Update on primary mucosal melanoma

Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology

Volumn 71, Issue 2, 2014, Pages 366-375

  Tacastacas, Joselin D ^a   Bray, Julie ^a   Cohen, Yoon K ^a   Arbesman, Joshua ^a   Kim, Julian ^a   Koon, Henry B ^a   Honda, Kord ^a   Cooper, Kevin D ^a   Gerstenblith, Meg R ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY HOSPITALS OF CLEVELAND   (United States)

Author keywords

anorectal mucosal melanoma; C KIT inhibitors; clinical characteristics; mucosal melanoma of the head and neck; pathology; treatment; urinary tract melanoma; vulvar and vaginal mucosal melanoma

Indexed keywords

ALPHA2B INTERFERON; CISPLATIN; DABRAFENIB; DACARBAZINE; DASATINIB; IMATINIB; INTERLEUKIN 2; IPILIMUMAB; MASITINIB; NILOTINIB; STEM CELL FACTOR RECEPTOR; SUNITINIB; TRAMETINIB; VEMURAFENIB; VINBLASTINE;

CANCER STAGING; COMPARATIVE GENOMIC HYBRIDIZATION; CUTANEOUS MELANOMA; DISTANT METASTASIS; HEAD AND NECK TUMOR; HUMAN; LYMPH NODE METASTASIS; METASTATIC MELANOMA; MOLECULARLY TARGETED THERAPY; MUCOSAL MELANOMA; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RECTUM TUMOR; REVIEW; SENTINEL LYMPH NODE BIOPSY; SINGLE PHOTON EMISSION COMPUTER TOMOGRAPHY; URINARY TRACT TUMOR; VAGINA TUMOR; VULVA TUMOR; WIDE EXCISION;

ANORECTAL MUCOSAL MELANOMA; C-KIT INHIBITORS; CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS; MUCOSAL MELANOMA OF THE HEAD AND NECK; PATHOLOGY; TREATMENT; URINARY TRACT MELANOMA; VULVAR AND VAGINAL MUCOSAL MELANOMA;

GASTROINTESTINAL NEOPLASMS; HEAD AND NECK NEOPLASMS; HUMANS; MELANOMA; MUCOUS MEMBRANE; UROGENITAL NEOPLASMS;

EID: 84904765372     PISSN: 01909622     EISSN: 10976787     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2014.03.031     Document Type: Review

References (105)

1. A.E. Chang, L.H. Karnell, and H.R. Menck The National Cancer Data Base report on cutaneous and noncutaneous melanoma: a summary of 84,836 cases from the past decade. The American College of Surgeons Commission on Cancer and the American Cancer Society Cancer 83 1998 1664 1678
2. C.C. McLaughlin, X.C. Wu, A. Jemal, H.J. Martin, L.M. Roche, and V.W. Chen Incidence of noncutaneous melanomas in the U.S Cancer 103 2005 1000 1007
3. M. Brandwein-Gensler, and R.V. Smith Prognostic indicators in head and neck oncology including the new 7th edition of the AJCC staging system Head Neck Pathol 4 2010 53 61
4. H. Cazenave, E. Maubec, H. Mohamdi, F. Grange, B. Bressac de Paillerets, and F. Demenais et al. Anorectal and genital mucosal melanoma is associated with cutaneous melanoma in patients and in families Br J Dermatol 169 2013 594 599
5. M.R. Hussein Extracutaneous malignant melanomas Cancer Invest 26 2008 516 534
6. C. Beadling, E. Jacobson-Dunlop, F.S. Hodi, C. Le, A. Warrick, and J. Patterson et al. KIT gene mutations and copy number in melanoma subtypes Clin Cancer Res 14 2008 6821 6828
7. J.A. Curtin, K. Busam, D. Pinkel, and B.C. Bastian Somatic activation of KIT in distinct subtypes of melanoma J Clin Oncol 24 2006 4340 4346
8. D.R. Minor, M. Kashani-Sabet, M. Garrido, S.J. O'Day, O. Hamid, and B.C. Bastian Sunitinib therapy for melanoma patients with KIT mutations Clin Cancer Res 18 2012 1457 1463
9. E. Dupin, and N.M. Le Douarin Development of melanocyte precursors from the vertebrate neural crest Oncogene 22 2003 3016 3023
10. D. Jethanamest, P.M. Vila, A.G. Sikora, and L.G. Morris Predictors of survival in mucosal melanoma of the head and neck Ann Surg Oncol 18 2011 2748 2756
11. N. McLean, M. Tighiouart, and S. Muller Primary mucosal melanoma of the head and neck. Comparison of clinical presentation and histopathologic features of oral and sinonasal melanoma Oral Oncol 44 2008 1039 1046
12. A.J. Ballantyne Malignant melanoma of the skin of the head and neck. An analysis of 405 cases Am J Surg 120 1970 425 431
13. M.L. Prasad, S.G. Patel, A.G. Huvos, J.P. Shah, and K.J. Busam Primary mucosal melanoma of the head and neck: a proposal for microstaging localized, Stage I (lymph node-negative) tumors Cancer 100 2004 1657 1664
14. L.D. Thompson, J.A. Wieneke, and M. Miettinen Sinonasal tract and nasopharyngeal melanomas: a clinicopathologic study of 115 cases with a proposed staging system Am J Surg Pathol 27 2003 594 611
15. M.A. Moreno, D.B. Roberts, M.E. Kupferman, F. DeMonte, A.K. El-Naggar, and M. Williams et al. Mucosal melanoma of the nose and paranasal sinuses, a contemporary experience from the M. D. Anderson Cancer Center Cancer 116 2010 2215 2223
16. C.M. Douglas, T. Malik, R. Swindell, P. Lorrigan, N.J. Slevin, and J.J. Homer Mucosal melanoma of the head and neck: radiotherapy or surgery? J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 39 2010 385 392
17. G. Bachar, K.S. Loh, B. O'Sullivan, D. Goldstein, S. Wood, and D. Brown et al. Mucosal melanomas of the head and neck: experience of the Princess Margaret Hospital Head Neck 30 2008 1325 1331
18. A.G. Shuman, E. Light, S.H. Olsen, M.A. Pynnonen, J.M. Taylor, and T.M. Johnson et al. Mucosal melanoma of the head and neck: predictors of prognosis Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 137 2011 331 337
19. P. Pessaux, M. Pocard, D. Elias, P. Duvillard, M.F. Avril, and P. Zimmerman et al. Surgical management of primary anorectal melanoma Br J Surg 91 2004 1183 1187
20. W.J. Tcheung, M.A. Selim, J.E. Herndon 2nd, A.P. Abernethy, and K. Nelson Clinicopathologic study of 85 cases of melanoma of the female genitalia J Am Acad Dermatol 67 2012 598 605
21. T. Nakamoto, Y. Inoue, T. Ueki, N. Niimi, and Y. Iwasaki Primary amelanotic malignant melanoma of the female urethra Int J Urol 14 2007 153 155
22. E. Rosenberg, A. Horev, and E.Z. Neulander Amelanotic malignant melanoma of the penis. A case report and literature review Arch Ital Urol Androl 84 2012 42 43
23. E.H. Kerr, O. Hameed, J.S. Lewis Jr., A.A. Bartolucci, D. Wang, and N. Said-Al-Naief Head and neck mucosal malignant melanoma: clinicopathologic correlation with contemporary review of prognostic indicators Int J Surg Pathol 20 2012 37 46
24. M. Meleti, C.R. Leemans, W.J. Mooi, and I. van der Waal Oral malignant melanoma: the Amsterdam experience J Oral Maxillofac Surg 65 2007 2181 2186
25. M. Chraybi, I.A. Alsamad, C. Copie-Bergman, M. Baia, J. Andre, and N. Dumaz et al. Oncogene abnormalities in a series of primary melanomas of the sinonasal tract: NRAS mutations and cyclin D1 amplification are more frequent than KIT or BRAF mutations Hum Pathol 44 2013 1902 1911
26. D.M. Bello, E. Smyth, D. Perez, S. Khan, L.K. Temple, and C.E. Ariyan et al. Anal versus rectal melanoma: does site of origin predict outcome? Dis Colon Rectum 56 2013 150 157
27. D.J. Chute, J.B. Cousar, and S.E. Mills Anorectal malignant melanoma: morphologic and immunohistochemical features Am J Clin Pathol 126 2006 93 100
28. J.M. Janco, S.N. Markovic, A.L. Weaver, and W.A. Cliby Vulvar and vaginal melanoma: case series and review of current management options including neoadjuvant chemotherapy Gynecol Oncol 129 2013 533 537
29. B.K. Ragnarsson-Olding, L.R. Kanter-Lewensohn, B. Lagerlof, B.R. Nilsson, and U.K. Ringborg Malignant melanoma of the vulva in a nationwide, 25-year study of 219 Swedish females: clinical observations and histopathologic features Cancer 86 1999 1273 1284
30. E. Oliva, T.R. Quinn, M.B. Amin, J.N. Eble, J.I. Epstein, and J.R. Srigley et al. Primary malignant melanoma of the urethra: a clinicopathologic analysis of 15 cases Am J Surg Pathol 24 2000 785 796
31. J.D. Oxley, C. Corbishley, L. Down, N. Watkin, D. Dickerson, and N.A. Wong Clinicopathological and molecular study of penile melanoma J Clin Pathol 65 2012 228 231
32. A.N. van Geel, M.A. den Bakker, W. Kirkels, S. Horenblas, B.B. Kroon, and J.H. de Wilt et al. Prognosis of primary mucosal penile melanoma: a series of 19 Dutch patients and 47 patients from the literature Urology 70 2007 143 147
33. M. Krengli, L. Masini, J.H. Kaanders, P. Maingon, S.B. Oei, and A. Zouhair et al. Radiotherapy in the treatment of mucosal melanoma of the upper aerodigestive tract: analysis of 74 cases. A Rare Cancer Network study Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 65 2006 751 759
34. N. Penel, Y. Mallet, X. Mirabel, J.T. Van, and J.L. Lefebvre Primary mucosal melanoma of head and neck: prognostic value of clear margins Laryngoscope 116 2006 993 995
35. R.R. Clark, T. Shoaib, D.S. Soutar, H.W. Gray, R.G. Bessent, and G.M. McCurrach et al. Sentinel lymph node biopsy in oral malignant melanoma - a possible means of investigating the clinically node-negative neck Eur J Plast Surg 28 2006 403 407
36. I. Starek, P. Koranda, and P. Benes Sentinel lymph node biopsy: a new perspective in head and neck mucosal melanoma? Melanoma Res 16 2006 423 427
37. T. Hayashi, H. Furukawa, A. Oyama, E. Funayama, A. Saito, and T. Yamao et al. Sentinel lymph node biopsy using real-time fluorescence navigation with indocyanine green in cutaneous head and neck/lip mucosa melanomas Head Neck 34 2012 758 761
38. A. Borst, and V. Schwipper Primary mucosal malignant melanoma of the head and neck Facial Plast Surg 27 2011 237 242
39. A. Benlyazid, J. Thariat, S. Temam, O. Malard, C. Florescu, and O. Choussy et al. Postoperative radiotherapy in head and neck mucosal melanoma: a GETTEC study Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 136 2010 1219 1225
40. S. Zhang, F. Gao, and D. Wan Effect of misdiagnosis on the prognosis of anorectal malignant melanoma J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 136 2010 1401 1405
41. B.K. Ragnarsson-Olding, P.J. Nilsson, L.B. Olding, and B.R. Nilsson Primary ano-rectal malignant melanomas within a population-based national patient series in Sweden during 40 years Acta Oncol 48 2009 125 131
42. D.M. Iddings, A.J. Fleisig, S.L. Chen, M.B. Faries, and D.L. Morton Practice patterns and outcomes for anorectal melanoma in the USA, reviewing three decades of treatment: is more extensive surgical resection beneficial in all patients? Ann Surg Oncol 17 2010 40 44
43. P.J. Nilsson, and B.K. Ragnarsson-Olding Importance of clear resection margins in anorectal malignant melanoma Br J Surg 97 2010 98 103
44. D.R. Perez, A. Trakarnsanga, J. Shia, G.M. Nash, L.K. Temple, and P.B. Paty et al. Locoregional lymphadenectomy in the surgical management of anorectal melanoma Ann Surg Oncol 20 2013 2399 2444
45. X. Che, D.B. Zhao, Y.K. Wu, C.F. Wang, J.Q. Cai, and Y.F. Shao et al. Anorectal malignant melanomas: retrospective experience with surgical management World J Gastroenterol 17 2011 534 539
46. P. Kelly, G.K. Zagars, J.N. Cormier, M.I. Ross, and B.A. Guadagnolo Sphincter-sparing local excision and hypofractionated radiation therapy for anorectal melanoma: a 20-year experience Cancer 117 2011 4747 4755
47. C.F. Verschraegen, M. Benjapibal, W. Supakarapongkul, L.B. Levy, M. Ross, and E.N. Atkinson et al. Vulvar melanoma at the M. D. Anderson Cancer Center: 25 years later Int J Gynecol Cancer 11 2001 359 364
48. V.E. Sugiyama, J.K. Chan, J.Y. Shin, J.S. Berek, K. Osann, and D.S. Kapp Vulvar melanoma: a multivariable analysis of 644 patients Obstet Gynecol 110 2007 296 301
49. D.N. Hu, G.P. Yu, and S.A. McCormick Population-based incidence of vulvar and vaginal melanoma in various races and ethnic groups with comparisons to other site-specific melanomas Melanoma Res 20 2010 153 158
50. K.M. Moxley, A.N. Fader, P.G. Rose, A.S. Case, D.G. Mutch, and E. Berry et al. Malignant melanoma of the vulva: an extension of cutaneous melanoma? Gynecol Oncol 122 2011 612 617
51. G.L. Phillips, B.N. Bundy, T. Okagaki, P.R. Kucera, and F.B. Stehman Malignant melanoma of the vulva treated by radical hemivulvectomy. A prospective study of the Gynecologic Oncology Group Cancer 73 1994 2626 2632
52. G. Trifiro, L.L. Travaini, F. Sanvito, M. Pacifici, A. Mallia, and M.E. Ferrari et al. Sentinel node detection by lymphoscintigraphy and sentinel lymph node biopsy in vulvar melanoma Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 37 2010 736 741
53. K.K. Dhar, N. Das, D.A. Brinkman, J.L. Beynon, and R.P. Woolas Utility of sentinel node biopsy in vulvar and vaginal melanoma: report of two cases and review of the literature Int J Gynecol Cancer 17 2007 720 723
54. O. Camara, H. Gonnert, J. Herrmann, A. Egbe, H. Diebolder, and M. Gajda et al. Sentinel lymph node biopsy in vulvar cancer: a pilot study Eur J Gynaecol Oncol 30 2009 622 624
55. K. Kobayashi, P.T. Ramirez, E.E. Kim, C.F. Levenback, E.M. Rohren, and M. Frumovitz et al. Sentinel node mapping in vulvovaginal melanoma using SPECT/CT lymphoscintigraphy Clin Nucl Med 34 2009 859 861
56. D.S. DiMarco, C.S. DiMarco, H. Zincke, M.J. Webb, G.L. Keeney, and S. Bass et al. Outcome of surgical treatment for primary malignant melanoma of the female urethra J Urol 171 2004 765 767
57. R. Sanchez-Ortiz, S.F. Huang, P. Tamboli, V.G. Prieto, G. Hester, and C.A. Pettaway Melanoma of the penis, scrotum and male urethra: a 40-year single institution experience J Urol 173 2005 1958 1965
58. T.J. Stillwell, H. Zincke, T.A. Gaffey, and J.E. Woods Malignant melanoma of the penis J Urol 140 1988 72 75
59. P. Besmer, J.E. Murphy, P.C. George, F.H. Qiu, P.J. Bergold, and L. Lederman et al. A new acute transforming feline retrovirus and relationship of its oncogene v-kit with the protein kinase gene family Nature 320 1986 415 421
60. S.E. Woodman, and M.A. Davies Targeting KIT in melanoma: a paradigm of molecular medicine and targeted therapeutics Biochem Pharmacol 80 2010 568 574
61. Y. Yarden, W.J. Kuang, T. Yang-Feng, L. Coussens, S. Munemitsu, and T.J. Dull et al. Human proto-oncogene c-kit: a new cell surface receptor tyrosine kinase for an unidentified ligand EMBO J 6 1987 3341 3351
62. R.D. Carvajal, C.R. Antonescu, J.D. Wolchok, P.B. Chapman, R.A. Roman, and J. Teitcher et al. KIT as a therapeutic target in metastatic melanoma JAMA 305 2011 2327 2334
63. F.S. Hodi, C.L. Corless, A. Giobbie-Hurder, J.A. Fletched, M. Zhu, and A. Marino-Enriquez et al. Imatinib for melanomas harboring mutationally activated or amplified KIT arising on mucosal, acral, and chronically sun-damaged skin J Clin Oncol 31 2013 3182 3190
64. M. Colombino, A. Lissia, R. Franco, G. Botti, P.A. Ascierto, and A. Manca et al. Unexpected distribution of cKIT and BRAF mutations among southern Italian patients with Sinonasal melanoma Dermatology 226 2013 279 284
65. M. Turri-Zanoni, D. Medicina, D. Lombardi, M. Ungari, P. Balzarini, and C. Rossini et al. Sinonasal mucosal melanoma: molecular profile and therapeutic implications from a series of 32 cases Head Neck 35 2013 1066 1077
66. A. Zebary, M. Jangard, K. Omholt, B. Ragnarsson-Olding, and J. Hansson KIT, NRAS and BRAF mutations in sinonasal mucosal melanoma: a study of 56 cases Br J Cancer 109 2013 559 564
67. K. Omholt, E. Grafstrom, L. Kanter-Lewensohn, J. Hansson, and B.K. Ragnarsson-Olding KIT pathway alterations in mucosal melanomas of the vulva and other sites Clin Cancer Res 17 2011 3933 3942
68. R.S. Rivera, H. Nagatsuka, M. Gunduz, B. Cengiz, E. Gunduz, and C.H. Siar et al. C-kit protein expression correlated with activating mutations in KIT gene in oral mucosal melanoma Virchows Arch 452 2008 27 32
69. S. Ni, D. Huang, X. Chen, J. Huang, Y. Kong, and Y. Xu et al. c-kit gene mutation and CD117 expression in human anorectal melanomas Hum Pathol 43 2012 801 807
70. C.R. Antonescu, K.J. Busam, T.D. Francone, G.C. Wong, T. Guo, and N.P. Agaram et al. L576P KIT mutation in anal melanomas correlates with KIT protein expression and is sensitive to specific kinase inhibition Int J Cancer 121 2007 257 264
71. S. Abu-Abed, N. Pennell, T. Petrella, F. Wright, A. Seth, and W. Hanna KIT gene mutations and patterns of protein expression in mucosal and acral melanoma J Cutan Med Surg 16 2012 135 142
72. S.N. Abysheva, A.G. Iyevleva, N.V. Efimova, Y.B. Mokhina, F.A. Sabirova, and A.O. Ivantsov et al. KIT mutations in Russian patients with mucosal melanoma Melanoma Res 21 2011 555 559
73. D. Handolias, A.L. Hamilton, R. Salemi, A. Tan, K. Moodie, and L. Kerr et al. Clinical responses observed with imatinib or sorafenib in melanoma patients expressing mutations in KIT Br J Cancer 102 2010 1219 1223
74. C.A. Torres-Cabala, W.L. Wang, J. Trent, D. Yang, S. Chen, and J. Galbincea et al. Correlation between KIT expression and KIT mutation in melanoma: a study of 173 cases with emphasis on the acral-lentiginous/mucosal type Mod Pathol 22 2009 1446 1456
75. I. Satzger, T. Schaefer, U. Kuettler, V. Broecker, B. Voelker, and H. Ostertag et al. Analysis of c-KIT expression and KIT gene mutation in human mucosal melanomas Br J Cancer 99 2008 2065 2069
76. J.H. Cho, K.M. Kim, M. Kwon, J.H. Kim, and J. Lee Nilotinib in patients with metastatic melanoma harboring KIT gene aberration Invest New Drugs 30 2012 2008 2014
77. Y. Kong, L. Si, Y. Zhu, X. Xu, C.L. Corless, and K.T. Flaherty et al. Large-scale analysis of KIT aberrations in Chinese patients with melanoma Clin Cancer Res 17 2011 1684 1691
78. A. Ashida, M. Takata, H. Murata, K. Kido, and T. Saida Pathological activation of KIT in metastatic tumors of acral and mucosal melanomas Int J Cancer 124 2009 862 868
79. S. Sekine, Y. Nakanishi, R. Ogawa, S. Kouda, and Y. Kanai Esophageal melanomas harbor frequent NRAS mutations unlike melanomas of other mucosal sites Virchows Arch 454 2009 513 517
80. J.A. Curtin, J. Fridlyand, T. Kageshita, H.N. Patel, K.J. Busam, and H. Kutzer et al. Distinct sets of genetic alterations in melanoma N Engl J Med 353 2005 2135 2147
81. R.R. Buery, C.H. Siar, N. Katase, M. Gunduz, M. Lefeuvre, and M. Fujii et al. NRAS and BRAF mutation frequency in primary oral mucosal melanoma Oncol Rep 26 2011 783 787
82. C.W. Wong, Y.S. Fan, T.L. Chan, A.S. Chan, L.C. Ho, and T.K. Ma et al. BRAF and NRAS mutations are uncommon in melanomas arising in diverse internal organs J Clin Pathol 58 2005 640 644
83. Y. Cohen, E. Rosenbaum, S. Begum, D. Goldenberg, C. Esche, and O. Lavie et al. Exon 15 BRAF mutations are uncommon in melanomas arising in nonsun-exposed sites Clin Cancer Res 10 2004 3444 3447
84. R.H. Edwards, M.R. Ward, H. Wu, C.A. Medina, M.S. Brose, and P. Volpe et al. Absence of BRAF mutations in UV-protected mucosal melanomas J Med Genet 41 2004 270 272
85. J.L. Maldonado, J. Fridlyand, H. Patel, A.N. Jain, K. Busam, and T. Kageshita et al. Determinants of BRAF mutations in primary melanomas J Natl Cancer Inst 95 2003 1878 1890
86. W.O. Greaves, S. Verma, K.P. Patel, M.A. Davies, B.A. Barkoh, and J.M. Galbincea et al. Frequency and spectrum of BRAF mutations in a retrospective, single-institution study of 1112 cases of melanoma J Mol Diagn 15 2013 220 226
87. J.H. Yi, S.Y. Yi, H.R. Lee, S.I. Lee, H. Lim do, and J.H. Kim et al. Dacarbazine-based chemotherapy as first-line treatment in noncutaneous metastatic melanoma: multicenter, retrospective analysis in Asia Melanoma Res 21 2011 223 227
88. W. Chang, S.J. Lee, S. Park, M.K. Choi, J.Y. Hong, and Y.S. Kim et al. Effect of paclitaxel/carboplatin salvage chemotherapy in noncutaneous versus cutaneous metastatic melanoma Melanoma Res 23 2013 147 151
89. M.A. Postow, J.J. Luke, M.J. Bluth, N. Ramaiya, K.S. Panageas, and D.P. Lawrence et al. Ipilimumab for patients with advanced mucosal melanoma Oncologist 18 2013 726 732
90. M. Del Vecchio, L. Di Guardo, P.A. Ascierto, A.M. Grimaldi, V.C. Sileni, and J. Pigozzo et al. Efficacy and safety of ipilimumab 3mg/kg in patients with pretreated, metastatic, mucosal melanoma Eur J Cancer 50 2014 121 127
91. H.L. Bartell, A.Y. Bedikian, N.E. Papadopoulos, T.K. Dett, M.T. Ballo, and J.N. Myers et al. Biochemotherapy in patients with advanced head and neck mucosal melanoma Head Neck 30 2008 1592 1598
92. K.B. Kim, A.M. Sanguino, C. Hodges, N.E. Papadopoulos, O. Eton, and L.H. Camacho et al. Biochemotherapy in patients with metastatic anorectal mucosal melanoma Cancer 100 2004 1478 1483
93. M.S. Harting, and K.B. Kim Biochemotherapy in patients with advanced vulvovaginal mucosal melanoma Melanoma Res 14 2004 517 520
94. P.B. Chapman, A. Hauschild, C. Robert, J.B. Haanen, P. Ascierto, and J. Larkin et al. Improved survival with vemurafenib in melanoma with BRAF V600E mutation N Engl J Med 364 2011 2507 2516
95. A. Hauschild, J.J. Grob, L.V. Demidov, T. Jouary, R. Gutzmer, and M. Millward et al. Dabrafenib in BRAF-mutated metastatic melanoma: a multicentre, open-label, phase 3 randomised controlled trial Lancet 380 2012 358 365
96. K.T. Flaherty, C. Robert, P. Hersey, P. Nathan, C. Garbe, and M. Milhem et al. Improved survival with MEK inhibition in BRAF-mutated melanoma N Engl J Med 367 2012 107 114
97. K.T. Flaherty, J.R. Infante, A. Daud, R. Gonzalez, R.F. Kefford, and J. Sosman et al. Combined BRAF and MEK inhibition in melanoma with BRAF V600 mutations N Engl J Med 367 2012 1694 1703
98. clinicaltrials.gov web site. U.S. National Institutes of Health. Available at: http://clinicaltrials.gov. Accessed March 10, 2014.
99. I. Satzger, U. Kuttler, B. Volker, F. Schenck, A. Kapp, and R. Gutzmer Anal mucosal melanoma with KIT-activating mutation and response to imatinib therapy - case report and review of the literature Dermatology 220 2010 77 81
100. J. Lutzky, J. Bauer, and B.C. Bastian Dose-dependent, complete response to imatinib of a metastatic mucosal melanoma with a K642E KIT mutation Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 21 2008 492 493
101. F.S. Hodi, P. Friedlander, C.L. Corless, M.C. Heinrich, S. Mac Rae, and A. Kruse et al. Major response to imatinib mesylate in KIT-mutated melanoma J Clin Oncol 26 2008 2046 2051
102. Y. Zhu, L. Si, Y. Kong, Z. Chi, X. Yuan, and C. Cui et al. Response to sunitinib in Chinese KIT-mutated metastatic mucosal melanoma J Clin Oncol 27 15 suppl 2009 e20017
103. S.E. Woodman, J.C. Trent, K. Stemke-Hale, A.J. Lazar, S. Pricl, and G.M. Pavan et al. Activity of dasatinib against L576P KIT mutant melanoma: molecular, cellular, and clinical correlates Mol Cancer Ther 8 2009 2079 2085
104. J. Guo, L. Si, Y. Kong, K.T. Flaherty, X. Xu, and Y. Zhu et al. Phase II, open-label, single-arm trial of imatinib mesylate in patients with metastatic melanoma harboring c-Kit mutation or amplification J Clin Oncol 29 2011 2904 2909
105. K. Wyman, M.B. Atkins, V. Prieto, O. Eton, D.F. McDermott, and F. Hubbard et al. Multicenter phase II trial of high-dose imatinib mesylate in metastatic melanoma: significant toxicity with no clinical efficacy Cancer 106 2006 2005 2011