/latest/drcongo.htm
170. Percival, Valerie and Thomas Homer-Dixon (1995) "Environmental Scarcity and Violent Conflict: The Case of Rwanda." Washington: Program on Science and International Security, American Association for the Advancement of Science.
171. Posen, Barry R. (1993) "The Security Dilemma and Ethnic Conflict." Survival 35(1): 27-47.
172. Premdas, Ralph R. (1991) "The Internationalization of Ethnic Conflict: Some Theoretical Explorations." In K.M. de Silva and R.J. May (eds), Internationalization of Ethnic Conflict. New York: St. Martin's Press, pp. 10-25.
173. Prunier, Gerard (1995) The Rwanda Crisis: History of a Genocide. New York: Columbia University Press.
174. Prunier, Gerard (1997) "The Great Lakes Crisis." Current History 96 (May): 193-199.
175. Radcliffe-Brown, A.R. (1940) "Preface" In M. Fortes and E.E. Evans-Pritchard (eds), African Political Systems. London: Oxford University Press, pp. xi-xxiii.
176. Rejali, Darius M. (1998) "After Feminist Analyses of Bosnian Violence." In Lois Ann Lorentzen and Jennifer Turpin (eds), The Women and War Reader. New York: New York University Press, pp. 26-32.
177. Reno, William (1995) Corruption and State Politics in Sierra Leone. New York: Cambridge University Press.
178. Reno, William (1997) "Privatizing War in Sierra Leone." Current History 96 (May): 227-230.
179. Reno, William (1998) Warlord Politics and African States. Boulder: Lynne Rienner.
180. Reno, William (2000) "Shadow States and the Political Economy of Civil Wars." In Mats Berdal and David M. Malone (eds), Greed and Grievance: Economic Agendas in Civil Wars, pp. 43-68.
181. Reyna, S.P. and R.E. Downs (eds) (1994) Studying War: Anthropological Perspectives. Langhorne, PA: Gordon & Breach.
182. Rich, Paul B. (ed.) (1999) Warlords in International Relations. New York: St. Martin's Press.
183. Richards, Paul (1996) Fighting for the Rain Forest: War, Youth, and Resources in Sierra Leone. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann.
184. Riches, David (ed.) (1986) The Anthropology of Violence. New York: Basil Blackwell.
185. Robben, Antonius C.G.M and Marcelo M. Suarez-Orozco (eds) (2000) Cultures under Siege: Collective Violence and Trauma. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
186. Rossel, Jakob (1997) "Nationalism and Ethnicity: Ethnic Nationalism and the Regulation of Ethnic Conflict." In David Turton (ed.), War and Ethnicity: Global Connections and Local Violence. Republic of San Marino: Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Social Stress/University of Rochester Press, pp. 145-162.
187. Rubenstein, Steven (2001) "Colonialism, the Shuar Federation, and the Ecuadorian State." Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 19: 263-293.
188. Rubin, Barnett R., Ashraf Ghani, William Maley, Ahmed Rashid and Olivier Roy (2001) "Afghanistan: Reconstruction and Peace-building in a Regional Framework." KOFF Peacebuilding Reports 1/2001. Bern: Center for Peacebuilding/Swiss Peace Foundation.
189. Rubin, Barnett R. and Jack Snyder (eds) (1998) Post-Soviet Political Order: Conflict and State Building. New York: Routledge.
190. Rubinstein, Robert A. and Mary LeCron Foster (eds) (1988) The Social Dynamics of Peace and Conflict: Culture in International Security. Boulder: Westview Press.
191. Rudensky, Nikolai (1992) "War as a Factor of Ethnic Conflict and Stability in the U.S.S.R.." In Giorgio Ausenda (ed.), Effects of War on Society. Republic of San Marino: Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Social Stress, pp. 181-192.
192. Ruggie, John Gerard (1993) "Territoriality and Beyond: Problematizing Modernity in International Relations." International Organization 47: 139-174.
193. Rummel, Rudolph J. (1997a) Death by Government. New Brunswick: Transaction.
194. Rummel, Rudolph J. (1997b) Statistics of Democide: Genocide and Mass Murder since 1900. Charlottesville, VA: Center for National Security, School of Law, University of Virginia.
195. Rummel, Rudolph J. (1997c) Power Kills: Democracy as a Method of Nonviolence. New Brunswick: Transaction.
196. Russett, Bruce (1990) Controlling the Sword: The Democratic Governance of National Security. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
197. Sapiro, Virginia (1993) "Engendering Cultural Differences." In Crawford Young (ed.), The Rising Tide of Cultural Pluralism: The Nation-State at Bay? Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, pp. 36-54.
198. Schmidt, Sabine (1990) "Conflict and Violence at the Local Level: A World-System Perspective." Zeitschrift fur Ethnologie 115: 3-22.
199. Schnabel, Albrecht and Ramesh Thakur (eds) (2000) Kosovo and the Challenge of Humanitarian Intervention: Selective Indignation, Collective Action, and International Citizenship. New York: The United Nations Press.
200. Schraeder, Peter J. (1997) "France and the Great Game in Africa." Current History 96 (May): 206-211.
201. Segell, Glen (1999) "Warlordism and Drug Trafficking: From Southeast Asia to Sub-Saharan Africa." In Paul Rich (ed.), Warlords in International Relations. New York: St. Martin's Press, pp. 38-51.
202. Shaw, R. Paul and Yuwa Wong (1987) "Ethnic Mobilization and the Seeds of Warfare: An Evolutionary Perspective." International Studies Quarterly 31: 5-31.
203. Shearer, David (2000) "Aiding or Abetting? Humanitarian Aid and Its Economic Role in Civil War." In Mats Berdal and David M. Malone (eds), Greed and Grievance: Economic Agendas in Civil Wars. Boulder: Lynne Rienner, pp. 189-204.
204. Simons, Anna (1997) "Democratization and Ethnic Conflict: The Kin Connection." Nations and Nationalism 3: 273-289.
205. Simons, Anna (1999) "War: Back to the Future." Annual Review of Anthropology 8: 73-108.
206. SIPRI (2001) "Major Armed Conflicts." Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. http://projects.sipri.se/conflictstudy/MajorArmedConflicts.html and http://www.pcr.uu.se/data.htm
207. Skocpol, Theda (1985) "Bringing the State Back In: Strategies of Analysis in Current Research." In Peter B. Evans, Dietrich Rueschemeyer and Theda Skocpol (eds), Bringing the State Back In. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 3-37.
208. Sluka, Jeffrey A. (ed.) (2000a) Death Squad: The Anthropology of State Terror. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
209. Sluka, Jeffrey A. (ed.) (2000b) "Introduction: State Terror and Anthropology." In Jeffrey Sluka (ed.), Death Squad: The Anthropology of State Terror, pp. 1-45. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
210. Smith, Anthony D. (1981) The Ethnic Revival. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
211. Smith, Anthony D. (1983) Theories of Nationalism. New York: Holmes and Meier Publishers.
212. Snyder, Jack and Karen Ballentine (1997) "Nationalism and the Marketplace of Ideas." In Michael E. Brown, Owen R. Cote, Jr., Sean M. Lynn-Jones and Steven E. Miller (eds), Nationalism and Ethnic Conflict. Cambridge: MIT Press, pp. 61-96.
213. Southall, Aidan (1970) "The Illusion of Tribe." Journal of Asian and African Studies 5: 28-50.
214. Southall, Aidan (1974) "State Formation in Africa." Annual Review of Anthropology 3: 153-165.
215. Sponsel, Leslie E. (1994) "The Mutual Relevance of Anthropology and Peace Studies." In Leslie E. Sponsel and Thomas Gregor (eds), The Anthropology of Peace and Nonviolence. Boulder: Lynne Rienner, pp. 1-36.
216. Stack, John F., Jr. (1986) "Ethnic Mobilization in World Politics: The Primordial Perspective." In John F. Stack (ed.), The Primordial Challenge: Ethnicity in the Contemporary World. New York: Greenwood Press, pp. 1-11.
217. Starn, Orin (1997) "Villagers at Arms: War and Counterrevolution in Peru's Andes." In Richard G. Fox and Orin Starn (eds), Between Resistance and Revolution: Cultural Politics and Social Protest. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, pp. 223-249.
218. Stiglmayer, Alexandra (ed.) (1994) Mass Rape: The War against Women in Bosnia-Herzegovina. Lincoln, NB: University of Nebraska Press.
219. Strathern, Andrew (2000) "Let the Bow Go Down." In R. Brian Ferguson and Neil L. Whitehead (eds), War in the Tribal Zone: Expanding States and Indigenous Warfare, second printing. Santa Fe: School of American Research Press, pp. 229-250.
220. Talbot, Strobe (2000) "The Crisis in Africa: Local War and Regional Peace." World Policy Journal 17. http://web5.infotrac-college.com/wadsworth
221. Tambiah, Stanley (1988) "Foreword." In Remo Guidieri, Francesco Pellizzi and Stanley J. Tambiah (eds), Ethnicities and Nations: Processes of Interethnic Relations in Latin America, South-east Asia, and the Pacific. Austin: University of Texas Press, for Rothko Chapel, pp. 1-6.
222. Tambiah, Stanley (1992) Buddhism Betrayed: Religion, Politics, and Violence in Sri Lanka. Chicago: Chicago University Press.
223. Tambiah, Stanley (1996) Leveling Crowds: Ethnonationalist Conflicts and Collective Violence in South Asia. Berkeley: University of California Press.
224. Taussig, Michael (1987) Shamanism, Colonialism, and the Wild Man: A Study in Terror and Healing. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
225. Taylor, Christopher C. (1999) Sacrifice as Terror: The Rwandan Genocide of 1994. New York: Oxford.
226. Taylor, Diana (1997) Disappearing Acts: Spectacles of Gender and Nationalism in Argentina's "Dirty War". Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
227. Taylor, Peter J. (1994) "The State as Container: Territoriality in the Modern World-System." Progress in Human Geography 18: 151-162.
228. Taylor, Peter J. (1995) "Beyond Containers: Internationality, Interstateness, Interterritoriality." Progress in Human Geography 19: 1-15.
229. Thakur, Ramesh (1994) "From Peacekeeping to Peace Enforcement: The UN Operation in Somalia." The Journal of Modern African Studies 32: 387-410.
230. Thakur, Ramesh and Edward Newman (eds) (2000) New Millennium, New Perspectives: The United Nations, Security, and Governance. New York: The United Nations University Press.
231. Tilly, Charles (ed.) (1975) The Formation of National States in Western Europe. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
232. Turner, Paul R. and David Pitt (1989) The Anthropology of War and Peace: Perspectives on the Nuclear Age. Granby, MA: Bergin and Garvey.
233. Turner, Victor (1967) The Forest of Symbols. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
234. Turton, David (ed.) (1997a) War and Ethnicity: Global Connections and Local Violence. Republic of San Marino: Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Social Stress/University of Rochester Press.
235. Turton, David (ed.) (1997b) "Introduction: War and Ethnicity." In David Turton (ed.), War and Ethnicity: Global Connections and Local Violence. Republic of San Marino: Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Social Stress/University of Rochester Press, pp.1-45.
236. Urban, Greg and Joel Sherzer (eds) (1991) Nation States and Indians in Latin America. Austin: University of Austin Press.
237. Ury, William (1999) Getting to Peace: Transforming Conflict at Home, at Work, and in the World. New York: Viking.
238. Vail, Leroy (ed.) (1989) The Creation of Tribalism in Southern Africa. Berkeley: University of California Press.
239. Van Creveld, Martin (1991) The Transformation of War. New York: The Free Press.
240. Van den Berghe, Pierre L. (ed.) (1990) State Violence and Ethnicity. Niwot, CO: University Press of Colorado.
241. Van der Dennen, Johan M.G. (1995) The Origin of War (2 volumes). Groningen, Netherlands: Origin Press.
242. Vandergeest, Peter and Nancy Lee Peluso (1995) "Territorialization and State Power in Thailand." Theory and Society 24: 385-426.
243. Van Evera, Stephen (1994) "Hypotheses on Nationalism and War." International Security 18(4): 26-60.
244. Van Evera, Stephen (1997) "Hypotheses on Nationalism and War." In Michael E. Brown, Owen R. Cote, Jr., Sean M. Lynn-Jones and Steven Miller (eds), Nationalism and Ethnic Conflict. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, pp. 235-264.
245. Vanhanen, Tatu (1999) "Ethnic Conflicts and Ethnic Nepotism." In Johan M.G. van der Dennen, David Smillie and Daniel R. Wilson (eds), The Darwinian Heritage and Sociobiology. Westport, CT: Praeger, pp. 187-199.
246. Villalon, Leonardo A. (1998) "The African State at the End of the Twentieth Century: Parameters of the Critical Juncture." In Leonardo A. Villalon and Phillip A. Huxtable (eds), The African State at a Critical Juncture: Between Disintegration and Reconfiguration. Boulder: Lynne Rienner, pp. 3-25.
247. Villalon, Leonardo A. and Phillip A. Huxtable (eds) (1998) The African State at a Critical Juncture: Between Disintegration and Reconfiguration. Boulder: Lynne Rienner.
248. Vincent, Joan (1990) Anthropology and Politics: Visions, Traditions, and Trends. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.
249. Wallensteen, Peter and Margareta Sollenberg (1997) "Armed Conflicts, Conflict Termination and Peace Agreements, 1989-96." Journal of Peace Research 34: 339-358.
250. Warren, Kay (ed.) (1993a) The Violence Within: Cultural and Political Opposition in Divided Nations. Boulder: Westview Press.
251. Warren, Kay (ed.) (1993b) "Introduction: Revealing Conflicts Across Cultures and Disciplines." In Kay Warren (ed.), The Violence Within: Cultural and Political Opposition in Divided Nations. Boulder: Westview Press, pp. 1-23.
252. Warren, Kay (ed.) (2000) "Conclusion: Death Squads and Wider Complicities: Dilemmas for the Anthropology of Violence." In Jeffrey A. Sluka (ed.), Death Squad: The Anthropology of State Terror. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, pp. 226-247.
253. Weiner, Tim (1994) "Blowback from the Afghan Battlefield." The New York Times Magazine, 13 March, 52-55.
254. Weinstein, Jeremy M. (2000) "Africa's 'Scramble for Africa': Lessons of a Continental War." World Policy Journal 17. http://web5.infotrac-college.com/wadsworth
255. Wendt, Alexander (1999) Social Theory of International Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
256. White, Douglas R. (1990) "World-System and Regional Linkages as Causally Implicated in Local Level Conflicts at the Ethnographic Horizon." Zeitschrift fur Ethnologie 15: 111-137.
257. Williams, Brackette F. (1989) "A CLASS ACT: Anthropology and the Race to Nation Across Ethnic Terrain." Annual Review of Anthropology 18: 401-444.
258. Wilson, Edward O. (1999) Consilience: The Unity of Knowledge. New York: Vintage.
259. Wilson, Margo and Martin Daly (1985) "Competitiveness, Risk-Taking and Violence: The Young Male Syndrome." Ethology and Sociobiology 6: 59-73.
260. Wolf, Eric (1982) Europe and the People without History. Berkeley: University of California Press.
261. Young, Crawford (ed.) (1993a) The Rising Tide of Cultural Pluralism: The Nation-State at Bay? Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
262. Young, Crawford (ed.) (1993b) "The Dialectics of Cultural Pluralism: Concept and Reality." In Crawford Young (ed.), The Rising Tide of Cultural Pluralism: The Nation-State at Bay? Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, pp. 3-35.
263. Zartman, I. William (ed.) (1995a) Collapsed States: The Disintegration and Restoration of Legitimate Authority. Boulder: Lynne Rienner.
264. Zartman, I. William (ed.) (1995b) "Introduction: Posing the Problem of State Collapse." In I. William Zartman (ed.), Collapsed States: The Disintegration and Restoration of Legitimate Authority. Boulder: Lynne Rienner, pp. 1-11.